Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans
Identifieur interne : 000D16 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000D15; suivant : 000D17Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans
Auteurs :Source :
- Molecular Biology of the SARS-Coronavirus ; 2009.
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly identified infectious disease caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with unknown animal reservoirs. The risk of SARS reemergence in humans remains high due to the large animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-like coronavirus and the genome instability of RNA coronaviruses. An epidemic in 2003 affected more than 8,000 patients in 29 countries, with 10% mortality.
SARS infection is transmitted by air droplets. Clinical and laboratory manifestations include fever, chills, rigor, myalgia, malaise, diarrhea, cough, dyspnoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase activities. Health care workers are a high-risk group, and advanced age is strongly associated with disease severity. Treatment has been empirical, and there is no licensed SARS vaccine for humans so far. However, presence of long-lived neutralizing antibodies and memory T- and B-lymphocytes in convalescent SARS patients raises hope for active immunization. Furthermore, results from preclinical SARS vaccines expressing spike protein to elicit neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses that are protective in mouse and nonhuman primate models are encouraging.
Very little is known of the early events in viral clearance and the onset of innate and inflammatory responses during the SARS infection. Regulation of the innate immune response is associated with the development of adaptive immunity and disease severity in SARS infection. Notably, SARS-CoV has evolved evasive strategies to suppress antiviral type I interferon responses in infected cells. In addition, inflammatory responses are characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1 in tissues and serum, and massive infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as macrophages in infected tissues.
Due to the lack of animal models that mimic the clinical manifestations of human SARS infection for mechanistic study and vaccine evaluation, development of a safe prophylactic SARS vaccine for human use remains a huge challenge. This chapter is written to summarize and highlight the latest clinical, serological, and immunological parameters relevant to the pathogenesis and protective immunity of SARS infection in humans.
Url:
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5_16
PubMed: NONE
PubMed Central: 7123234
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7123234Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7123234</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123234</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7123234</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5_16</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2009">2009</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000157</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000157</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000157</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000157</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000D16</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000D16</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans</title></analytic><series><title level="j">Molecular Biology of the SARS-Coronavirus</title><imprint><date when="2009">2009</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly identified infectious disease caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with unknown animal reservoirs. The risk of SARS reemergence in humans remains high due to the large animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-like coronavirus and the genome instability of RNA coronaviruses. An epidemic in 2003 affected more than 8,000 patients in 29 countries, with 10% mortality.</p><p>SARS infection is transmitted by air droplets. Clinical and laboratory manifestations include fever, chills, rigor, myalgia, malaise, diarrhea, cough, dyspnoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase activities. Health care workers are a high-risk group, and advanced age is strongly associated with disease severity. Treatment has been empirical, and there is no licensed SARS vaccine for humans so far. However, presence of long-lived neutralizing antibodies and memory T- and B-lymphocytes in convalescent SARS patients raises hope for active immunization. Furthermore, results from preclinical SARS vaccines expressing spike protein to elicit neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses that are protective in mouse and nonhuman primate models are encouraging.</p><p>Very little is known of the early events in viral clearance and the onset of innate and inflammatory responses during the SARS infection. Regulation of the innate immune response is associated with the development of adaptive immunity and disease severity in SARS infection. Notably, SARS-CoV has evolved evasive strategies to suppress antiviral type I interferon responses in infected cells. In addition, inflammatory responses are characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1 in tissues and serum, and massive infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as macrophages in infected tissues.</p><p>Due to the lack of animal models that mimic the clinical manifestations of human SARS infection for mechanistic study and vaccine evaluation, development of a safe prophylactic SARS vaccine for human use remains a huge challenge. This chapter is written to summarize and highlight the latest clinical, serological, and immunological parameters relevant to the pathogenesis and protective immunity of SARS infection in humans.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bisht, H" uniqKey="Bisht H">H Bisht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Bj" uniqKey="Bosch B">BJ Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Zee, R" uniqKey="Van Der Zee R">R van der Zee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Bj" uniqKey="Bosch B">BJ Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martina, Be" uniqKey="Martina B">BE Martina</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buchholz, Uj" uniqKey="Buchholz U">UJ Buchholz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bukreyev, A" uniqKey="Bukreyev A">A Bukreyev</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bukreyev, A" uniqKey="Bukreyev A">A Bukreyev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamirande, Ew" uniqKey="Lamirande E">EW Lamirande</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Callendret, B" uniqKey="Callendret B">B Callendret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lorin, V" uniqKey="Lorin V">V Lorin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cameron, Mj" uniqKey="Cameron M">MJ Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ran, L" uniqKey="Ran L">L Ran</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cao, Wc" uniqKey="Cao W">WC Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chan, Cm" uniqKey="Chan C">CM Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ma, Cw" uniqKey="Ma C">CW Ma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K Subbarao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jh" uniqKey="Chen J">JH Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Yw" uniqKey="Chang Y">YW Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, H" uniqKey="Chen H">H Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hou, J" uniqKey="Hou J">J Hou</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Rf" uniqKey="Chen R">RF Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Jc" uniqKey="Chang J">JC Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Y" uniqKey="Cheng Y">Y Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, R" uniqKey="Wong R">R Wong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Vc" uniqKey="Cheng V">VC Cheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, Sk" uniqKey="Lau S">SK Lau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Cy" uniqKey="Cheung C">CY Cheung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Ll" uniqKey="Poon L">LL Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chien, Jy" uniqKey="Chien J">JY Chien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hsueh, Pr" uniqKey="Hsueh P">PR Hsueh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chu, Cm" uniqKey="Chu C">CM Chu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Ll" uniqKey="Poon L">LL Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chua, Kb" uniqKey="Chua K">KB Chua</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellini, Wj" uniqKey="Bellini W">WJ Bellini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, J" uniqKey="Cinatl J">J Cinatl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morgenstern, B" uniqKey="Morgenstern B">B Morgenstern</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devaraj, Sg" uniqKey="Devaraj S">SG Devaraj</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, N" uniqKey="Wang N">N Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Gunther</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Du, L" uniqKey="Du L">L Du</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y He</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fan, Yy" uniqKey="Fan Y">YY Fan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Zt" uniqKey="Huang Z">ZT Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Formenty, P" uniqKey="Formenty P">P Formenty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hatz, C" uniqKey="Hatz C">C Hatz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freundt, Ec" uniqKey="Freundt E">EC Freundt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, L" uniqKey="Yu L">L Yu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frieman, M" uniqKey="Frieman M">M Frieman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baric, R" uniqKey="Baric R">R Baric</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glass, Wg" uniqKey="Glass W">WG Glass</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K Subbarao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greenough, Tc" uniqKey="Greenough T">TC Greenough</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babcock, Gj" uniqKey="Babcock G">GJ Babcock</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gu, J" uniqKey="Gu J">J Gu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gong, E" uniqKey="Gong E">E Gong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bl" uniqKey="Haagmans B">BL Haagmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuiken, T" uniqKey="Kuiken T">T Kuiken</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hamming, I" uniqKey="Hamming I">I Hamming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Timens, W" uniqKey="Timens W">W Timens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="He, Z" uniqKey="He Z">Z He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, C" uniqKey="Zhao C">C Zhao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="He, Y" uniqKey="He Y">Y He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ho, Ms" uniqKey="Ho M">MS Ho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Wj" uniqKey="Chen W">WJ Chen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, H" uniqKey="Hofmann H">H Hofmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohlmann, S" uniqKey="Pohlmann S">S Pohlmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hofmann, H" uniqKey="Hofmann H">H Hofmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, K" uniqKey="Pyrc K">K Pyrc</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hsueh, Pr" uniqKey="Hsueh P">PR Hsueh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Lm" uniqKey="Huang L">LM Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hu, Mc" uniqKey="Hu M">MC Hu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, T" uniqKey="Jones T">T Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Kj" uniqKey="Huang K">KJ Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Su, Ij" uniqKey="Su I">IJ Su</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, Ic" uniqKey="Huang I">IC Huang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Bj" uniqKey="Bosch B">BJ Bosch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Imai, Y" uniqKey="Imai Y">Y Imai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuba, K" uniqKey="Kuba K">K Kuba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Imai, Y" uniqKey="Imai Y">Y Imai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuba, K" uniqKey="Kuba K">K Kuba</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ip, Wk" uniqKey="Ip W">WK Ip</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Kh" uniqKey="Chan K">KH Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jeffers, Sa" uniqKey="Jeffers S">SA Jeffers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tusell, Sm" uniqKey="Tusell S">SM Tusell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, Y" uniqKey="Jiang Y">Y Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, J" uniqKey="Xu J">J Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kam, Yw" uniqKey="Kam Y">YW Kam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kien, F" uniqKey="Kien F">F Kien</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kielian, M" uniqKey="Kielian M">M Kielian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rey, Fa" uniqKey="Rey F">FA Rey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kobinger, Gp" uniqKey="Kobinger G">GP Kobinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Figueredo, Jm" uniqKey="Figueredo J">JM Figueredo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kopecky Bromberg, Sa" uniqKey="Kopecky Bromberg S">SA Kopecky-Bromberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez Sobrido, L" uniqKey="Martinez Sobrido L">L Martinez-Sobrido</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Krahling, V" uniqKey="Krahling V">V Krahling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Da" uniqKey="Stein D">DA Stein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ksiazek, Tg" uniqKey="Ksiazek T">TG Ksiazek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Erdman, D" uniqKey="Erdman D">D Erdman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuba, K" uniqKey="Kuba K">K Kuba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imai, Y" uniqKey="Imai Y">Y Imai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, Cw" uniqKey="Lam C">CW Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Mh" uniqKey="Chan M">MH Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lau, Sk" uniqKey="Lau S">SK Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woo, Pc" uniqKey="Woo P">PC Woo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Law, Hk" uniqKey="Law H">HK Law</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheung, Cy" uniqKey="Cheung C">CY Cheung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Law, Pt" uniqKey="Law P">PT Law</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Ch" uniqKey="Wong C">CH Wong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, N" uniqKey="Lee N">N Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, D" uniqKey="Hui D">D Hui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Mj" uniqKey="Moore M">MJ Moore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shi, Z" uniqKey="Shi Z">Z Shi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, Ck" uniqKey="Li C">CK Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, H" uniqKey="Wu H">H Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Libraty, Dh" uniqKey="Libraty D">DH Libraty</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Neil, Km" uniqKey="O Neil K">KM O'Neil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, M" uniqKey="Lin M">M Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tseng, Hk" uniqKey="Tseng H">HK Tseng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, Jt" uniqKey="Lin J">JT Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Js" uniqKey="Zhang J">JS Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, S" uniqKey="Liu S">S Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiao, G" uniqKey="Xiao G">G Xiao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, W" uniqKey="Liu W">W Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fontanet, A" uniqKey="Fontanet A">A Fontanet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, L" uniqKey="Lu L">L Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manopo, I" uniqKey="Manopo I">I Manopo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jh" uniqKey="Lu J">JH Lu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guo, Zm" uniqKey="Guo Z">ZM Guo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marra, Ma" uniqKey="Marra M">MA Marra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Sj" uniqKey="Jones S">SJ Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martin, Je" uniqKey="Martin J">JE Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Louder, Mk" uniqKey="Louder M">MK Louder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mossel, Ec" uniqKey="Mossel E">EC Mossel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, J" uniqKey="Wang J">J Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murray, K" uniqKey="Murray K">K Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selleck, P" uniqKey="Selleck P">P Selleck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Narayanan, K" uniqKey="Narayanan K">K Narayanan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, C" uniqKey="Huang C">C Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ng, Mh" uniqKey="Ng M">MH Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, Km" uniqKey="Lau K">KM Lau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ng, Pc" uniqKey="Ng P">PC Ng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Cw" uniqKey="Lam C">CW Lam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, Jm" uniqKey="Nicholls J">JM Nicholls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Ll" uniqKey="Poon L">LL Poon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, Jm" uniqKey="Nicholls J">JM Nicholls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butany, J" uniqKey="Butany J">J Butany</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nie, Y" uniqKey="Nie Y">Y Nie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, G" uniqKey="Wang G">G Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Openshaw, Pj" uniqKey="Openshaw P">PJ Openshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Culley, Fj" uniqKey="Culley F">FJ Culley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peiris, Js" uniqKey="Peiris J">JS Peiris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lai, St" uniqKey="Lai S">ST Lai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lt" uniqKey="Yang L">LT Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lt" uniqKey="Yang L">LT Yang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dandekar, Aa" uniqKey="Dandekar A">AA Dandekar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poccia, F" uniqKey="Poccia F">F Poccia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrati, C" uniqKey="Agrati C">C Agrati</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poutanen, Sm" uniqKey="Poutanen S">SM Poutanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Low, De" uniqKey="Low D">DE Low</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomas, Wd" uniqKey="Thomas W">WD Thomas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lamirande, Ew" uniqKey="Lamirande E">EW Lamirande</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schneider Schaulies, S" uniqKey="Schneider Schaulies S">S Schneider-Schaulies</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niewiesk, S" uniqKey="Niewiesk S">S Niewiesk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="See, Rh" uniqKey="See R">RH See</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zakhartchouk, An" uniqKey="Zakhartchouk A">AN Zakhartchouk</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sheahan, T" uniqKey="Sheahan T">T Sheahan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, Te" uniqKey="Morrison T">TE Morrison</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shi, Z" uniqKey="Shi Z">Z Shi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Z" uniqKey="Hu Z">Z Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simmons, G" uniqKey="Simmons G">G Simmons</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gosalia, Dn" uniqKey="Gosalia D">DN Gosalia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siu, Kl" uniqKey="Siu K">KL Siu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kok, Kh" uniqKey="Kok K">KH Kok</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soo, Yo" uniqKey="Soo Y">YO Soo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cheng, Y" uniqKey="Cheng Y">Y Cheng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, M" uniqKey="Spiegel M">M Spiegel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pichlmair, A" uniqKey="Pichlmair A">A Pichlmair</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stadler, K" uniqKey="Stadler K">K Stadler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Masignani, V" uniqKey="Masignani V">V Masignani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stadler, K" uniqKey="Stadler K">K Stadler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, A" uniqKey="Roberts A">A Roberts</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stockman, Lj" uniqKey="Stockman L">LJ Stockman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellamy, R" uniqKey="Bellamy R">R Bellamy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Subbarao, K" uniqKey="Subbarao K">K Subbarao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcauliffe, J" uniqKey="Mcauliffe J">J McAuliffe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sui, J" uniqKey="Sui J">J Sui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, W" uniqKey="Li W">W Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tan, Yj" uniqKey="Tan Y">YJ Tan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fielding, Bc" uniqKey="Fielding B">BC Fielding</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Temperton, Nj" uniqKey="Temperton N">NJ Temperton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Pk" uniqKey="Chan P">PK Chan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ter Meulen, J" uniqKey="Ter Meulen J">J ter Meulen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bakker, Ab" uniqKey="Bakker A">AB Bakker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="To, Kf" uniqKey="To K">KF To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tong, Jh" uniqKey="Tong J">JH Tong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Traggiai, E" uniqKey="Traggiai E">E Traggiai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, S" uniqKey="Becker S">S Becker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tripet, B" uniqKey="Tripet B">B Tripet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, Mw" uniqKey="Howard M">MW Howard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsang, Kw" uniqKey="Tsang K">KW Tsang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, Pl" uniqKey="Ho P">PL Ho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tseng, Ct" uniqKey="Tseng C">CT Tseng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perrone, La" uniqKey="Perrone L">LA Perrone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vennema, H" uniqKey="Vennema H">H Vennema</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Groot, Rj" uniqKey="De Groot R">RJ de Groot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weingartl, H" uniqKey="Weingartl H">H Weingartl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Czub, M" uniqKey="Czub M">M Czub</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, Rs" uniqKey="Wong R">RS Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A Wu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, Ck" uniqKey="Wong C">CK Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, Cw" uniqKey="Lam C">CW Lam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Zy" uniqKey="Yang Z">ZY Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huang, Y" uniqKey="Huang Y">Y Huang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Zy" uniqKey="Yang Z">ZY Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kong, Wp" uniqKey="Kong W">WP Kong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Y" uniqKey="Yang Y">Y Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xiong, Z" uniqKey="Xiong Z">Z Xiong</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Zy" uniqKey="Yang Z">ZY Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Werner, Hc" uniqKey="Werner H">HC Werner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, Lt" uniqKey="Yang L">LT Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H Peng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yang, L" uniqKey="Yang L">L Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, H" uniqKey="Peng H">H Peng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yen, Yt" uniqKey="Yen Y">YT Yen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liao, F" uniqKey="Liao F">F Liao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yilla, M" uniqKey="Yilla M">M Yilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harcourt, Bh" uniqKey="Harcourt B">BH Harcourt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yoshikawa, T" uniqKey="Yoshikawa T">T Yoshikawa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hill, T" uniqKey="Hill T">T Hill</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, J" uniqKey="Li J">J Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xie, Yw" uniqKey="Xie Y">YW Xie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Gp" uniqKey="Zhao G">GP Zhao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X Zhao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicholls, Jm" uniqKey="Nicholls J">JM Nicholls</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, D" uniqKey="Xu D">D Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Z" uniqKey="Zhu Z">Z Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborti, S" uniqKey="Chakraborti S">S Chakraborti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zinkernagel, Rm" uniqKey="Zinkernagel R">RM Zinkernagel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hengartner, H" uniqKey="Hengartner H">H Hengartner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="chapter-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">978-3-642-03683-5</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Molecular Biology of the SARS-Coronavirus</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Molecular Biology of the SARS-Coronavirus</journal-title></journal-title-group><isbn publication-format="print">978-3-642-03682-8</isbn><isbn publication-format="electronic">978-3-642-03683-5</isbn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7123234</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/978-3-642-03683-5_16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans</article-title></title-group><contrib-group content-type="book editors"><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Lal</surname><given-names>Sunil K.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AffID1"></xref></contrib><aff id="AffID1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.425195.e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404987682</institution-id><institution>Engineering & Biotechnology,</institution><institution>International Centre for Genetic,</institution></institution-wrap>Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India</aff></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Chris Ka-fai</given-names></name><address><email>chris.li@imm.ox.ac.uk</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1_16"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>Xiaoning</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="Aff1_16"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8348.7</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000123067492</institution-id><institution>MRC Human Immunology Unit, The Weatherhall Institute of Molecular Medicine,</institution><institution>John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford,</institution></institution-wrap>Oxford, United Kingdom OX3 9DS</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>7</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>278</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1_16"><p>The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly identified infectious disease caused by a novel zoonotic coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with unknown animal reservoirs. The risk of SARS reemergence in humans remains high due to the large animal reservoirs of SARS-CoV-like coronavirus and the genome instability of RNA coronaviruses. An epidemic in 2003 affected more than 8,000 patients in 29 countries, with 10% mortality.</p><p>SARS infection is transmitted by air droplets. Clinical and laboratory manifestations include fever, chills, rigor, myalgia, malaise, diarrhea, cough, dyspnoea, pneumonia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and creatine kinase activities. Health care workers are a high-risk group, and advanced age is strongly associated with disease severity. Treatment has been empirical, and there is no licensed SARS vaccine for humans so far. However, presence of long-lived neutralizing antibodies and memory T- and B-lymphocytes in convalescent SARS patients raises hope for active immunization. Furthermore, results from preclinical SARS vaccines expressing spike protein to elicit neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses that are protective in mouse and nonhuman primate models are encouraging.</p><p>Very little is known of the early events in viral clearance and the onset of innate and inflammatory responses during the SARS infection. Regulation of the innate immune response is associated with the development of adaptive immunity and disease severity in SARS infection. Notably, SARS-CoV has evolved evasive strategies to suppress antiviral type I interferon responses in infected cells. In addition, inflammatory responses are characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as IL-6, IP-10, and MCP-1 in tissues and serum, and massive infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as macrophages in infected tissues.</p><p>Due to the lack of animal models that mimic the clinical manifestations of human SARS infection for mechanistic study and vaccine evaluation, development of a safe prophylactic SARS vaccine for human use remains a huge challenge. This chapter is written to summarize and highlight the latest clinical, serological, and immunological parameters relevant to the pathogenesis and protective immunity of SARS infection in humans.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd><kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd><kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Patient</kwd><kwd>Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus</kwd><kwd>Modify Vaccinia Ankara</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000D16 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd -nk 000D16 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= SrasV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Checkpoint
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:7123234
|texte= Host Immune Responses to SARS Coronavirus in Humans
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:NONE" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Checkpoint/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SrasV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |