Wildlife Trade and Human Health in Lao PDR: An Assessment of the Zoonotic Disease Risk in Markets
Identifieur interne : 000653 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000652; suivant : 000654Wildlife Trade and Human Health in Lao PDR: An Assessment of the Zoonotic Disease Risk in Markets
Auteurs : Zoe F. Greatorex [États-Unis] ; Sarah H. Olson [États-Unis] ; Sinpakone Singhalath [États-Unis] ; Soubanh Silithammavong [États-Unis] ; Kongsy Khammavong [États-Unis] ; Amanda E. Fine [États-Unis] ; Wendy Weisman [États-Unis] ; Bounlom Douangngeun ; Watthana Theppangna ; Lucy Keatts [États-Unis] ; Martin Gilbert [États-Unis] ; William B. Karesh [États-Unis] ; Troy Hansel [États-Unis] ; Susan Zimicki [États-Unis] ; Kathleen O Ourke [États-Unis] ; Damien O. Joly [États-Unis] ; Jonna A. K. Mazet [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Although the majority of emerging infectious diseases can be linked to wildlife sources, most pathogen spillover events to people could likely be avoided if transmission was better understood and practices adjusted to mitigate risk. Wildlife trade can facilitate zoonotic disease transmission and represents a threat to human health and economies in Asia, highlighted by the 2003 SARS coronavirus outbreak, where a Chinese wildlife market facilitated pathogen transmission. Additionally, wildlife trade poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Therefore, the combined impacts of Asian wildlife trade, sometimes termed bush meat trade, on public health and biodiversity need assessing. From 2010 to 2013, observational data were collected in Lao PDR from markets selling wildlife, including information on volume, form, species and price of wildlife; market biosafety and visitor origin. The potential for traded wildlife to host zoonotic diseases that pose a serious threat to human health was then evaluated at seven markets identified as having high volumes of trade. At the seven markets, during 21 observational surveys, 1,937 alive or fresh dead mammals (approximately 1,009 kg) were observed for sale, including mammals from 12 taxonomic families previously documented to be capable of hosting 36 zoonotic pathogens. In these seven markets, the combination of high wildlife volumes, high risk taxa for zoonoses and poor biosafety increases the potential for pathogen presence and transmission. To examine the potential conservation impact of trade in markets, we assessed the status of 33,752 animals observed during 375 visits to 93 markets, under the Lao PDR Wildlife and Aquatic Law. We observed 6,452 animals listed by Lao PDR as near extinct or threatened with extinction. The combined risks of wildlife trade in Lao PDR to human health and biodiversity highlight the need for a multi-sector approach to effectively protect public health, economic interests and biodiversity.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150666
PubMed: 27008628
PubMed Central: 4805265
Affiliations:
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PMC:4805265Le document en format XML
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<author><name sortKey="Singhalath, Sinpakone" sort="Singhalath, Sinpakone" uniqKey="Singhalath S" first="Sinpakone" last="Singhalath">Sinpakone Singhalath</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Fine, Amanda E" sort="Fine, Amanda E" uniqKey="Fine A" first="Amanda E." last="Fine">Amanda E. Fine</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Karesh, William B" sort="Karesh, William B" uniqKey="Karesh W" first="William B." last="Karesh">William B. Karesh</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zimicki, Susan" sort="Zimicki, Susan" uniqKey="Zimicki S" first="Susan" last="Zimicki">Susan Zimicki</name>
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<author><name sortKey="O Ourke, Kathleen" sort="O Ourke, Kathleen" uniqKey="O Ourke K" first="Kathleen" last="O Ourke">Kathleen O Ourke</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Joly, Damien O" sort="Joly, Damien O" uniqKey="Joly D" first="Damien O." last="Joly">Damien O. Joly</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Mazet, Jonna A K" sort="Mazet, Jonna A K" uniqKey="Mazet J" first="Jonna A. K." last="Mazet">Jonna A. K. Mazet</name>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Although the majority of emerging infectious diseases can be linked to wildlife sources, most pathogen spillover events to people could likely be avoided if transmission was better understood and practices adjusted to mitigate risk. Wildlife trade can facilitate zoonotic disease transmission and represents a threat to human health and economies in Asia, highlighted by the 2003 SARS coronavirus outbreak, where a Chinese wildlife market facilitated pathogen transmission. Additionally, wildlife trade poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Therefore, the combined impacts of Asian wildlife trade, sometimes termed bush meat trade, on public health and biodiversity need assessing. From 2010 to 2013, observational data were collected in Lao PDR from markets selling wildlife, including information on volume, form, species and price of wildlife; market biosafety and visitor origin. The potential for traded wildlife to host zoonotic diseases that pose a serious threat to human health was then evaluated at seven markets identified as having high volumes of trade. At the seven markets, during 21 observational surveys, 1,937 alive or fresh dead mammals (approximately 1,009 kg) were observed for sale, including mammals from 12 taxonomic families previously documented to be capable of hosting 36 zoonotic pathogens. In these seven markets, the combination of high wildlife volumes, high risk taxa for zoonoses and poor biosafety increases the potential for pathogen presence and transmission. To examine the potential conservation impact of trade in markets, we assessed the status of 33,752 animals observed during 375 visits to 93 markets, under the Lao PDR Wildlife and Aquatic Law. We observed 6,452 animals listed by Lao PDR as near extinct or threatened with extinction. The combined risks of wildlife trade in Lao PDR to human health and biodiversity highlight the need for a multi-sector approach to effectively protect public health, economic interests and biodiversity.</p>
</div>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27008628</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4805265</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0150666</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-41910</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animal Types</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Wildlife</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animal Types</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Wildlife</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Zoonoses</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Zoonotic Pathogens</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animal Pathogens</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animals</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vertebrates</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Amniotes</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Mammals</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Economics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Commerce</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Vendors</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Agriculture</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Animal Products</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Meat</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Nutrition</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Diet</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Food</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Meat</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Nutrition</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Diet</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Food</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Meat</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Wildlife Trade and Human Health in Lao PDR: An Assessment of the Zoonotic Disease Risk in Markets</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Wildlife Trade and Human Health in Lao PDR</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Greatorex</surname>
<given-names>Zoe F.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Olson</surname>
<given-names>Sarah H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singhalath</surname>
<given-names>Sinpakone</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Silithammavong</surname>
<given-names>Soubanh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Khammavong</surname>
<given-names>Kongsy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fine</surname>
<given-names>Amanda E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weisman</surname>
<given-names>Wendy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff001"><sup>¤a</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Douangngeun</surname>
<given-names>Bounlom</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Theppangna</surname>
<given-names>Watthana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Keatts</surname>
<given-names>Lucy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Karesh</surname>
<given-names>William B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff002"><sup>¤b</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansel</surname>
<given-names>Troy</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff003"><sup>¤c</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zimicki</surname>
<given-names>Susan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O’Rourke</surname>
<given-names>Kathleen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joly</surname>
<given-names>Damien O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="currentaff004"><sup>¤d</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mazet</surname>
<given-names>Jonna A. K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="econtrib001"><sup>‡</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health & Health Policy Program, Bronx, New York, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Wisconsin Madison, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao PDR</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>FHI360, Washington, District of Colombia, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Johnson</surname>
<given-names>Christopher James</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>US Geological Survey, UNITED STATES</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The following authors are or have been employed by the Wildlife Conservation Society: ZFG, SHO, S. Singhalath, S. Silithammavong, KK, AEF, WW, LK, MG, WBK, TH, and DOJ.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: ZFG SHO WW LK MG WBK TH SZ KO DOJ JAKM BD S. Silithammavong KK. Performed the experiments: ZFG S. Singhalath S. Silithammavong KK LK KO WT. Analyzed the data: ZFG SHO S. Singhalath S. Silithammavong KK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZFG SHO AEF SZ KO TH BD WT. Wrote the paper: ZFG SHO S. Singhalath S. Silithammavong KK AEF WW BD WT LK MG WBK TH SZ KO DOJ JAKM. Contributed intellectual advice: ZFG SHO AEF WW BD WT LK MG WBK TH SZ KO DOJ JAKM.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff001"><label>¤a</label>
<p>Current address: Centre for Social Innovation, New York, New York, United States of America</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff002"><label>¤b</label>
<p>Current address: EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff003"><label>¤c</label>
<p>Current address: Idaho Falls, Idaho, United States of America</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="current-aff" id="currentaff004"><label>¤d</label>
<p>Current address: Metabiota Inc., Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="econtrib001"><p><sup>‡</sup>
These authors are joint last authors on this work.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>zoegreatorex@hotmail.com</email>
(ZFG); <email>solson@wcs.org</email>
(SHO)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e0150666</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>16</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Greatorex et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Greatorex et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0150666.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Although the majority of emerging infectious diseases can be linked to wildlife sources, most pathogen spillover events to people could likely be avoided if transmission was better understood and practices adjusted to mitigate risk. Wildlife trade can facilitate zoonotic disease transmission and represents a threat to human health and economies in Asia, highlighted by the 2003 SARS coronavirus outbreak, where a Chinese wildlife market facilitated pathogen transmission. Additionally, wildlife trade poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Therefore, the combined impacts of Asian wildlife trade, sometimes termed bush meat trade, on public health and biodiversity need assessing. From 2010 to 2013, observational data were collected in Lao PDR from markets selling wildlife, including information on volume, form, species and price of wildlife; market biosafety and visitor origin. The potential for traded wildlife to host zoonotic diseases that pose a serious threat to human health was then evaluated at seven markets identified as having high volumes of trade. At the seven markets, during 21 observational surveys, 1,937 alive or fresh dead mammals (approximately 1,009 kg) were observed for sale, including mammals from 12 taxonomic families previously documented to be capable of hosting 36 zoonotic pathogens. In these seven markets, the combination of high wildlife volumes, high risk taxa for zoonoses and poor biosafety increases the potential for pathogen presence and transmission. To examine the potential conservation impact of trade in markets, we assessed the status of 33,752 animals observed during 375 visits to 93 markets, under the Lao PDR Wildlife and Aquatic Law. We observed 6,452 animals listed by Lao PDR as near extinct or threatened with extinction. The combined risks of wildlife trade in Lao PDR to human health and biodiversity highlight the need for a multi-sector approach to effectively protect public health, economic interests and biodiversity.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats PREDICT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.predict.global">http://www.predict.global</ext-link>
) and PREVENT projects; additional funding was provided by the Wildlife Conservation Society.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count>
<table-count count="3"></table-count>
<page-count count="17"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Californie</li>
<li>Wisconsin</li>
<li>État de New York</li>
</region>
</list>
<tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Douangngeun, Bounlom" sort="Douangngeun, Bounlom" uniqKey="Douangngeun B" first="Bounlom" last="Douangngeun">Bounlom Douangngeun</name>
<name sortKey="Theppangna, Watthana" sort="Theppangna, Watthana" uniqKey="Theppangna W" first="Watthana" last="Theppangna">Watthana Theppangna</name>
</noCountry>
<country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Greatorex, Zoe F" sort="Greatorex, Zoe F" uniqKey="Greatorex Z" first="Zoe F." last="Greatorex">Zoe F. Greatorex</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Fine, Amanda E" sort="Fine, Amanda E" uniqKey="Fine A" first="Amanda E." last="Fine">Amanda E. Fine</name>
<name sortKey="Gilbert, Martin" sort="Gilbert, Martin" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="Martin" last="Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</name>
<name sortKey="Hansel, Troy" sort="Hansel, Troy" uniqKey="Hansel T" first="Troy" last="Hansel">Troy Hansel</name>
<name sortKey="Joly, Damien O" sort="Joly, Damien O" uniqKey="Joly D" first="Damien O." last="Joly">Damien O. Joly</name>
<name sortKey="Karesh, William B" sort="Karesh, William B" uniqKey="Karesh W" first="William B." last="Karesh">William B. Karesh</name>
<name sortKey="Keatts, Lucy" sort="Keatts, Lucy" uniqKey="Keatts L" first="Lucy" last="Keatts">Lucy Keatts</name>
<name sortKey="Khammavong, Kongsy" sort="Khammavong, Kongsy" uniqKey="Khammavong K" first="Kongsy" last="Khammavong">Kongsy Khammavong</name>
<name sortKey="Mazet, Jonna A K" sort="Mazet, Jonna A K" uniqKey="Mazet J" first="Jonna A. K." last="Mazet">Jonna A. K. Mazet</name>
<name sortKey="O Ourke, Kathleen" sort="O Ourke, Kathleen" uniqKey="O Ourke K" first="Kathleen" last="O Ourke">Kathleen O Ourke</name>
<name sortKey="Olson, Sarah H" sort="Olson, Sarah H" uniqKey="Olson S" first="Sarah H." last="Olson">Sarah H. Olson</name>
<name sortKey="Olson, Sarah H" sort="Olson, Sarah H" uniqKey="Olson S" first="Sarah H." last="Olson">Sarah H. Olson</name>
<name sortKey="Silithammavong, Soubanh" sort="Silithammavong, Soubanh" uniqKey="Silithammavong S" first="Soubanh" last="Silithammavong">Soubanh Silithammavong</name>
<name sortKey="Singhalath, Sinpakone" sort="Singhalath, Sinpakone" uniqKey="Singhalath S" first="Sinpakone" last="Singhalath">Sinpakone Singhalath</name>
<name sortKey="Weisman, Wendy" sort="Weisman, Wendy" uniqKey="Weisman W" first="Wendy" last="Weisman">Wendy Weisman</name>
<name sortKey="Zimicki, Susan" sort="Zimicki, Susan" uniqKey="Zimicki S" first="Susan" last="Zimicki">Susan Zimicki</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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