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Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial

Identifieur interne : 000225 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000224; suivant : 000226

Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial

Auteurs : Philippe Gautret [France] ; Jean-Christophe Lagier [France] ; Philippe Parola [France] ; Van Thuan Hoang [France, Viêt Nam] ; Line Meddeb [France] ; Morgane Mailhe [France] ; Barbara Doudier [France] ; Johan Courjon [France] ; Valérie Giordanengo [France] ; Vera Esteves Vieira [France] ; Hervé Tissot Dupont [France] ; Stéphane Honoré [France] ; Philippe Colson [France] ; Eric Chabrière [France] ; Bernard La Scola [France] ; Jean-Marc Rolain [France] ; Philippe Brouqui [France] ; Didier Raoult [France]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7102549

Abstract

Background

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.

Patients and methods

French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16th, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.

Results

Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.

Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.

Conclusion

Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.


Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
PubMed: 32205204
PubMed Central: 7102549


Affiliations:


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PMC:7102549

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
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<name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name>
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<name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0002">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0004">Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Viêt Nam</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Thai Binh</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meddeb, Line" sort="Meddeb, Line" uniqKey="Meddeb L" first="Line" last="Meddeb">Line Meddeb</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mailhe, Morgane" sort="Mailhe, Morgane" uniqKey="Mailhe M" first="Morgane" last="Mailhe">Morgane Mailhe</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Doudier, Barbara" sort="Doudier, Barbara" uniqKey="Doudier B" first="Barbara" last="Doudier">Barbara Doudier</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0005">Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0006">Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Université Côte d'Azur, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0007">U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Giordanengo, Valerie" sort="Giordanengo, Valerie" uniqKey="Giordanengo V" first="Valérie" last="Giordanengo">Valérie Giordanengo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0008">Department of Virology, Biological and Pathological Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200 Nice, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, Biological and Pathological Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200 Nice</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region" nuts="2">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Nice</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vieira, Vera Esteves" sort="Vieira, Vera Esteves" uniqKey="Vieira V" first="Vera Esteves" last="Vieira">Vera Esteves Vieira</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0009">Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Timone, AP-HM, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4">
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Aix-Marseille</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0001">IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3">
<nlm:aff id="aff0003">Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">France</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName>
<region type="region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<region type="old region">Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</region>
<settlement type="city">Marseille</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0924-8579</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1872-7913</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2020">2020</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patients and methods</title>
<p>French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16
<sup>th</sup>
, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.</p>
<p>Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
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<biblStruct>
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</author>
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<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Antimicrob Agents</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0924-8579</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1872-7913</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Published by Elsevier B.V.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32205204</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7102549</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0924-8579(20)30099-6</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">105949</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0001">
<name>
<surname>Gautret</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
<xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">$</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0002">
<name>
<surname>Lagier</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Christophe</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
<xref rid="fn1" ref-type="fn">$</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0003">
<name>
<surname>Parola</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0004">
<name>
<surname>Hoang</surname>
<given-names>Van Thuan</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0002" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
<xref rid="aff0004" ref-type="aff">d</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0005">
<name>
<surname>Meddeb</surname>
<given-names>Line</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0006">
<name>
<surname>Mailhe</surname>
<given-names>Morgane</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0007">
<name>
<surname>Doudier</surname>
<given-names>Barbara</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0008">
<name>
<surname>Courjon</surname>
<given-names>Johan</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">e</xref>
<xref rid="aff0006" ref-type="aff">f</xref>
<xref rid="aff0007" ref-type="aff">g</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0009">
<name>
<surname>Giordanengo</surname>
<given-names>Valérie</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0008" ref-type="aff">h</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0010">
<name>
<surname>Vieira</surname>
<given-names>Vera Esteves</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0011">
<name>
<surname>Dupont</surname>
<given-names>Hervé Tissot</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0012">
<name>
<surname>Honoré</surname>
<given-names>Stéphane</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0009" ref-type="aff">i</xref>
<xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">j</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0013">
<name>
<surname>Colson</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0014">
<name>
<surname>Chabrière</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0015">
<name>
<surname>La Scola</surname>
<given-names>Bernard</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0016">
<name>
<surname>Rolain</surname>
<given-names>Jean-Marc</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0017">
<name>
<surname>Brouqui</surname>
<given-names>Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0018">
<name>
<surname>Raoult</surname>
<given-names>Didier</given-names>
</name>
<email>Didier.raoult@gmail.com</email>
<xref rid="aff0001" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0003" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
<xref rid="cor0001" ref-type="corresp"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff0001">
<label>a</label>
IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0002">
<label>b</label>
Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0003">
<label>c</label>
Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0004">
<label>d</label>
Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam</aff>
<aff id="aff0005">
<label>e</label>
Infectiologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0006">
<label>f</label>
Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0007">
<label>g</label>
U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3M, Virulence Microbienne et Signalisation Inflammatoire, INSERM, Nice, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0008">
<label>h</label>
Department of Virology, Biological and Pathological Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06200 Nice, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0009">
<label>i</label>
Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Timone, AP-HM, Marseille, France</aff>
<aff id="aff0010">
<label>j</label>
Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor0001">
<label></label>
Corresponding author.
<email>Didier.raoult@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn1">
<label>$</label>
<p id="notep0001">equal work</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>20</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</pub-date>
<elocation-id>105949</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>16</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>17</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2020</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>© 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2020</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="abs0001">
<sec>
<title>Background</title>
<p>Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been found to be efficient on SARS-CoV-2, and reported to be efficient in Chinese COV-19 patients. We evaluate the role of hydroxychloroquine on respiratory viral loads.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Patients and methods</title>
<p>French Confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in a single arm protocol from early March to March 16
<sup>th</sup>
, to receive 600mg of hydroxychloroquine daily and their viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs was tested daily in a hospital setting. Depending on their clinical presentation, azithromycin was added to the treatment. Untreated patients from another center and cases refusing the protocol were included as negative controls. Presence and absence of virus at Day6-post inclusion was considered the end point.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Results</title>
<p>Six patients were asymptomatic, 22 had upper respiratory tract infection symptoms and eight had lower respiratory tract infection symptoms.</p>
<p>Twenty cases were treated in this study and showed a significant reduction of the viral carriage at D6-post inclusion compared to controls, and much lower average carrying duration than reported of untreated patients in the literature. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group id="keys0001">
<title>Key words</title>
<kwd>2019-nCoV</kwd>
<kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd>
<kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
<kwd>hydroxychloroquine</kwd>
<kwd>azithomycin</kwd>
<kwd>clinical trial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>France</li>
<li>Viêt Nam</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Marseille</li>
<li>Nice</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université d'Aix-Marseille</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="France">
<region name="Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur">
<name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name>
<name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name>
<name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name>
<name sortKey="Chabriere, Eric" sort="Chabriere, Eric" uniqKey="Chabriere E" first="Eric" last="Chabrière">Eric Chabrière</name>
<name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<name sortKey="Colson, Philippe" sort="Colson, Philippe" uniqKey="Colson P" first="Philippe" last="Colson">Philippe Colson</name>
<name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name>
<name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name>
<name sortKey="Courjon, Johan" sort="Courjon, Johan" uniqKey="Courjon J" first="Johan" last="Courjon">Johan Courjon</name>
<name sortKey="Doudier, Barbara" sort="Doudier, Barbara" uniqKey="Doudier B" first="Barbara" last="Doudier">Barbara Doudier</name>
<name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name>
<name sortKey="Dupont, Herve Tissot" sort="Dupont, Herve Tissot" uniqKey="Dupont H" first="Hervé Tissot" last="Dupont">Hervé Tissot Dupont</name>
<name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name>
<name sortKey="Giordanengo, Valerie" sort="Giordanengo, Valerie" uniqKey="Giordanengo V" first="Valérie" last="Giordanengo">Valérie Giordanengo</name>
<name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name>
<name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name>
<name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name>
<name sortKey="Honore, Stephane" sort="Honore, Stephane" uniqKey="Honore S" first="Stéphane" last="Honoré">Stéphane Honoré</name>
<name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name>
<name sortKey="La Scola, Bernard" sort="La Scola, Bernard" uniqKey="La Scola B" first="Bernard" last="La Scola">Bernard La Scola</name>
<name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name>
<name sortKey="Lagier, Jean Christophe" sort="Lagier, Jean Christophe" uniqKey="Lagier J" first="Jean-Christophe" last="Lagier">Jean-Christophe Lagier</name>
<name sortKey="Mailhe, Morgane" sort="Mailhe, Morgane" uniqKey="Mailhe M" first="Morgane" last="Mailhe">Morgane Mailhe</name>
<name sortKey="Meddeb, Line" sort="Meddeb, Line" uniqKey="Meddeb L" first="Line" last="Meddeb">Line Meddeb</name>
<name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name>
<name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name>
<name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<name sortKey="Raoult, Didier" sort="Raoult, Didier" uniqKey="Raoult D" first="Didier" last="Raoult">Didier Raoult</name>
<name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
<name sortKey="Rolain, Jean Marc" sort="Rolain, Jean Marc" uniqKey="Rolain J" first="Jean-Marc" last="Rolain">Jean-Marc Rolain</name>
<name sortKey="Vieira, Vera Esteves" sort="Vieira, Vera Esteves" uniqKey="Vieira V" first="Vera Esteves" last="Vieira">Vera Esteves Vieira</name>
</country>
<country name="Viêt Nam">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Hoang, Van Thuan" sort="Hoang, Van Thuan" uniqKey="Hoang V" first="Van Thuan" last="Hoang">Van Thuan Hoang</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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