Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
Identifieur interne : 000145 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000144; suivant : 000146Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review
Auteurs : Junxiong Pang [Singapour] ; Min Xian Wang [Singapour] ; Ian Yi Han Ang ; Sharon Hui Xuan Tan ; Ruth Frances Lewis ; Jacinta I-Pei Chen ; Ramona A. Gutierrez ; Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee [Singapour] ; Pearleen Ee Yong Chua [Singapour] ; Qian Yang ; Xian Yi Ng ; Rowena K. S. Yap ; Hao Yi Tan ; Yik Ying Teo ; Chorh Chuan Tan ; Alex R. Cook ; Jason Chin-Huat Yap ; Li Yang HsuSource :
- Journal of Clinical Medicine [ 2077-0383 ] ; 2020.
Abstract
Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used. A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019-nCoV. Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019-nCoV. However, there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high-level evidence.
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DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030623
PubMed: 32110875
PubMed Central: 7141113
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(H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Min Xian" sort="Wang, Min Xian" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Min Xian" last="Wang">Min Xian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and 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Gutierrez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-jcm-09-00623">National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore;<email>ramona_a_gutierrez@ncid.sg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" sort="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" uniqKey="Gwee S" first="Sylvia Xiao Wei" last="Gwee">Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" sort="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" uniqKey="Chua P" first="Pearleen Ee Yong" last="Chua">Pearleen Ee Yong Chua</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qian" sort="Yang, Qian" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qian" last="Yang">Qian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, Xian Yi" sort="Ng, Xian Yi" uniqKey="Ng X" first="Xian Yi" last="Ng">Xian Yi Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Rowena K S" sort="Yap, Rowena K S" uniqKey="Yap R" first="Rowena K. S." last="Yap">Rowena K. S. Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Hao Yi" sort="Tan, Hao Yi" uniqKey="Tan H" first="Hao Yi" last="Tan">Hao Yi Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teo, Yik Ying" sort="Teo, Yik Ying" uniqKey="Teo Y" first="Yik Ying" last="Teo">Yik Ying Teo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Chorh Chuan" sort="Tan, Chorh Chuan" uniqKey="Tan C" first="Chorh Chuan" last="Tan">Chorh Chuan Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-jcm-09-00623">Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore;<email>chorhchuan.tan@moht.com.sg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, Alex R" sort="Cook, Alex R" uniqKey="Cook A" first="Alex R." last="Cook">Alex R. Cook</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" sort="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" uniqKey="Yap J" first="Jason Chin-Huat" last="Yap">Jason Chin-Huat Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Li Yang" sort="Hsu, Li Yang" uniqKey="Hsu L" first="Li Yang" last="Hsu">Li Yang Hsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32110875</idno><idno type="pmc">7141113</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7141113</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7141113</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/jcm9030623</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001817</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001817</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001817</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001817</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000145</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000145</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review</title><author><name sortKey="Pang, Junxiong" sort="Pang, Junxiong" uniqKey="Pang J" first="Junxiong" last="Pang">Junxiong Pang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Min Xian" sort="Wang, Min Xian" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Min Xian" last="Wang">Min Xian Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ang, Ian Yi Han" sort="Ang, Ian Yi Han" uniqKey="Ang I" first="Ian Yi Han" last="Ang">Ian Yi Han Ang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan" sort="Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan" uniqKey="Tan S" first="Sharon Hui Xuan" last="Tan">Sharon Hui Xuan Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lewis, Ruth Frances" sort="Lewis, Ruth Frances" uniqKey="Lewis R" first="Ruth Frances" last="Lewis">Ruth Frances Lewis</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Jacinta I Pei" sort="Chen, Jacinta I Pei" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jacinta I-Pei" last="Chen">Jacinta I-Pei Chen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Ramona A" sort="Gutierrez, Ramona A" uniqKey="Gutierrez R" first="Ramona A" last="Gutierrez">Ramona A. Gutierrez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-jcm-09-00623">National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore;<email>ramona_a_gutierrez@ncid.sg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" sort="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" uniqKey="Gwee S" first="Sylvia Xiao Wei" last="Gwee">Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" sort="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" uniqKey="Chua P" first="Pearleen Ee Yong" last="Chua">Pearleen Ee Yong Chua</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623">Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Qian" sort="Yang, Qian" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qian" last="Yang">Qian Yang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ng, Xian Yi" sort="Ng, Xian Yi" uniqKey="Ng X" first="Xian Yi" last="Ng">Xian Yi Ng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Rowena K S" sort="Yap, Rowena K S" uniqKey="Yap R" first="Rowena K. S." last="Yap">Rowena K. S. Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Hao Yi" sort="Tan, Hao Yi" uniqKey="Tan H" first="Hao Yi" last="Tan">Hao Yi Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Teo, Yik Ying" sort="Teo, Yik Ying" uniqKey="Teo Y" first="Yik Ying" last="Teo">Yik Ying Teo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tan, Chorh Chuan" sort="Tan, Chorh Chuan" uniqKey="Tan C" first="Chorh Chuan" last="Tan">Chorh Chuan Tan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-jcm-09-00623">Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore;<email>chorhchuan.tan@moht.com.sg</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cook, Alex R" sort="Cook, Alex R" uniqKey="Cook A" first="Alex R." last="Cook">Alex R. Cook</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" sort="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" uniqKey="Yap J" first="Jason Chin-Huat" last="Yap">Jason Chin-Huat Yap</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hsu, Li Yang" sort="Hsu, Li Yang" uniqKey="Hsu L" first="Li Yang" last="Hsu">Li Yang Hsu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Clinical Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">2077-0383</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used. A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019-nCoV. Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019-nCoV. However, there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high-level evidence.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, N" uniqKey="Chen N">N. Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, M" uniqKey="Zhou M">M. Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dong, X" uniqKey="Dong X">X. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Clin Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Clin Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jcm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2077-0383</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32110875</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7141113</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9030623</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jcm-09-00623</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9788-701X</contrib-id><name><surname>Pang</surname><given-names>Junxiong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jcm-09-00623">2</xref><xref rid="c1-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7527-1636</contrib-id><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Min Xian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jcm-09-00623">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-3764</contrib-id><name><surname>Ang</surname><given-names>Ian Yi Han</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Sharon Hui Xuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lewis</surname><given-names>Ruth Frances</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>Jacinta I-Pei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gutierrez</surname><given-names>Ramona A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-jcm-09-00623">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gwee</surname><given-names>Sylvia Xiao Wei</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jcm-09-00623">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chua</surname><given-names>Pearleen Ee Yong</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jcm-09-00623">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Qian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>Xian Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yap</surname><given-names>Rowena K.S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Hao Yi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Teo</surname><given-names>Yik Ying</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Chorh Chuan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-jcm-09-00623">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6271-5832</contrib-id><name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>Alex R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yap</surname><given-names>Jason Chin-Huat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Li Yang</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jcm-09-00623">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-jcm-09-00623"><label>1</label>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore;<email>ephwmx@nus.edu.sg</email> (M.X.W.);<email>yha2103@columbia.edu</email> (I.Y.H.A.);<email>tan.sharon@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.H.X.T.);<email>ephrfl@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.F.L.);<email>ephcij@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.I.-P.C.);<email>ephsgxw@nus.edu.sg</email> (S.X.W.G.);<email>ephceyp@nus.edu.sg</email> (P.E.Y.C.);<email>yang_qian@nus.edu.sg</email> (Q.Y.);<email>ephngx@nus.edu.sg</email> (X.Y.N.);<email>ephryks@nus.edu.sg</email> (R.K.S.Y.);<email>haoyi.tan.official@gmail.com</email> (H.Y.T.);<email>ephtyy@nus.edu.sg</email> (Y.Y.T.);<email>ephcar@nus.edu.sg</email> (A.R.C.);<email>jasonyap@nus.edu.sg</email> (J.C.-H.Y.);<email>mdchly@nus.edu.sg</email> (L.Y.H.)</aff><aff id="af2-jcm-09-00623"><label>2</label>Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore</aff><aff id="af3-jcm-09-00623"><label>3</label>National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore;<email>ramona_a_gutierrez@ncid.sg</email></aff><aff id="af4-jcm-09-00623"><label>4</label>Ministry of Health, Singapore 169854, Singapore;<email>chorhchuan.tan@moht.com.sg</email></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-jcm-09-00623"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>ephpjv@nus.edu.sg</email> or <email>pangv@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>623</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>2</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2020 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Rapid diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics are important interventions for the management of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. It is timely to systematically review the potential of these interventions, including those for Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, to guide policymakers globally on their prioritization of resources for research and development. A systematic search was carried out in three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) to identify published studies in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Supplementary strategies through Google Search and personal communications were used. A total of 27 studies fulfilled the criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy against the 2019-nCoV. Some are being tested in clinical trials against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, while others have been listed for clinical trials against 2019-nCoV. However, there are currently no effective specific antivirals or drug combinations supported by high-level evidence.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>novel coronavirus</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd><kwd>treatments</kwd><kwd>global health</kwd><kwd>outbreak</kwd><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="jcm-09-00623-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>A PRISMA flow diagram of the search strategy for diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics of 2019-nCoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jcm-09-00623-g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Systematic search outcomes for diagnostic evaluation of 2019-nCoV, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Author (Country)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population/Samples</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Finding</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">References</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">2019-nCoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Corman et al. (Germany) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rRT-PCR; First-line screening tool: E gene assay; Confirmatory testing: RdRp gene assay.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Respiratory samples were obtained during 2019 from patients hospitalised at Charité medical Centre.<break></break>Additional samples were selected from biobanks at the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu), Bilthoven, at Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, at Public Health England, London, and at the University of Hong Kong.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preliminary finding with SARS-CoV strain Frankfurt-1 virions grown on Vero cells, E gene and RdRp gene assays produced the best result (5.2 and 3.8 copies per reaction at 95% detection probability, respectively)<break></break>In vitro transcript RNA identical to 2019-nCoV target sequence, 3.9 copies per reaction for the E gene assay and 3.6 copies per reaction for the RdRp assay which were close to the 95% hit rate of 2.9 copies per reaction<break></break>When tested for cross-reaction with other coronavirus, there was no reactivity with the assays.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B11-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">MERS-CoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2016</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kim et al. (Korea) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Six different commercial MERS-CoV RNA detection kits based on rRT-PCR:<break></break>(i) PowerChek (Kogene Biotech, Korea); (ii) DiaPlexQ (SolGent, Korea); (iii) Anyplex (Seegene, Korea)<break></break>Screening: envelope gene (upE) <break></break>Confirmation: ORF1a<break></break>(iv) AccuPower (Bioneer, Korea) (v) LightMix (Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Switzerland) (vi) UltraFast kits (Nanobiosys, Korea)<break></break>detect upE and ORF1a simultaneously </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 nasopharyngeal swabs that were positive for other respiratory viruses were used for specificity and<break></break>18 lower respiratory specimens for clinical sensitivity.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All six kits correctly identified 8 of 8 (100%) positive clinical specimens. However, based on the findings from the high inhibition panel, PowerChek and AccuPower were the least sensitive to the presence of PCR inhibition.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B20-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2014</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shirato et al. (Japan) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loopamp RNA Amplification Kit (RT-LAMP; Eiken, Tokyo, Japan)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">laboratory isolates MERS-CoV diluted with medium containing pharyngeal swabs obtained from healthy adults</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real-time RT-PCR was able to detect at level as low as 1.6 copies of MERS-CoV RNA while RT-LAMP was also able to detect viral RNA at levels as low as 0.7 copies, showing equivalence with the RT-PCR assay.<break></break>There was no cross reactivity with other respiratory viruses, for RT-LAMP </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B21-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2017</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Go et al. (Korea) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-iiPCR<break></break>Target upE and ORF1a gene</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 sequential sputum samples collected from 12 patients infected with MERS-CoV were obtained from the Chungnam National University Hospital.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall agreement between RT-iiPCR assays and reference RT-qPCR assays were 98.06% (95% CI, 94.43–100%) and 99.03% (95% CI, 95.88–100%) for ORF1a and upE assays, respectively.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B22-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2015</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hashemzadeh et al. (Iran) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A onestep rRT-PCR assay, based on specific TaqMan probes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">UpE and ORF1b was synthesized due to the difficulty in acquiring patient sample</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The sensitivity obtained for upE was fewer than ten copies of RNA template per reaction and for ORF1b was 50 or fewer copies per reaction.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B23-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">SARS-CoV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2005</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lau et al. (Hong Kong) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real time qRT-PCR; Antibody-based capture ELISA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 SARS patients hospitalized in HK between March–May 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivities for qRT-PCR (80% for fecal samples and 25% for urine samples) were higher than those of the polyclonal (50% and 5%) and monoclonal (35% and 8%) antibody-based nucleocapsid antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B24-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lau et al. (Hong Kong) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enhanced real-time fluorescent PCR </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 suspected or probable SARS cases between 1–3 April 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The limit of detection of the enhanced real-time PCR method was 10<sup>2</sup>-fold higher than the standard real-time PCR assay and 10<sup>7</sup>-fold higher than conventional PCR methods<break></break>In the clinical aspect, the enhanced real-time PCR method was able to detect 6 cases of SARS-CoV positive samples that were not confirmed by any other assay</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B25-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jiang et al. (Taiwan) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quantitative, real-time, nested polymerase chain reaction<break></break>(PCR)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 patients with suspected or reported SARS April through May 2003 in Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The single round PCR yielded a minor amplification signal. Nested PCR produce signal without apparent background. The single round RT-PCR detected 15 of 46 positive cases, while the nest real-time PCR detected 17 of 46 cases.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B26-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wu et al. (Taiwan) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Neutralization test,<break></break>(ELISA), (IFA), and (ICT)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">537 probable SARS patients in Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With the neutralization test as a reference method, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the test were<break></break>ELISA: 98.2%, 98.7%, 98.7%, and 98.4%<break></break>IFA: 99.1%, 87.8%, 88.1% and 99.1% <break></break>ICT: 33.6%, 98.2%, 95.7%, and 56.1% <break></break>RT-PCR: 52.2%, 78.7%, 74.5%, and 58.1%,</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B27-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">He et al. (Singapore) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western blot assay with N195 protein</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274 clinical sera which were collected<break></break>from patients suffering from probable or suspected SARS, dengue fever, autoimmune diseases</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The specificity and sensitivity of this test were 98.3 and 90.9% and 40 of 44 clinical SARS samples were positive. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B28-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poon et al. (Hong Kong) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Real time quantitative RT-PCR modified RNA extraction method<break></break>1b region of SARS-CoVCoV</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 NPA samples collected from days 1–3 of disease onset from SARS patients in whom SARS CoV infections was subsequently serologically confirmed </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">From the 50 NPA specimens collected during the first 3 days of illness, the first-generation RT-PCR assay identified 22% positive sample, modification in the RNA extraction method identified 44% positive samples and the combination of the modified RNA extraction method and real-time quantitative PCR technology, identified 80% positive sample.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B29-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guan et al. (Hong Kong) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specific ELISA Genelabs Diagnostics Pte Ltd. utilizing two recombinant proteins (Gst-N and Gst-U274)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">227 clinical serum specimens collected from SARS patients in Hong Kong between 18 March–24 May 2003 and 385 samples from healthy donors. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For the ELISA, the overall sensitivity was 71.8% and specificity was 99.5%<break></break>For the immunocromatographic test, overall rate of detection of SARS-associated specimens by the rapid test was 70.5% and its specificity was 97.7%.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B30-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hui et al. (Hong Kong) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical samples, NPAs (n = 131) and stool specimens (n = 5), provided by the Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PCR amplifying the N gene gave an average of a 26.0% (6.3 to 60.0%) stronger intensity signal than that for the 1b gene additional sensitive molecular marker for the diagnosis of the SARS coronavirus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B31-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mahony et al. (Canada) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seven RT-PCR assays include (i) a nested assay with BNI outer and inner primers with polB gene; (ii) a two-step, non-nested assay with the BNI outer primers with polB gene; (iii) a two-step, non-nested RT-PCR assay with Cor-p-F2 and Cor-p-R1 with polB gene; (iv) a one-step RT-PCR, with BNI outer primers and polB gene with SYBR Green detection; (v) a two-step assay amplifying and nucleocapsid gene with SYBR Green detection; (vi) a one-step assay with the same nucleocapsid primers and gene with TaqMan probe and (vii) a commercial RealArt HPA CoV RT-PCR assay (Artus).</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 specimens, including 17 respiratory tract specimens (nasopharyngeal or throat swabs), 29 urine samples, and 22 stool samples, were collected between March–April of 2003 from hospitalized patients with a probable or suspected diagnosis of SARS at Sunnybrook and Women’s College Health Sciences Centre during the Toronto outbreak of SARS.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">There is no significant difference in the sensitivity and specificity for the 7 assays<break></break>Assay 1: 94%; 100%<break></break>Assay 2: 100%; 94%<break></break>Assay 3: 94%; 100%<break></break>Assay 4: 100%; 96%<break></break>Assay 5: 94%; 100%<break></break>Assay 6: 83%; 100%<break></break>Assay 7: 94%; 100%</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B32-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Liu et al. (Taiwan)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indirect IFA</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Throat wash samples from 17 confirmed SARS adult patients, and 10 healthy controls admitted to the emergency department of the National Taiwan University Hospital between 16 April–1 May 2003.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV was detected in 11 of 17 (65%) samples from SARS patients from day 2 to day 9 of the illness but in none of the 10 samples from healthy controls</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B33-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2004</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lin et al. (Taiwan)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS-CoV real-time PCR assay with a TaqMan minor groove binder probe developed by Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, USA).</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228 samples (137 sputum, 53 throat swabs or throat wash, 17 NPS, 19 stool specimen, 2 pleural fluid, 2 urine and 1 serum sample) from 151 patients with atypical<break></break>pneumonia or symptoms mimicking SARS between 30 April–26 June 26 were recruited,<break></break>In total, from 151 patients were tested.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">• The real time PCR has a threshold sensitivity of 10 genome equivalents per reaction and it has a good reproducibility with the inter-assay coefficients of variation of 1.73 to 2.72%.<break></break>• 13 specimens from 6 patients were positive with viral load range from 362 to 36,240,000 genome equivalents/mL.<break></break>The real-time RT-PCR reaction was more sensitive than the nested PCR reaction, as the detection limit for the nested PCR reaction was about 10<sup>3</sup> genome equivalents in the standard cDNA control.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B34-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR); RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); open reading frame 1a (ORF1a); Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP); enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); immunofluorescent assay (IFA); immunochromatographic test (ICT); nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Potential commercial rapid diagnostic kits for 2019-nCoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Organisation</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Date</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitivity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Specificity</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Availability</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turn Around</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Costs</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Genesig (U.K.)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR Kit<break></break>MasterMix and q16 reaction tubes included (for genesig<sup>®</sup> q16); PCR MasterMix Kit (for other instruments)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sensitive to < 100 copies of target<break></break>Broad dynamic detection range (>6 logs)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stated to be high but with no accompanying statistics</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sold for research use only and are not licensed for diagnostic procedures</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">For use with genesig q16 tubes: £5.44/test; For use with others:<break></break>£4.62/test</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B35-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bioperfectus Technologies (China)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR test kit</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Available as scientific research product—does not require registration</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B36-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Co-Diagnostics (U.S.A.)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial Kit RT-PCR kit </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stated to be high but with no accompanying statistics.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Claims with lower false positive<sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">By Mar 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B37-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>,<xref rid="B38-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">altona Diagnostics (Germany)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Commercial Kit RT-PCR kit</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B39-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">RT-PCR</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BGI; Pathomics Health (distributor; China) *</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fluorescent RT-PCR kit<break></break>In vitro RT-PCR combining fluorescent probing <sup>1</sup></td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently used in hospitals and local disease control centres in China.<break></break>Potentially in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Brunei, Thailand, Nigeria, South Africa too.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No data stated but described as ‘can issue results in a few hours’.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B40-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Combined RT-PCR and meta- genomics detection</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BGI; Pathomics Health (distributor; China) *</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2019-nCoV PMseq Kit<break></break>A metagenomics sequencing kit based on combinatorial Probe Anchor Sythesis. Able to detect both known and novel microorganisms, Enabling monitoring of evolution during transmission <sup>2</sup>.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not stated</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Has been<break></break>Providing technical support for the scientific clinical prevention and control of the epidemic in Wuhan.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Faster than Fluoresce nt RT- PCR kit. 128 Samples with SE50 in 5 h; 128 samples with PE100 in 22 h, </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B41-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Microfluidic</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Veredus Laboratories (Singapore)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 Jan 2020</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">enVision (enzyme-assisted nanocomplexes for visual identification of nucleic acids)<break></break>Lab-on-Chip platform integrating PCR and microarray</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stated to be high but with no accompanying statistics.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stated to be high but with no accompanying statistics.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 h</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(no info)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B42-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>,<xref rid="B43-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> BGI, pathomics Health. Real-Time Flourescent RT-PCR kit for detecting 2019-nCoV. Published 2020. <sup>2</sup> BGI, pathomics Health. BGI RT-PCR Kit and PMseq<sup>®</sup> Solution for Detecting 2019-nCoV. Published 2020. * Passed emergency approval procedure of the National Medical Products Administration.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Ongoing vaccine development for 2019-nCoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Company</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Estimated Timeline</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Technology</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage/Funding</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moderna Therapeutics—US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 months to early stage (phase 1) clinical trial in US (earliest); much longer for full testing and regulatory approval</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Messenger RNA vaccine</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical<break></break>Awaiting preclinical tests and phase 1 study by NIAID, Funding by CEPI.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inovio Pharmaceuticals </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Human testing in the next few months</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">INO-4800-DNA<break></break>based vaccine (DNA synthesized in lab, does not require actual virus sample)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical<break></break>Funding by Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), up to $9 million</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>,<xref rid="B63-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Novavax </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 months</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nanoparticle vaccine</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B62-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">University of Queensland </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 months</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rapid Response Technology, ‘Molecular clamp’ vaccine platform (gene added to viral proteins, misleads body to generate antibodies)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical<break></break>Funding by Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B64-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>,<xref rid="B65-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vir Biotechnology </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anti-coronavirus monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, using “whole-genome CRISPR-based screening capabilities to identify the host receptor for Wuhan coronavirus”</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B66-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>,<xref rid="B67-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">At least 1 month for development, 2–3 years before availability for use</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available<break></break>Inactivated virus vaccine (postulated, not verified)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical; virus successfully isolated, currently selecting strain</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B68-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>,<xref rid="B69-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>,<xref rid="B70-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>,<xref rid="B71-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shanghai East Hospital (Tongji University)—Stermirna Therapeutics </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><40 days for manufacture of vaccine samples</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mRNA technology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B72-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Johnson & Johnson </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 year to market</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adenovirus—vectored technology used for Ebola vaccine (and Zika and HIV vaccine candidates)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B73-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>,<xref rid="B74-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">University of Hong Kong </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Months for animal testing, At least 1 year for clinical trials on humans</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modified nasal spray influenza vaccine (with surface antigen of coronavirus) prevents both influenza and corona virus</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical; vaccine developed</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B70-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">University of Saskatchewan (VIDO-InterVac)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target for animal testing in 6–8 weeks, human trials in at least a year</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B75-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GeoVax—BravoVax</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Modified Vaccina Ankara—Virus Like Particles (MVA-VLP) vaccine platform</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B76-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clover Biopharmaceuticals </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highly purified recombinant 2019-nCoV S protein subunit-trimer vaccine (S-Trimer), produced using Trimer-Tag© technology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B77-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CureVac </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mRNA technology</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preclinical</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B78-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development at Baylor College of Medicine </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Codagenix </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not available</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B79-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t004_Table 4</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Systematic search of completed vaccine trial of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Organisation; Candidate</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of Study; Trial Type; Study Design; Study Details</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome (Safety)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome (Efficacy)</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">SARS-CoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd.; Inactivacted SARS-CoV (ISCV)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China (Beijing);<break></break>Phase I clinical trial;<break></break>Randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled;<break></break>2 doses of 16 SARS-CoV units (SU) or 32 SU ISCV or placebo control vaccine, intramuscular injection of vaccines in deltoid muscle, doses were 28 days apart</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 healthy adults between 21 and 40 years old, free of chronic diseases, immunosuppression SARS-CoV, HCV and HIV; 12 subjects were included in each intervention arm</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No severe adverse reaction (grade 3) was reported.<break></break>All local adverse events were mild and resolved within 47–72 h, while systemic adverse events were reported sporadically from all 3 groups and resolved within 24 h. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seroconversion reached 100% for both vaccine groups on day 42, persisted at 100% in the group receiving 16 SU but decreased to 91.1% for the group receiving 32 SU on day 56.<break></break>Geometric mean titres (GMT) of specific SARS-CoV neutralising antibody peaked 2 weeks after the second dose, but started to drop 4 weeks later (values not reported). Seroconversion and GMT of neutralising antibody levels were lower in subjects between 21–30 years old compared to those in the elder group, but without significant differences (35: seroconversion <italic>p</italic> = 0.444; GMT P = 0.528) on days 35 and 42. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B44-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center; VRC-SRSDNA015-00-VP</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United States (Maryland)<break></break>Phase I clinical trial;<break></break>Open-label study;<break></break>3 doses of vaccine (4 mg/dose), intramuscular injection into lateral deltoid muscle via the Biojector 2000<sup>®</sup> Needle-Free Injection Management System™ on study days 0, 38 and 56</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 subjects between 21 and 29 years old (mean age 35.5) with mean BMI of 24.6 (range 19.7 to 33.9) and were Caucasians (90%) or Asian (10%); only 9 subjects completed all 3 doses </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No severe adverse reaction (grade 3), but at least 50% subjects reported at least one mild systemic symptom following vaccination.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SARS specific antibody was detected by ELISA in 8 of 10 (80%) of subjects at one or more timepoints. The neutralizing antibody response was detected in all subjects who received 3 doses of vaccine and peaked between week 8 and 12, with 6 subjects remaining positive at week 32.<break></break>SARS-CoV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detected in all vaccines between week 2 and 32, and CD8+ T cell responses in ∼20% of individuals by ICS. The peak T cell response occurred between week 8 and 12 and when present, was sustained throughout the 32 week trial.</td><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">[<xref rid="B45-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">MERS-CoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GeneOne Life Science and Inovio Pharmaceuticals; GLS-5300</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United States (Maryland)<break></break>Phase I clinical trial;<break></break>Open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation study;<break></break>3 doses of 0·67 mg, 2 mg, or 6 mg GLS-5300; intramuscular 1 mL injection followed immediately by co-localised intramuscular electroporation with CELLECTRA<sup>®</sup>-5P device at week 0, 4 and 12 with follow-up through to 48 weeks after dose 3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 healthy adults between 18 and 50 years old (mean age 32.2 years), with normal screening electrocardiogram, screening laboratory findings within normal limits or be grade 0–1 findings, and have no history of clinically significant immunosuppressive or autoimmune disease, HIV, hepatitis B or C virus infection; 25 subjects were randomised into each dose group and 65 subjects completed the study, and per protocol analysis was used.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No vaccine-associated serious adverse events.<break></break>97% participants reported at least one solicited adverse event, but most solicited symptoms were reported as mild and were self-limiting (19 [76%] with 0·67 mg, 20 [80%] with 2 mg, and 17 [68%] with 6 mg); injection site reactions were the most common adverse event [92%]. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seroconversion measured by S1-ELISA occurred in 86% and 94% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively, and was maintained in 79% participants up to study end at week 60.<break></break>Neutralising antibodies were detected in 50% participants at one or more time points during the study, but only 3% maintained neutralisation activity to end of study. T-cell responses were detected in 71% and 76% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively. There were no differences in immune responses between dose groups after 6 weeks and vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses were respectively detected in 77% and 64% participants at week 60. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B47-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t005" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t005_Table 5</object-id><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Potential & ongoing therapeutics trials of 2019-nCoV infection.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Company</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AbbVie</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir-ritonavir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approved. Used in clinical settings.<break></break>The Jin Yintan Hospital in Wuhan, China, launched a randomised, open-label, blank-controlled trial for the efficacy and safety of lopinavir-ritonavir and interferon-alpha 2b in hospitalisation of 80 patients with novel coronavirus infection. Lopinavir-ritonavir tablets (each containing 200 mg of lopinavir and 50 mg of ritonavir), twice a day, 2 tablets at a time; interferon-α2b. Assessment of effectiveness of treatment based on clinical improvement time of 28 days after randomisation.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B80-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sanofi-Aventis</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Teicoplanin (Targocid)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approved. Used in clinical setting.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gilead Science</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Remdesivir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gilead is in active discussions with researchers and clinicians in the United States and China regarding the ongoing Wuhan coronavirus outbreak and the potential use of remdesivir as an investigational treatment.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B81-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monoclonal antibodies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vir is working to rapidly determine whether its previously identified anti-coronavirus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) bind and neutralize 2019-nCoV.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B67-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regeneron</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monoclonal antibodies</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regeneron Pharmaceuticals has developed monoclonal antibodies to treat MERS that are now being tested in early human studies. A company spokesperson said that researchers have begun to identify similar antibodies that might work against 2019-nCoV. With Ebola, it took Regeneron six months to develop candidate treatments and test them in animal models.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B82-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascletis</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ritonavir + ASC09 combo</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Applied to include in national emergency channel on 25 January 2020. Not yet approved by regulators.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B83-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biocryst Pharmaceuticals</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Galidesivir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Biocryst is evaluating Galidesivir to determine if it could potentially target the coronavirus. Galidesivir is currently in a phase 1 clinical study.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B84-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Purdue University</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Molecules that inhibit 2 coronavirus enzymes</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Molecules developed by the university scientists inhibit two coronavirus enzymes and prevent its replication. The discovered drug targets are said to be more than 95% similar to enzyme targets found on the SARS virus.<break></break>Researchers note that identified drugs may not be available to address the ongoing outbreak but they hope to make it accessible for future outbreaks.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B85-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“xue bi jing” (TCM)<break></break>-ChiCTR2000029381</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approved. Recruitment of subjects has not started.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B86-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chongqing Public Health Medical Center</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjunctive steroids has a trial-ChiCTR2000029386</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approved. Recruitment of subjects has not started.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B87-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ruijin Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Umefinovir (arbidol)- NCT04260594</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">An antiviral treatment for influenza infection. Preliminary test in the in vitro cell showed an effective inhibition of coronavirus and a significant inhibition to the cytopathic effect.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Darunavir-NCT04252274</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">An antiviral treatment for HIV. Study showed that it can significantly inhibit the replication of the new coronavirus.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Sanjing Pharmaceutical Holding Co., Ltd.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Oral liquid traditional Chinese medicine, Shuanghuanglian<break></break>-ChiCTR2000029605</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preliminary testing identified that it can inhibit the new coronavirus. It was previously identified to have an antiviral effect for influenza virus, SARS and MERS. </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>,<xref rid="B89-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>,<xref rid="B90-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chloroquine phosphate<break></break>-ChiCTR2000029609</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Approved. Recruitment of subjects has not started.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B88-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>,<xref rid="B91-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hydroxychloroquine</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment in process; Interventional subjects will receive hydroxychloroquine 400 mg per day for 5 days, also take conventional treatments.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B53-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tongji Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Abidol Hydrochloride combined with Interferon atomization</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment of subjects has not started; Interventional subjects will receive standard symptomatic support therapy (SMT) plus abidol hydrochloride (0.2 g, 3 times a day) or Abidol Hydrochloride combined with Interferon (PegIFN-α-2b) atomization (45 ug)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B55-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tongji Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Drug: Abidol hydrochloride, Oseltamivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment of subjects has not started; Interventional subjects will receive either Abidol hydrochloride 0.2 g once, 3 times a day, 2 weeks or Oseltamivir 75 mg once, twice a day, 2 weeks or Lopinavir/ritonavir 500 mg once, twice a day, 2 weeks</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B54-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Guangzhou 8th People’s Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir Plus Ritonavir and Arbidol</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment in process; Interventional subjects will receive either standard treatment plus a regimen of lopinavir (200 mg) and ritonavir (50 mg) (oral, q12h, every time 2 tablets of each, taking for 7–14 days) or Standard treatment plus a regimen of arbidol (100 mg) (oral, tid, 200 mg each time, taking for 7–14 days).</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B56-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China-Japan Friendship Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Remdesivir</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment of subjects has not started</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B57-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Darunavir & Cobicistat </td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment of subjects has not started; Interventional subjects will receive darunavir and cobicistat one tablet per day for 5 days plus conventional treatments.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B58-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beijing 302 Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment in process; Interventional subjects will receive conventional treatment plus 3 times of MSCs (0.5–1.0 × 10E6 MSCs/kg body weight intravenously at Day 0, Day 3, Day 6).</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B59-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beijing 302 Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Traditional Chinese Medicine</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment in process; Interventional subjects will receive oxygen therapy, antiviral therapy (alfa interferon via aerosol inhalation, and lopinavir/ritonavir, 400 mg/100 mg, p.o, bid) for 14 days plus Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) granules: one bag, p.o, bid, for 14 days.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B60-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical ICU, Peking Union Medical College Hospital</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Methylprednisolone</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment in process; Interventional subjects will receive standard care plus methylprednisolone therapy (40 mg q12h for 5 days)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B61-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="jcm-09-00623-t006" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">jcm-09-00623-t006_Table 6</object-id><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Completed Randomized Controlled Trials for SARS-CoV & MERS-CoV Therapeutics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S/N</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Date</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. of Participants</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Outcome</th><th align="left" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">SARS-CoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment: 24 March–28 April 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152/152</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Historical control: 4 g oral loading dose followed by 1.2 g every 8 h, or 8 mg/kg intravenously every 8 h if the patient could not tolerate oral treatment) with a reducing regimen of corticosteroid for 21 days<break></break>Treatment group: combination of lopinavir (400 mg)/ritonavir (100 mg) orally every 12 h for 14 days<break></break>Both groups given ribavirin & corticosteroid according to the same protocol</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary outcome: composite adverse outcome at 21 days, severe hypoxaemia to fraction of inspired oxygen or death<break></break>The 21 day adverse outcome rate was therefore 28.8% for the historical controls and 2.4% for the treatment group, giving an effect size of 26.4% (95% confidence interval 16.8 to 36.0, <italic>p</italic> = 0.001) for lopinavir/ritonavir treatment.<break></break>Apparent reduction in also viral load, steroid dose, incidence of nocosomial infections in treatment group compared to control group.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B98-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment: 24 April–30 June 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CM A: Composition of 13 herbs<break></break>CM B: Popular health care product in Taiwan</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death in patient 1 (placebo control), recovery in remaining 3 patients</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B93-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Recruitment: 10 April–31 May 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115/123</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Western medicine: oxygen supplementation, hemofiltration, ribavirin, antibacterials (azithromycin, cefuroxime, metronidazole), and immunoregulation with thymosin injection.<break></break>Combined treatment: Herba houttuyniae with western medicine, and when necessary, TCM treatment like heat clearing and detoxifying, qi supplementing, blood regulating prescription.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patients with early symptoms experienced a longer hospital stay (<italic>p</italic> = 0.028), a non-statistically significant mortality rate decrease (combined treatment: 9.6% versus WM: 11.1%), and a significant improvement of arthralgia and myalgia (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) when on combined treatment compared with a strictly WM treatment. <break></break>Combined treatment also improved arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation significantly at day 22 (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) compared to WM.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B96-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 April 2003–30 May 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hong Kong</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/17</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (Early hydrocortisone treatment) & 7 (Saline placebo)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median time for SARS-CoV RNA to become undetectable In plasma was 12 days vs. 8 days in the hydrocortisone and placebo groups.<break></break>Corticosteroid treatment early in the treatment was associated with higher subsequent plasma viral load compared to placebo (AUC; Mann–Whitney, <italic>p</italic> = 0.023), delaying viral clearance</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B95-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 January–28 February 2003</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190/190</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (A; Ribavirin, cefoperazone/sulbactam); <break></break>30 (B; fluoroquinolone, azithromycin, recombinant interferon alpha and restricted steroid use); <break></break>60 (C; quinolone, azithromycin, some given recombinant interferon alpha, steroid use when symptoms worsen); <break></break>60 (D; levofloxacin, azithromycin, of which 45 were given recombinant interferon alpha)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment D presented with the most favourable outcome. The shortest mean time to discharge, 20.7 (SD, 4.6) days, was observed in treatment group D, compared to 24.8, 24.8 and 22.4 days for treatment groups A, B and C respectively.<break></break>None of the patients on treatment D needed mechanical ventilation, all recovered and were discharged from the hospital compared to 2, 2, and 7 deaths from patients on treatments A, B and C respectively</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B97-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not reported</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49/52</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (Control: Ribavirin, Levofloxacin, Thyopentin, Azithromycin, methylpredisolone)<break></break>20 (Treatment: Control group treatment + TCM Recipes)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All patients recovered.<break></break>Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and corticosteroid usgae between the 2 groups.<break></break>However, particularly in the respect of improving clinical symptoms, elevating quality of life, promoting immune function recovery, promoting absorption of pulmonary inflammation, reducing the dosage of cortisteroid and shortening the therapeutic course, treatment with integrative chinese and western medicine treatment had obvious superiority compared with using control treatment alone.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B94-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">MERS-CoV</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 June 2016–4 January 2017</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">United States</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38/43</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Each group comprises 6 cohorts (Escalating doses 1 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg & 50 mg/kg in SAB-001 treatment group)</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A total of 97 adverse events (AEs) were reported, with a mean of 2.3 AEs per participant in the SAB-301 group and a mean of 3.3 AEs per participant in the placebo group. No serious adverse event related to the study intervention was observed. Single dose pharmacokinetics demonstrated relatively linear and dose-proportional increases in maximal concentration and area-under-the-concentration-time curve. Microneutralization titres also correlated to the SAB-301 levels in serum.<break></break>Single infusions of SAB-301 up to 50 mg/kg appear to be safe and well-tolerated in healthy participants.</td><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="B46-jcm-09-00623" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Singapour</li></country><orgName><li>Université nationale de Singapour</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ang, Ian Yi Han" sort="Ang, Ian Yi Han" uniqKey="Ang I" first="Ian Yi Han" last="Ang">Ian Yi Han Ang</name><name sortKey="Chen, Jacinta I Pei" sort="Chen, Jacinta I Pei" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jacinta I-Pei" last="Chen">Jacinta I-Pei Chen</name><name sortKey="Cook, Alex R" sort="Cook, Alex R" uniqKey="Cook A" first="Alex R." last="Cook">Alex R. Cook</name><name sortKey="Gutierrez, Ramona A" sort="Gutierrez, Ramona A" uniqKey="Gutierrez R" first="Ramona A" last="Gutierrez">Ramona A. Gutierrez</name><name sortKey="Hsu, Li Yang" sort="Hsu, Li Yang" uniqKey="Hsu L" first="Li Yang" last="Hsu">Li Yang Hsu</name><name sortKey="Lewis, Ruth Frances" sort="Lewis, Ruth Frances" uniqKey="Lewis R" first="Ruth Frances" last="Lewis">Ruth Frances Lewis</name><name sortKey="Ng, Xian Yi" sort="Ng, Xian Yi" uniqKey="Ng X" first="Xian Yi" last="Ng">Xian Yi Ng</name><name sortKey="Tan, Chorh Chuan" sort="Tan, Chorh Chuan" uniqKey="Tan C" first="Chorh Chuan" last="Tan">Chorh Chuan Tan</name><name sortKey="Tan, Hao Yi" sort="Tan, Hao Yi" uniqKey="Tan H" first="Hao Yi" last="Tan">Hao Yi Tan</name><name sortKey="Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan" sort="Tan, Sharon Hui Xuan" uniqKey="Tan S" first="Sharon Hui Xuan" last="Tan">Sharon Hui Xuan Tan</name><name sortKey="Teo, Yik Ying" sort="Teo, Yik Ying" uniqKey="Teo Y" first="Yik Ying" last="Teo">Yik Ying Teo</name><name sortKey="Yang, Qian" sort="Yang, Qian" uniqKey="Yang Q" first="Qian" last="Yang">Qian Yang</name><name sortKey="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" sort="Yap, Jason Chin Huat" uniqKey="Yap J" first="Jason Chin-Huat" last="Yap">Jason Chin-Huat Yap</name><name sortKey="Yap, Rowena K S" sort="Yap, Rowena K S" uniqKey="Yap R" first="Rowena K. S." last="Yap">Rowena K. S. Yap</name></noCountry><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Pang, Junxiong" sort="Pang, Junxiong" uniqKey="Pang J" first="Junxiong" last="Pang">Junxiong Pang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" sort="Chua, Pearleen Ee Yong" uniqKey="Chua P" first="Pearleen Ee Yong" last="Chua">Pearleen Ee Yong Chua</name><name sortKey="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" sort="Gwee, Sylvia Xiao Wei" uniqKey="Gwee S" first="Sylvia Xiao Wei" last="Gwee">Sylvia Xiao Wei Gwee</name><name sortKey="Wang, Min Xian" sort="Wang, Min Xian" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Min Xian" last="Wang">Min Xian Wang</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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