Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin
Identifieur interne : 000472 ( PascalFrancis/Corpus ); précédent : 000471; suivant : 000473Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin
Auteurs : Dale L. Barnard ; Craig W. Day ; Kevin Bailey ; Matthew Heiner ; Robert Montgomery ; Larry Lauridsen ; Scott Winslow ; Justin Hoopes ; Joseph K.-K. Li ; Jongdae Lee ; Dennis A. Carson ; Howard B. Cottam ; Robert W. SidwellSource :
- Antiviral research [ 0166-3542 ] ; 2006.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
Abstract
Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl- 1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1α, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.
Notice en format standard (ISO 2709)
Pour connaître la documentation sur le format Inist Standard.
pA |
|
---|
Format Inist (serveur)
NO : | PASCAL 06-0398673 INIST |
---|---|
ET : | Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin |
AU : | BARNARD (Dale L.); DAY (Craig W.); BAILEY (Kevin); HEINER (Matthew); MONTGOMERY (Robert); LAURIDSEN (Larry); WINSLOW (Scott); HOOPES (Justin); LI (Joseph K.-K.); LEE (Jongdae); CARSON (Dennis A.); COTTAM (Howard B.); SIDWELL (Robert W.) |
AF : | Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill/Logan, UT 84322-5600/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut., 6 aut., 7 aut., 13 aut.); Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill/Logan, UT 84322-5305/Etats-Unis (8 aut., 9 aut.); Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive/La Jolla, CA 92093-0820/Etats-Unis (10 aut., 11 aut., 12 aut.) |
DT : | Publication en série; Niveau analytique |
SO : | Antiviral research; ISSN 0166-3542; Coden ARSRDR; Pays-Bas; Da. 2006; Vol. 71; No. 1; Pp. 53-63; Bibl. 1 p.1/4 |
LA : | Anglais |
EA : | Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl- 1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1α, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans. |
CC : | 002B02S05 |
FD : | Pouvoir infectant; Antiviral; Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère; Animal; Souris; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibiteur; Ribavirine; Coronavirus |
FG : | Virose; Infection; Rodentia; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme; Coronaviridae; Nidovirales; Virus; Appareil respiratoire pathologie; Poumon pathologie; Analogue nucléoside |
ED : | Infectivity; Antiviral; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Animal; Mouse; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibitor; Ribavirin; Coronavirus |
EG : | Viral disease; Infection; Rodentia; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme; Coronaviridae; Nidovirales; Virus; Respiratory disease; Lung disease; Nucleoside analog |
SD : | Poder infectante; Antiviral; Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo; Animal; Ratón; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibidor; Ribavirina; Coronavirus |
LO : | INIST-18839.354000142413440070 |
ID : | 06-0398673 |
Links to Exploration step
Pascal:06-0398673Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin</title>
<author><name sortKey="Barnard, Dale L" sort="Barnard, Dale L" uniqKey="Barnard D" first="Dale L." last="Barnard">Dale L. Barnard</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Craig W" sort="Day, Craig W" uniqKey="Day C" first="Craig W." last="Day">Craig W. Day</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bailey, Kevin" sort="Bailey, Kevin" uniqKey="Bailey K" first="Kevin" last="Bailey">Kevin Bailey</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heiner, Matthew" sort="Heiner, Matthew" uniqKey="Heiner M" first="Matthew" last="Heiner">Matthew Heiner</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Robert" sort="Montgomery, Robert" uniqKey="Montgomery R" first="Robert" last="Montgomery">Robert Montgomery</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lauridsen, Larry" sort="Lauridsen, Larry" uniqKey="Lauridsen L" first="Larry" last="Lauridsen">Larry Lauridsen</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winslow, Scott" sort="Winslow, Scott" uniqKey="Winslow S" first="Scott" last="Winslow">Scott Winslow</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoopes, Justin" sort="Hoopes, Justin" uniqKey="Hoopes J" first="Justin" last="Hoopes">Justin Hoopes</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5305</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Joseph K K" sort="Li, Joseph K K" uniqKey="Li J" first="Joseph K.-K." last="Li">Joseph K.-K. Li</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5305</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jongdae" sort="Lee, Jongdae" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jongdae" last="Lee">Jongdae Lee</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carson, Dennis A" sort="Carson, Dennis A" uniqKey="Carson D" first="Dennis A." last="Carson">Dennis A. Carson</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cottam, Howard B" sort="Cottam, Howard B" uniqKey="Cottam H" first="Howard B." last="Cottam">Howard B. Cottam</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sidwell, Robert W" sort="Sidwell, Robert W" uniqKey="Sidwell R" first="Robert W." last="Sidwell">Robert W. Sidwell</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno>
<idno type="inist">06-0398673</idno>
<date when="2006">2006</date>
<idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 06-0398673 INIST</idno>
<idno type="RBID">Pascal:06-0398673</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000472</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin</title>
<author><name sortKey="Barnard, Dale L" sort="Barnard, Dale L" uniqKey="Barnard D" first="Dale L." last="Barnard">Dale L. Barnard</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Day, Craig W" sort="Day, Craig W" uniqKey="Day C" first="Craig W." last="Day">Craig W. Day</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bailey, Kevin" sort="Bailey, Kevin" uniqKey="Bailey K" first="Kevin" last="Bailey">Kevin Bailey</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heiner, Matthew" sort="Heiner, Matthew" uniqKey="Heiner M" first="Matthew" last="Heiner">Matthew Heiner</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Montgomery, Robert" sort="Montgomery, Robert" uniqKey="Montgomery R" first="Robert" last="Montgomery">Robert Montgomery</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lauridsen, Larry" sort="Lauridsen, Larry" uniqKey="Lauridsen L" first="Larry" last="Lauridsen">Larry Lauridsen</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Winslow, Scott" sort="Winslow, Scott" uniqKey="Winslow S" first="Scott" last="Winslow">Scott Winslow</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoopes, Justin" sort="Hoopes, Justin" uniqKey="Hoopes J" first="Justin" last="Hoopes">Justin Hoopes</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5305</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Joseph K K" sort="Li, Joseph K K" uniqKey="Li J" first="Joseph K.-K." last="Li">Joseph K.-K. Li</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5305</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Jongdae" sort="Lee, Jongdae" uniqKey="Lee J" first="Jongdae" last="Lee">Jongdae Lee</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carson, Dennis A" sort="Carson, Dennis A" uniqKey="Carson D" first="Dennis A." last="Carson">Dennis A. Carson</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cottam, Howard B" sort="Cottam, Howard B" uniqKey="Cottam H" first="Howard B." last="Cottam">Howard B. Cottam</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sidwell, Robert W" sort="Sidwell, Robert W" uniqKey="Sidwell R" first="Robert W." last="Sidwell">Robert W. Sidwell</name>
<affiliation><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Antiviral research</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Antivir. res.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0166-3542</idno>
<imprint><date when="2006">2006</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Antiviral research</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Antivir. res.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0166-3542</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animal</term>
<term>Antiviral</term>
<term>Coronavirus</term>
<term>IMP dehydrogenase</term>
<term>Infectivity</term>
<term>Inhibitor</term>
<term>Mouse</term>
<term>Ribavirin</term>
<term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Pouvoir infectant</term>
<term>Antiviral</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
<term>Animal</term>
<term>Souris</term>
<term>IMP dehydrogenase</term>
<term>Inhibiteur</term>
<term>Ribavirine</term>
<term>Coronavirus</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl- 1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1α, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0166-3542</s0>
</fA01>
<fA02 i1="01"><s0>ARSRDR</s0>
</fA02>
<fA03 i2="1"><s0>Antivir. res.</s0>
</fA03>
<fA05><s2>71</s2>
</fA05>
<fA06><s2>1</s2>
</fA06>
<fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin</s1>
</fA08>
<fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>BARNARD (Dale L.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>DAY (Craig W.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>BAILEY (Kevin)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>HEINER (Matthew)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>MONTGOMERY (Robert)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>LAURIDSEN (Larry)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>WINSLOW (Scott)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>HOOPES (Justin)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>LI (Joseph K.-K.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>LEE (Jongdae)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="11" i2="1"><s1>CARSON (Dennis A.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="12" i2="1"><s1>COTTAM (Howard B.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA11 i1="13" i2="1"><s1>SIDWELL (Robert W.)</s1>
</fA11>
<fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5600</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill</s1>
<s2>Logan, UT 84322-5305</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA14 i1="03"><s1>Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive</s1>
<s2>La Jolla, CA 92093-0820</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
</fA14>
<fA20><s1>53-63</s1>
</fA20>
<fA21><s1>2006</s1>
</fA21>
<fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0>
</fA23>
<fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1>
<s2>18839</s2>
<s5>354000142413440070</s5>
</fA43>
<fA44><s0>0000</s0>
<s1>© 2006 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1>
</fA44>
<fA45><s0>1 p.1/4</s0>
</fA45>
<fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>06-0398673</s0>
</fA47>
<fA60><s1>P</s1>
</fA60>
<fA61><s0>A</s0>
</fA61>
<fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Antiviral research</s0>
</fA64>
<fA66 i1="01"><s0>NLD</s0>
</fA66>
<fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl- 1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1α, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.</s0>
</fC01>
<fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B02S05</s0>
</fC02>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pouvoir infectant</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Infectivity</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Poder infectante</s0>
<s5>01</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Antiviral</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Antiviral</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Antiviral</s0>
<s5>02</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</s0>
<s2>NM</s2>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</s0>
<s2>NM</s2>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo</s0>
<s2>NM</s2>
<s5>03</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Animal</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Animal</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Animal</s0>
<s5>04</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Souris</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mouse</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ratón</s0>
<s5>05</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>IMP dehydrogenase</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>IMP dehydrogenase</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>IMP dehydrogenase</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
<s5>06</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Inhibiteur</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Inhibitor</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Inhibidor</s0>
<s5>07</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ribavirine</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FR</s2>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ribavirin</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FR</s2>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ribavirina</s0>
<s2>NK</s2>
<s2>FR</s2>
<s5>08</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Coronavirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Coronavirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Coronavirus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
<s5>10</s5>
</fC03>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virose</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Viral disease</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virosis</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Infection</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Infection</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Infección</s0>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Rodentia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Rodentia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Rodentia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mammalia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mammalia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Mammalia</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vertebrata</s0>
<s2>NS</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Oxidoreductases</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Oxidoreductases</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Oxidoreductases</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Enzyme</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Enzyme</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enzima</s0>
<s2>FE</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Nidovirales</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nidovirales</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nidovirales</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virus</s0>
<s2>NW</s2>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Appareil respiratoire pathologie</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Respiratory disease</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Aparato respiratorio patología</s0>
<s5>37</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Poumon pathologie</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Lung disease</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="12" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pulmón patología</s0>
<s5>38</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Analogue nucléoside</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nucleoside analog</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC07>
<fC07 i1="13" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Análogo nucleósido</s0>
<s5>40</s5>
</fC07>
<fN21><s1>268</s1>
</fN21>
</pA>
</standard>
<server><NO>PASCAL 06-0398673 INIST</NO>
<ET>Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin</ET>
<AU>BARNARD (Dale L.); DAY (Craig W.); BAILEY (Kevin); HEINER (Matthew); MONTGOMERY (Robert); LAURIDSEN (Larry); WINSLOW (Scott); HOOPES (Justin); LI (Joseph K.-K.); LEE (Jongdae); CARSON (Dennis A.); COTTAM (Howard B.); SIDWELL (Robert W.)</AU>
<AF>Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill/Logan, UT 84322-5600/Etats-Unis (1 aut., 2 aut., 3 aut., 4 aut., 5 aut., 6 aut., 7 aut., 13 aut.); Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill/Logan, UT 84322-5305/Etats-Unis (8 aut., 9 aut.); Moores Cancer Center 0820, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive/La Jolla, CA 92093-0820/Etats-Unis (10 aut., 11 aut., 12 aut.)</AF>
<DT>Publication en série; Niveau analytique</DT>
<SO>Antiviral research; ISSN 0166-3542; Coden ARSRDR; Pays-Bas; Da. 2006; Vol. 71; No. 1; Pp. 53-63; Bibl. 1 p.1/4</SO>
<LA>Anglais</LA>
<EA>Because of the conflicting data concerning the SARS-CoV inhibitory efficacy of ribavirin, an inosine monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase inhibitor, studies were done to evaluate the efficacy of ribavirin and other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors (5-ethynyl- 1-β-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (EICAR), mizoribine, and mycophenolic acid) in preventing viral replication in the lungs of BALB/c mice, a replication model for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (Subbarao, K., McAuliffe, J., Vogel, L., Fahle, G., Fischer, S., Tatti, K., Packard, M., Shieh, W.J., Zaki, S., Murphy, B., 2004. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in the respiratory tract of mice. J. Virol. 78, 3572-3577). Ribavirin given at 75 mg/kg 4 h prior to virus exposure and then given twice daily for 3 days beginning at day 0 was found to increase virus lung titers and extend the length of time that virus could be detected in the lungs of mice. Other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors administered near maximum tolerated doses using the same dosing regimen as for ribavirin were found to slightly enhance virus replication in the lungs. In addition, ribavirin treatment seemed also to promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines 4 days after cessation of treatment, although after 3 days of treatment ribavirin inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production in infected mice, significantly reducing the levels of the cytokines IL-1α, interleukin-5 (IL-5), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These findings suggest that ribavirin may actually contribute to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV by prolonging and/or enhancing viral replication in the lungs. By not inhibiting viral replication in the lungs of infected mice, ribavirin treatment may have provided a continual source of stimulation for the inflammatory response thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the infection. Our data do not support the use of ribavirin or other IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors for treating SARS infections in humans.</EA>
<CC>002B02S05</CC>
<FD>Pouvoir infectant; Antiviral; Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère; Animal; Souris; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibiteur; Ribavirine; Coronavirus</FD>
<FG>Virose; Infection; Rodentia; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme; Coronaviridae; Nidovirales; Virus; Appareil respiratoire pathologie; Poumon pathologie; Analogue nucléoside</FG>
<ED>Infectivity; Antiviral; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Animal; Mouse; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibitor; Ribavirin; Coronavirus</ED>
<EG>Viral disease; Infection; Rodentia; Mammalia; Vertebrata; Oxidoreductases; Enzyme; Coronaviridae; Nidovirales; Virus; Respiratory disease; Lung disease; Nucleoside analog</EG>
<SD>Poder infectante; Antiviral; Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo; Animal; Ratón; IMP dehydrogenase; Inhibidor; Ribavirina; Coronavirus</SD>
<LO>INIST-18839.354000142413440070</LO>
<ID>06-0398673</ID>
</server>
</inist>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/SrasV1/Data/PascalFrancis/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000472 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/PascalFrancis/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000472 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= SrasV1 |flux= PascalFrancis |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= Pascal:06-0398673 |texte= Enhancement of the infectivity of SARS-CoV in BALB/c mice by IMP dehydrogenase inhibitors, including ribavirin }}
This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |