Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice
Identifieur interne : 000005 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000004; suivant : 000006Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice
Auteurs : Christopher M. Coleman [États-Unis] ; Ye V. Liu [États-Unis] ; HAIYAN MU [États-Unis] ; Justin K. Taylor [États-Unis] ; Michael Massare [États-Unis] ; David C. Flyer [États-Unis] ; Gregory M. Glenn [États-Unis] ; Gale E. Smith [États-Unis] ; Matthew B. Frieman [États-Unis]Source :
- Vaccine [ 0264-410X ] ; 2014.
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- topic : Vaccin.
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Abstract
Development of vaccination strategies for emerging pathogens are particularly challenging because of the sudden nature of their emergence and the long process needed for traditional vaccine development. Therefore, there is a need for development of a rapid method of vaccine development that can respond to emerging pathogens in a short time frame. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in late 2012 demonstrate the importance of coronaviruses as emerging pathogens. The spike glycoproteins of coronaviruses reside on the surface of the virion and are responsible for virus entry. The spike glycoprotein is the major immunodominant antigen of coronaviruses and has proven to be an excellent target for vaccine designs that seek to block coronavirus entry and promote antibody targeting of infected cells. Vaccination strategies for coronaviruses have involved live attenuated virus, recombinant viruses, non-replicative virus-like particles expressing coronavirus proteins or DNA plasmids expressing coronavirus genes. None of these strategies has progressed to an approved human coronavirus vaccine in the ten years since SARS-CoV emerged. Here we describe a novel method for generating MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV full-length spike nanoparticles, which in combination with adjuvants are able to produce high titer antibodies in mice.
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Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frieman, Matthew B" sort="Frieman, Matthew B" uniqKey="Frieman M" first="Matthew B." last="Frieman">Matthew B. Frieman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21201</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">14-0134129</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 14-0134129 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:14-0134129</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000006</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000981</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000005</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000005</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice</title><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Christopher M" sort="Coleman, Christopher M" uniqKey="Coleman C" first="Christopher M." last="Coleman">Christopher M. Coleman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21201</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Ye V" sort="Liu, Ye V" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Ye V." last="Liu">Ye V. Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haiyan Mu" sort="Haiyan Mu" uniqKey="Haiyan Mu" last="Haiyan Mu">HAIYAN MU</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Justin K" sort="Taylor, Justin K" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Justin K." last="Taylor">Justin K. Taylor</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21201</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Massare, Michael" sort="Massare, Michael" uniqKey="Massare M" first="Michael" last="Massare">Michael Massare</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Flyer, David C" sort="Flyer, David C" uniqKey="Flyer D" first="David C." last="Flyer">David C. Flyer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Glenn, Gregory M" sort="Glenn, Gregory M" uniqKey="Glenn G" first="Gregory M." last="Glenn">Gregory M. Glenn</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gale E" sort="Smith, Gale E" uniqKey="Smith G" first="Gale E." last="Smith">Gale E. Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frieman, Matthew B" sort="Frieman, Matthew B" uniqKey="Frieman M" first="Matthew B." last="Frieman">Matthew B. Frieman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21201</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Vaccine</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Vaccine</title><idno type="ISSN">0264-410X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Vaccine</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Vaccine</title><idno type="ISSN">0264-410X</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Middle east</term><term>Mouse</term><term>Nanoparticle</term><term>Neutralizing antibody</term><term>Protein</term><term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</term><term>Vaccine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Souris</term><term>Protéine</term><term>Nanoparticule</term><term>Anticorps neutralisant</term><term>Moyen Orient</term><term>Vaccin</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccin</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Development of vaccination strategies for emerging pathogens are particularly challenging because of the sudden nature of their emergence and the long process needed for traditional vaccine development. Therefore, there is a need for development of a rapid method of vaccine development that can respond to emerging pathogens in a short time frame. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in late 2012 demonstrate the importance of coronaviruses as emerging pathogens. The spike glycoproteins of coronaviruses reside on the surface of the virion and are responsible for virus entry. The spike glycoprotein is the major immunodominant antigen of coronaviruses and has proven to be an excellent target for vaccine designs that seek to block coronavirus entry and promote antibody targeting of infected cells. Vaccination strategies for coronaviruses have involved live attenuated virus, recombinant viruses, non-replicative virus-like particles expressing coronavirus proteins or DNA plasmids expressing coronavirus genes. None of these strategies has progressed to an approved human coronavirus vaccine in the ten years since SARS-CoV emerged. Here we describe a novel method for generating MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV full-length spike nanoparticles, which in combination with adjuvants are able to produce high titer antibodies in mice.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0264-410X</s0></fA01><fA02 i1="01"><s0>VACCDE</s0></fA02><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Vaccine</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>32</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>26</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>COLEMAN (Christopher M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>LIU (Ye V.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>HAIYAN MU</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>TAYLOR (Justin K.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>MASSARE (Michael)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>FLYER (David C.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>GLENN (Gregory M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>SMITH (Gale E.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>FRIEMAN (Matthew B.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St</s1><s2>Baltimore, MD 21201</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Novavax, Inc. 22 Firstfield Rd</s1><s2>Gaithersburg, MD 20852</s2><s3>USA</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>3169-3174</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2014</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>20289</s2><s5>354000502706370090</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2014 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>46 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>14-0134129</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Vaccine</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>GBR</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Development of vaccination strategies for emerging pathogens are particularly challenging because of the sudden nature of their emergence and the long process needed for traditional vaccine development. Therefore, there is a need for development of a rapid method of vaccine development that can respond to emerging pathogens in a short time frame. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in late 2012 demonstrate the importance of coronaviruses as emerging pathogens. The spike glycoproteins of coronaviruses reside on the surface of the virion and are responsible for virus entry. The spike glycoprotein is the major immunodominant antigen of coronaviruses and has proven to be an excellent target for vaccine designs that seek to block coronavirus entry and promote antibody targeting of infected cells. Vaccination strategies for coronaviruses have involved live attenuated virus, recombinant viruses, non-replicative virus-like particles expressing coronavirus proteins or DNA plasmids expressing coronavirus genes. None of these strategies has progressed to an approved human coronavirus vaccine in the ten years since SARS-CoV emerged. Here we describe a novel method for generating MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV full-length spike nanoparticles, which in combination with adjuvants are able to produce high titer antibodies in mice.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002A05F04</s0></fC02><fC02 i1="02" i2="X"><s0>002A05C10</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Coronavirus</s0><s2>NW</s2><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Coronavirus</s0><s2>NW</s2><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Coronavirus</s0><s2>NW</s2><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Souris</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mouse</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ratón</s0><s5>02</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Protéine</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Protein</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Proteína</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Nanoparticule</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nanoparticle</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nanopartícula</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Anticorps neutralisant</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Neutralizing antibody</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>anticuerpo neutralizante</s0><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Moyen Orient</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Middle east</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Oriente Medio</s0><s2>NG</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vaccin</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vaccine</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vacuna</s0><s5>09</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</s0><s2>NM</s2><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</s0><s2>NM</s2><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Síndrome respiratorio agudo severo</s0><s2>NM</s2><s5>14</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Coronaviridae</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Nidovirales</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nidovirales</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nidovirales</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virus</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Virus</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virus</s0><s2>NW</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Rodentia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Rodentia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Rodentia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Mammalia</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Vertebrata</s0><s2>NS</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Asie</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Asia</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Asia</s0><s2>NG</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pathologie de l'appareil respiratoire</s0><s5>13</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Respiratory disease</s0><s5>13</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Aparato respiratorio patología</s0><s5>13</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Virose</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Viral disease</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Virosis</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Infection</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Infection</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Infección</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Pathologie des poumons</s0><s5>16</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Lung disease</s0><s5>16</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Pulmón patología</s0><s5>16</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>174</s1></fN21><fN44 i1="01"><s1>OTO</s1></fN44><fN82><s1>OTO</s1></fN82></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Maryland</li></region><settlement><li>College Park (Maryland)</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université du Maryland</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Maryland"><name sortKey="Coleman, Christopher M" sort="Coleman, Christopher M" uniqKey="Coleman C" first="Christopher M." last="Coleman">Christopher M. Coleman</name></region><name sortKey="Flyer, David C" sort="Flyer, David C" uniqKey="Flyer D" first="David C." last="Flyer">David C. Flyer</name><name sortKey="Frieman, Matthew B" sort="Frieman, Matthew B" uniqKey="Frieman M" first="Matthew B." last="Frieman">Matthew B. Frieman</name><name sortKey="Glenn, Gregory M" sort="Glenn, Gregory M" uniqKey="Glenn G" first="Gregory M." last="Glenn">Gregory M. Glenn</name><name sortKey="Haiyan Mu" sort="Haiyan Mu" uniqKey="Haiyan Mu" last="Haiyan Mu">HAIYAN MU</name><name sortKey="Liu, Ye V" sort="Liu, Ye V" uniqKey="Liu Y" first="Ye V." last="Liu">Ye V. Liu</name><name sortKey="Massare, Michael" sort="Massare, Michael" uniqKey="Massare M" first="Michael" last="Massare">Michael Massare</name><name sortKey="Smith, Gale E" sort="Smith, Gale E" uniqKey="Smith G" first="Gale E." last="Smith">Gale E. Smith</name><name sortKey="Taylor, Justin K" sort="Taylor, Justin K" uniqKey="Taylor J" first="Justin K." last="Taylor">Justin K. 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|texte= Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice
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