Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission
Identifieur interne : 002F79 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002F78; suivant : 002F80Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission
Auteurs : Doreen Muth [Allemagne] ; Victor Max Corman [Allemagne] ; Hanna Roth [Allemagne] ; Tabea Binger [Allemagne] ; Ronald Dijkman [Suisse] ; Lina Theresa Gottula [Allemagne] ; Florian Gloza-Rausch [Allemagne] ; Andrea Balboni ; Mara Battilani ; Danijela Rihtari [Slovénie] ; Ivan Toplak [Slovénie] ; Ram N Seage Ameneiros [Allemagne, Espagne] ; Alexander Pfeifer [Allemagne] ; Volker Thiel [Suisse] ; Jan Felix Drexler [Allemagne] ; Marcel Alexander Müller [Allemagne] ; Christian Drosten [Allemagne]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2018.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ARN viral, Animaux, Cellules cultivées, Chiroptera (virologie), Délétion de séquence, Humains, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Lignée cellulaire, Protéines de la matrice virale (génétique), Protéines de la matrice virale (métabolisme), Protéines recombinantes, Réplication virale (génétique), Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (transmission), Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie), Virus du SRAS (physiologie).
- MESH :
- génétique : Protéines de la matrice virale, Réplication virale.
- métabolisme : Protéines de la matrice virale.
- physiologie : Virus du SRAS.
- virologie : Chiroptera, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
- ARN viral, Animaux, Cellules cultivées, Délétion de séquence, Humains, Interactions hôte-pathogène, Lignée cellulaire, Protéines recombinantes, Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Chiroptera (virology), Disease Reservoirs, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, RNA, Viral, Recombinant Proteins, SARS Virus (physiology), Sequence Deletion, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (transmission), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology), Viral Matrix Proteins (genetics), Viral Matrix Proteins (metabolism), Virus Replication (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Viral Matrix Proteins.
- chemical , metabolism : Viral Matrix Proteins.
- chemical : RNA, Viral, Recombinant Proteins.
- genetics : Virus Replication.
- physiology : SARS Virus.
- transmission : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- virology : Chiroptera, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.
- Animals, Cell Line, Cells, Cultured, Disease Reservoirs, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Sequence Deletion.
Abstract
A 29 nucleotide deletion in open reading frame 8 (ORF8) is the most obvious genetic change in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) during its emergence in humans. In spite of intense study, it remains unclear whether the deletion actually reflects adaptation to humans. Here we engineered full, partially deleted (−29 nt), and fully deleted ORF8 into a SARS-CoV infectious cDNA clone, strain Frankfurt-1. Replication of the resulting viruses was compared in primate cell cultures as well as
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33487-8
PubMed: 30310104
PubMed Central: 6181990
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PMC:6181990Le document en format XML
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Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
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</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
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Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission</title>
<author><name sortKey="Muth, Doreen" sort="Muth, Doreen" uniqKey="Muth D" first="Doreen" last="Muth">Doreen Muth</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
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</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor Max" sort="Corman, Victor Max" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor Max" last="Corman">Victor Max Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, Hanna" sort="Roth, Hanna" uniqKey="Roth H" first="Hanna" last="Roth">Hanna Roth</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
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</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binger, Tabea" sort="Binger, Tabea" uniqKey="Binger T" first="Tabea" last="Binger">Tabea Binger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dijkman, Ronald" sort="Dijkman, Ronald" uniqKey="Dijkman R" first="Ronald" last="Dijkman">Ronald Dijkman</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gottula, Lina Theresa" sort="Gottula, Lina Theresa" uniqKey="Gottula L" first="Lina Theresa" last="Gottula">Lina Theresa Gottula</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gloza Rausch, Florian" sort="Gloza Rausch, Florian" uniqKey="Gloza Rausch F" first="Florian" last="Gloza-Rausch">Florian Gloza-Rausch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balboni, Andrea" sort="Balboni, Andrea" uniqKey="Balboni A" first="Andrea" last="Balboni">Andrea Balboni</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Battilani, Mara" sort="Battilani, Mara" uniqKey="Battilani M" first="Mara" last="Battilani">Mara Battilani</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rihtari, Danijela" sort="Rihtari, Danijela" uniqKey="Rihtari D" first="Danijela" last="Rihtari">Danijela Rihtari</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toplak, Ivan" sort="Toplak, Ivan" uniqKey="Toplak I" first="Ivan" last="Toplak">Ivan Toplak</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" sort="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" uniqKey="Ameneiros R" first="Ram N Seage" last="Ameneiros">Ram N Seage Ameneiros</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6582.9</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics,</institution>
<institution>University of Ulm,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Galice</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, Alexander" sort="Pfeifer, Alexander" uniqKey="Pfeifer A" first="Alexander" last="Pfeifer">Alexander Pfeifer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2240 3300</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10388.32</institution-id>
<institution>Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424284.c</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel Alexander" sort="Muller, Marcel Alexander" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel Alexander" last="Müller">Marcel Alexander Müller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
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<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
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Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
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<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
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Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
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<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
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<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018">2018</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Chiroptera (virology)</term>
<term>Disease Reservoirs</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>RNA, Viral</term>
<term>Recombinant Proteins</term>
<term>SARS Virus (physiology)</term>
<term>Sequence Deletion</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (transmission)</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology)</term>
<term>Viral Matrix Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Viral Matrix Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Virus Replication (genetics)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Chiroptera (virologie)</term>
<term>Délétion de séquence</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Protéines de la matrice virale (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines de la matrice virale (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Protéines recombinantes</term>
<term>Réplication virale (génétique)</term>
<term>Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (transmission)</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie)</term>
<term>Virus du SRAS (physiologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Matrix Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Matrix Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term>
<term>Recombinant Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Virus Replication</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de la matrice virale</term>
<term>Réplication virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de la matrice virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chiroptera</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Chiroptera</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Disease Reservoirs</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Sequence Deletion</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Délétion de séquence</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Protéines recombinantes</term>
<term>Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">A 29 nucleotide deletion in open reading frame 8 (ORF8) is the most obvious genetic change in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) during its emergence in humans. In spite of intense study, it remains unclear whether the deletion actually reflects adaptation to humans. Here we engineered full, partially deleted (−29 nt), and fully deleted ORF8 into a SARS-CoV infectious cDNA clone, strain Frankfurt-1. Replication of the resulting viruses was compared in primate cell cultures as well as <italic>Rhinolophus</italic>
bat cells made permissive for SARS-CoV replication by lentiviral transduction of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Cells from cotton rat, goat, and sheep provided control scenarios that represent host systems in which SARS-CoV is neither endemic nor epidemic. Independent of the cell system, the truncation of ORF8 (29 nt deletion) decreased replication up to 23-fold. The effect was independent of the type I interferon response. The 29 nt deletion in SARS-CoV is a deleterious mutation acquired along the initial human-to-human transmission chain. The resulting loss of fitness may be due to a founder effect, which has rarely been documented in processes of viral emergence. These results have important implications for the retrospective assessment of the threat posed by SARS.</p>
</div>
</front>
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</TEI>
<double pmid="30310104"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission</title>
<author><name sortKey="Muth, Doreen" sort="Muth, Doreen" uniqKey="Muth D" first="Doreen" last="Muth">Doreen Muth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor Max" sort="Corman, Victor Max" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor Max" last="Corman">Victor Max Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, Hanna" sort="Roth, Hanna" uniqKey="Roth H" first="Hanna" last="Roth">Hanna Roth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binger, Tabea" sort="Binger, Tabea" uniqKey="Binger T" first="Tabea" last="Binger">Tabea Binger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dijkman, Ronald" sort="Dijkman, Ronald" uniqKey="Dijkman R" first="Ronald" last="Dijkman">Ronald Dijkman</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gottula, Lina Theresa" sort="Gottula, Lina Theresa" uniqKey="Gottula L" first="Lina Theresa" last="Gottula">Lina Theresa Gottula</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gloza Rausch, Florian" sort="Gloza Rausch, Florian" uniqKey="Gloza Rausch F" first="Florian" last="Gloza-Rausch">Florian Gloza-Rausch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balboni, Andrea" sort="Balboni, Andrea" uniqKey="Balboni A" first="Andrea" last="Balboni">Andrea Balboni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1757 1758</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Battilani, Mara" sort="Battilani, Mara" uniqKey="Battilani M" first="Mara" last="Battilani">Mara Battilani</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1757 1758</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rihtari, Danijela" sort="Rihtari, Danijela" uniqKey="Rihtari D" first="Danijela" last="Rihtari">Danijela Rihtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0721 6013</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toplak, Ivan" sort="Toplak, Ivan" uniqKey="Toplak I" first="Ivan" last="Toplak">Ivan Toplak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0721 6013</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" sort="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" uniqKey="Ameneiros R" first="Ram N Seage" last="Ameneiros">Ram N Seage Ameneiros</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6582.9</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics,</institution>
<institution>University of Ulm,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Galice</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, Alexander" sort="Pfeifer, Alexander" uniqKey="Pfeifer A" first="Alexander" last="Pfeifer">Alexander Pfeifer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2240 3300</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10388.32</institution-id>
<institution>Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424284.c</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel Alexander" sort="Muller, Marcel Alexander" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel Alexander" last="Müller">Marcel Alexander Müller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission</title>
<author><name sortKey="Muth, Doreen" sort="Muth, Doreen" uniqKey="Muth D" first="Doreen" last="Muth">Doreen Muth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor Max" sort="Corman, Victor Max" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor Max" last="Corman">Victor Max Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, Hanna" sort="Roth, Hanna" uniqKey="Roth H" first="Hanna" last="Roth">Hanna Roth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binger, Tabea" sort="Binger, Tabea" uniqKey="Binger T" first="Tabea" last="Binger">Tabea Binger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dijkman, Ronald" sort="Dijkman, Ronald" uniqKey="Dijkman R" first="Ronald" last="Dijkman">Ronald Dijkman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424284.c</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gottula, Lina Theresa" sort="Gottula, Lina Theresa" uniqKey="Gottula L" first="Lina Theresa" last="Gottula">Lina Theresa Gottula</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gloza Rausch, Florian" sort="Gloza Rausch, Florian" uniqKey="Gloza Rausch F" first="Florian" last="Gloza-Rausch">Florian Gloza-Rausch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795 Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balboni, Andrea" sort="Balboni, Andrea" uniqKey="Balboni A" first="Andrea" last="Balboni">Andrea Balboni</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1757 1758</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Battilani, Mara" sort="Battilani, Mara" uniqKey="Battilani M" first="Mara" last="Battilani">Mara Battilani</name>
<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1757 1758</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6292.f</institution-id>
<institution>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie,</institution>
<institution>Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, (BO) Italy</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">(BO) Italy</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rihtari, Danijela" sort="Rihtari, Danijela" uniqKey="Rihtari D" first="Danijela" last="Rihtari">Danijela Rihtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0721 6013</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toplak, Ivan" sort="Toplak, Ivan" uniqKey="Toplak I" first="Ivan" last="Toplak">Ivan Toplak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0721 6013</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8954.0</institution-id>
<institution>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology,</institution>
<institution>Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>1000 Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" sort="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" uniqKey="Ameneiros R" first="Ram N Seage" last="Ameneiros">Ram N Seage Ameneiros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff9"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1936 9748</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.6582.9</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics,</institution>
<institution>University of Ulm,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069 Ulm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff10">Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes, Spain</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Group Morcegos de Galicia, Drosera Society, Pdo. Magdalena, G-2, 2° esq, 15320 As Pontes</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region nuts="2" type="communauté">Galice</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, Alexander" sort="Pfeifer, Alexander" uniqKey="Pfeifer A" first="Alexander" last="Pfeifer">Alexander Pfeifer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff11"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2240 3300</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10388.32</institution-id>
<institution>Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.424284.c</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1250 5733</institution-id>
<institution>Federal Department of Home Affairs,</institution>
<institution>Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>3147 Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0726 5157</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.5734.5</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology,</institution>
<institution>Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Berne</settlement>
<region type="région" nuts="3">Canton de Berne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel Alexander" sort="Muller, Marcel Alexander" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel Alexander" last="Müller">Marcel Alexander Müller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452463.2</institution-id>
<institution>German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Berlin, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 8786 803X</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.15090.3d</institution-id>
<institution>Institute of Virology,</institution>
<institution>University of Bonn Medical Centre,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Scientific Reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018">2018</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">A 29 nucleotide deletion in open reading frame 8 (ORF8) is the most obvious genetic change in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) during its emergence in humans. In spite of intense study, it remains unclear whether the deletion actually reflects adaptation to humans. Here we engineered full, partially deleted (−29 nt), and fully deleted ORF8 into a SARS-CoV infectious cDNA clone, strain Frankfurt-1. Replication of the resulting viruses was compared in primate cell cultures as well as <italic>Rhinolophus</italic>
bat cells made permissive for SARS-CoV replication by lentiviral transduction of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Cells from cotton rat, goat, and sheep provided control scenarios that represent host systems in which SARS-CoV is neither endemic nor epidemic. Independent of the cell system, the truncation of ORF8 (29 nt deletion) decreased replication up to 23-fold. The effect was independent of the type I interferon response. The 29 nt deletion in SARS-CoV is a deleterious mutation acquired along the initial human-to-human transmission chain. The resulting loss of fitness may be due to a founder effect, which has rarely been documented in processes of viral emergence. These results have important implications for the retrospective assessment of the threat posed by SARS.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, Ke" uniqKey="Jones K">KE Jones</name>
</author>
</analytic>
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<author><name sortKey="Gottula, Lina Theresa" sort="Gottula, Lina Theresa" uniqKey="Gottula L" first="Lina Theresa" last="Gottula">Lina Theresa Gottula</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" sort="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" uniqKey="Ameneiros R" first="Ram N Seage" last="Ameneiros">Ram N Seage Ameneiros</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
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</affiliation>
</author>
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<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel Alexander" sort="Muller, Marcel Alexander" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel Alexander" last="Müller">Marcel Alexander Müller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. christian.drosten@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Attenuation of replication by a 29 nucleotide deletion in SARS-coronavirus acquired during the early stages of human-to-human transmission.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Muth, Doreen" sort="Muth, Doreen" uniqKey="Muth D" first="Doreen" last="Muth">Doreen Muth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corman, Victor Max" sort="Corman, Victor Max" uniqKey="Corman V" first="Victor Max" last="Corman">Victor Max Corman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roth, Hanna" sort="Roth, Hanna" uniqKey="Roth H" first="Hanna" last="Roth">Hanna Roth</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Binger, Tabea" sort="Binger, Tabea" uniqKey="Binger T" first="Tabea" last="Binger">Tabea Binger</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dijkman, Ronald" sort="Dijkman, Ronald" uniqKey="Dijkman R" first="Ronald" last="Dijkman">Ronald Dijkman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gottula, Lina Theresa" sort="Gottula, Lina Theresa" uniqKey="Gottula L" first="Lina Theresa" last="Gottula">Lina Theresa Gottula</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gloza Rausch, Florian" sort="Gloza Rausch, Florian" uniqKey="Gloza Rausch F" first="Florian" last="Gloza-Rausch">Florian Gloza-Rausch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795, Bad Segeberg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Oberbergstraße 27, 23795, Bad Segeberg</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>23795, Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>23795, Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Bad Segeberg</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Balboni, Andrea" sort="Balboni, Andrea" uniqKey="Balboni A" first="Andrea" last="Balboni">Andrea Balboni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, (BO), Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, (BO)</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Bologne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Bologne</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Émilie-Romagne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Battilani, Mara" sort="Battilani, Mara" uniqKey="Battilani M" first="Mara" last="Battilani">Mara Battilani</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, (BO), Italy.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano Emilia, (BO)</wicri:regionArea>
<orgName type="university">Université de Bologne</orgName>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Bologne</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Émilie-Romagne</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rihtari, Danijela" sort="Rihtari, Danijela" uniqKey="Rihtari D" first="Danijela" last="Rihtari">Danijela Rihtari</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Toplak, Ivan" sort="Toplak, Ivan" uniqKey="Toplak I" first="Ivan" last="Toplak">Ivan Toplak</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Slovénie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Virology Unit, Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Ljubljana</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" sort="Ameneiros, Ram N Seage" uniqKey="Ameneiros R" first="Ram N Seage" last="Ameneiros">Ram N Seage Ameneiros</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89069, Ulm</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bade-Wurtemberg</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Tübingen</region>
<settlement type="city">Ulm</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université d'Ulm</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, Alexander" sort="Pfeifer, Alexander" uniqKey="Pfeifer A" first="Alexander" last="Pfeifer">Alexander Pfeifer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127, Bonn</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie</region>
<region type="district" nuts="2">District de Cologne</region>
<settlement type="city">Bonn</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thiel, Volker" sort="Thiel, Volker" uniqKey="Thiel V" first="Volker" last="Thiel">Volker Thiel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Federal Department of Home Affairs, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern and Mittelhäusern, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Mittelhäusern</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drexler, Jan Felix" sort="Drexler, Jan Felix" uniqKey="Drexler J" first="Jan Felix" last="Drexler">Jan Felix Drexler</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muller, Marcel Alexander" sort="Muller, Marcel Alexander" uniqKey="Muller M" first="Marcel Alexander" last="Müller">Marcel Alexander Müller</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drosten, Christian" sort="Drosten, Christian" uniqKey="Drosten C" first="Christian" last="Drosten">Christian Drosten</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. christian.drosten@charite.de.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Virology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="land" nuts="3">Berlin</region>
<settlement type="city">Berlin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title>
<idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018" type="published">2018</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Chiroptera (virology)</term>
<term>Disease Reservoirs</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>RNA, Viral</term>
<term>Recombinant Proteins</term>
<term>SARS Virus (physiology)</term>
<term>Sequence Deletion</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (transmission)</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (virology)</term>
<term>Viral Matrix Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Viral Matrix Proteins (metabolism)</term>
<term>Virus Replication (genetics)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Chiroptera (virologie)</term>
<term>Délétion de séquence</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Protéines de la matrice virale (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines de la matrice virale (métabolisme)</term>
<term>Protéines recombinantes</term>
<term>Réplication virale (génétique)</term>
<term>Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (transmission)</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère (virologie)</term>
<term>Virus du SRAS (physiologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Matrix Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Viral Matrix Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term>
<term>Recombinant Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Virus Replication</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de la matrice virale</term>
<term>Réplication virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de la matrice virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Chiroptera</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Chiroptera</term>
<term>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Cell Line</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Disease Reservoirs</term>
<term>Host-Pathogen Interactions</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Sequence Deletion</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term>
<term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Délétion de séquence</term>
<term>Humains</term>
<term>Interactions hôte-pathogène</term>
<term>Lignée cellulaire</term>
<term>Protéines recombinantes</term>
<term>Réservoirs d'agents pathogènes</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A 29 nucleotide deletion in open reading frame 8 (ORF8) is the most obvious genetic change in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) during its emergence in humans. In spite of intense study, it remains unclear whether the deletion actually reflects adaptation to humans. Here we engineered full, partially deleted (-29 nt), and fully deleted ORF8 into a SARS-CoV infectious cDNA clone, strain Frankfurt-1. Replication of the resulting viruses was compared in primate cell cultures as well as Rhinolophus bat cells made permissive for SARS-CoV replication by lentiviral transduction of the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Cells from cotton rat, goat, and sheep provided control scenarios that represent host systems in which SARS-CoV is neither endemic nor epidemic. Independent of the cell system, the truncation of ORF8 (29 nt deletion) decreased replication up to 23-fold. The effect was independent of the type I interferon response. The 29 nt deletion in SARS-CoV is a deleterious mutation acquired along the initial human-to-human transmission chain. The resulting loss of fitness may be due to a founder effect, which has rarely been documented in processes of viral emergence. These results have important implications for the retrospective assessment of the threat posed by SARS.</div>
</front>
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