Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63
Identifieur interne : 000C14 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000C13; suivant : 000C15Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63
Auteurs : Krzysztof Pyrc ; Maarten F. Jebbink ; Ben Berkhout ; Lia Van Der HoekSource :
- Virology Journal [ 1743-422X ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ARN messager (génétique), ARN messager (métabolisme), ARN viral (génétique), ARN viral (métabolisme), Coronavirus (), Coronavirus (génétique), Données de séquences moléculaires, Génome viral (génétique), Humains, Régulation de l'expression des gènes viraux, Séquence d'acides aminés, Séquence nucléotidique, Transcription génétique (génétique).
- MESH :
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Coronavirus (classification), Coronavirus (genetics), Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Genome, Viral (genetics), Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, RNA, Messenger (genetics), RNA, Messenger (metabolism), RNA, Viral (genetics), RNA, Viral (metabolism), Transcription, Genetic (genetics).
- MESH :
- chemical , genetics : RNA, Messenger, RNA, Viral.
- classification : Coronavirus.
- genetics : Coronavirus, Genome, Viral, Transcription, Genetic.
- chemical , metabolism : RNA, Messenger, RNA, Viral.
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data.
Abstract
Two human coronaviruses are known since the 1960s: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. SARS-CoV was discovered in the early spring of 2003, followed by the identification of HCoV-NL63, the fourth member of the coronaviridae family that infects humans. In this study, we describe the genome structure and the transcription strategy of HCoV-NL63 by experimental analysis of the viral subgenomic mRNAs.
The genome of HCoV-NL63 has the following gene order: 1a-1b-S-ORF3-E-M-N. The GC content of the HCoV-NL63 genome is extremely low (34%) compared to other coronaviruses, and we therefore performed additional analysis of the nucleotide composition. Overall, the RNA genome is very low in C and high in U, and this is also reflected in the codon usage. Inspection of the nucleotide composition along the genome indicates that the C-count increases significantly in the last one-third of the genome at the expense of U and G. We document the production of subgenomic (sg) mRNAs coding for the S, ORF3, E, M and N proteins. We did not detect any additional sg mRNA. Furthermore, we sequenced the 5' end of all sg mRNAs, confirming the presence of an identical leader sequence in each sg mRNA. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression level among the sg mRNAs differs significantly, with the sg mRNA encoding nucleocapsid (N) being the most abundant.
The presented data give insight into the viral evolution and mutational patterns in coronaviral genome. Furthermore our data show that HCoV-NL63 employs the discontinuous replication strategy with generation of subgenomic mRNAs during the (-) strand synthesis. Because HCoV-NL63 has a low pathogenicity and is able to grow easily in cell culture, this virus can be a powerful tool to study SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-1-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-1-7
PubMed: 15548333
PubMed Central: 538260
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PMC:538260Le document en format XML
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Jebbink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15548333</idno><idno type="pmc">538260</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538260</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:538260</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-1-7</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001655</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001655</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="RBID">pubmed:15548333</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002C91</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002C91</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000C14</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63</title><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, Krzysztof" sort="Pyrc, Krzysztof" uniqKey="Pyrc K" first="Krzysztof" last="Pyrc">Krzysztof Pyrc</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Maarten F" sort="Jebbink, Maarten F" uniqKey="Jebbink M" first="Maarten F" last="Jebbink">Maarten F. Jebbink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Virology Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1743-422X</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Coronavirus (classification)</term><term>Coronavirus (genetics)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Viral</term><term>Genome, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>RNA, Messenger (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (metabolism)</term><term>RNA, Viral (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Viral (metabolism)</term><term>Transcription, Genetic (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager (génétique)</term><term>ARN messager (métabolisme)</term><term>ARN viral (génétique)</term><term>ARN viral (métabolisme)</term><term>Coronavirus ()</term><term>Coronavirus (génétique)</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Génome viral (génétique)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes viraux</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique</term><term>Transcription génétique (génétique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Messenger</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>ARN viral</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Génome viral</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Messenger</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>ARN viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Viral</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Humains</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes viraux</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Two human coronaviruses are known since the 1960s: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. SARS-CoV was discovered in the early spring of 2003, followed by the identification of HCoV-NL63, the fourth member of the coronaviridae family that infects humans. In this study, we describe the genome structure and the transcription strategy of HCoV-NL63 by experimental analysis of the viral subgenomic mRNAs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The genome of HCoV-NL63 has the following gene order: 1a-1b-S-ORF3-E-M-N. The GC content of the HCoV-NL63 genome is extremely low (34%) compared to other coronaviruses, and we therefore performed additional analysis of the nucleotide composition. Overall, the RNA genome is very low in C and high in U, and this is also reflected in the codon usage. Inspection of the nucleotide composition along the genome indicates that the C-count increases significantly in the last one-third of the genome at the expense of U and G. We document the production of subgenomic (sg) mRNAs coding for the S, ORF3, E, M and N proteins. We did not detect any additional sg mRNA. Furthermore, we sequenced the 5' end of all sg mRNAs, confirming the presence of an identical leader sequence in each sg mRNA. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression level among the sg mRNAs differs significantly, with the sg mRNA encoding nucleocapsid (N) being the most abundant.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The presented data give insight into the viral evolution and mutational patterns in coronaviral genome. Furthermore our data show that HCoV-NL63 employs the discontinuous replication strategy with generation of subgenomic mRNAs during the (-) strand synthesis. Because HCoV-NL63 has a low pathogenicity and is able to grow easily in cell culture, this virus can be a powerful tool to study SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-1-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Gunther</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W Preiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, S" uniqKey="Van Der Werf S">S van der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brodt, Hr" uniqKey="Brodt H">HR Brodt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, S" uniqKey="Becker S">S Becker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, H" uniqKey="Rabenau H">H 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uniqKey="Nakamura Y">Y Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gojobori, T" uniqKey="Gojobori T">T Gojobori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikemura, T" uniqKey="Ikemura T">T Ikemura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><double pmid="15548333"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63</title><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, Krzysztof" sort="Pyrc, Krzysztof" uniqKey="Pyrc K" first="Krzysztof" last="Pyrc">Krzysztof Pyrc</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Maarten F" sort="Jebbink, Maarten F" uniqKey="Jebbink M" first="Maarten F" last="Jebbink">Maarten F. Jebbink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15548333</idno><idno type="pmc">538260</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC538260</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:538260</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-1-7</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000489</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001655</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001655</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63</title><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, Krzysztof" sort="Pyrc, Krzysztof" uniqKey="Pyrc K" first="Krzysztof" last="Pyrc">Krzysztof Pyrc</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Maarten F" sort="Jebbink, Maarten F" uniqKey="Jebbink M" first="Maarten F" last="Jebbink">Maarten F. Jebbink</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Virology Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1743-422X</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Two human coronaviruses are known since the 1960s: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. SARS-CoV was discovered in the early spring of 2003, followed by the identification of HCoV-NL63, the fourth member of the coronaviridae family that infects humans. In this study, we describe the genome structure and the transcription strategy of HCoV-NL63 by experimental analysis of the viral subgenomic mRNAs.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>The genome of HCoV-NL63 has the following gene order: 1a-1b-S-ORF3-E-M-N. The GC content of the HCoV-NL63 genome is extremely low (34%) compared to other coronaviruses, and we therefore performed additional analysis of the nucleotide composition. Overall, the RNA genome is very low in C and high in U, and this is also reflected in the codon usage. Inspection of the nucleotide composition along the genome indicates that the C-count increases significantly in the last one-third of the genome at the expense of U and G. We document the production of subgenomic (sg) mRNAs coding for the S, ORF3, E, M and N proteins. We did not detect any additional sg mRNA. Furthermore, we sequenced the 5' end of all sg mRNAs, confirming the presence of an identical leader sequence in each sg mRNA. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression level among the sg mRNAs differs significantly, with the sg mRNA encoding nucleocapsid (N) being the most abundant.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>The presented data give insight into the viral evolution and mutational patterns in coronaviral genome. Furthermore our data show that HCoV-NL63 employs the discontinuous replication strategy with generation of subgenomic mRNAs during the (-) strand synthesis. Because HCoV-NL63 has a low pathogenicity and is able to grow easily in cell culture, this virus can be a powerful tool to study SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1743-422X-1-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drosten, C" uniqKey="Drosten C">C Drosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, S" uniqKey="Gunther S">S Gunther</name></author><author><name sortKey="Preiser, W" uniqKey="Preiser W">W Preiser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Werf, S" uniqKey="Van Der Werf S">S van der Werf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brodt, Hr" uniqKey="Brodt H">HR Brodt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Becker, S" uniqKey="Becker S">S Becker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, H" uniqKey="Rabenau H">H 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uniqKey="Nakamura Y">Y Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gojobori, T" uniqKey="Gojobori T">T Gojobori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ikemura, T" uniqKey="Ikemura T">T Ikemura</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI></pmc><pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63.</title><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, Krzysztof" sort="Pyrc, Krzysztof" uniqKey="Pyrc K" first="Krzysztof" last="Pyrc">Krzysztof Pyrc</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.a.pyrc@amc.uva.nl</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Maarten F" sort="Jebbink, Maarten F" uniqKey="Jebbink M" first="Maarten F" last="Jebbink">Maarten F. Jebbink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:15548333</idno><idno type="pmid">15548333</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1743-422X-1-7</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002A45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002C91</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002C91</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Genome structure and transcriptional regulation of human coronavirus NL63.</title><author><name sortKey="Pyrc, Krzysztof" sort="Pyrc, Krzysztof" uniqKey="Pyrc K" first="Krzysztof" last="Pyrc">Krzysztof Pyrc</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. k.a.pyrc@amc.uva.nl</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jebbink, Maarten F" sort="Jebbink, Maarten F" uniqKey="Jebbink M" first="Maarten F" last="Jebbink">Maarten F. Jebbink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berkhout, Ben" sort="Berkhout, Ben" uniqKey="Berkhout B" first="Ben" last="Berkhout">Ben Berkhout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Hoek, Lia" sort="Van Der Hoek, Lia" uniqKey="Van Der Hoek L" first="Lia" last="Van Der Hoek">Lia Van Der Hoek</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Virology journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1743-422X</idno><imprint><date when="2004" type="published">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Coronavirus (classification)</term><term>Coronavirus (genetics)</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Viral</term><term>Genome, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term><term>RNA, Messenger (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Messenger (metabolism)</term><term>RNA, Viral (genetics)</term><term>RNA, Viral (metabolism)</term><term>Transcription, Genetic (genetics)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager (génétique)</term><term>ARN messager (métabolisme)</term><term>ARN viral (génétique)</term><term>ARN viral (métabolisme)</term><term>Coronavirus ()</term><term>Coronavirus (génétique)</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Génome viral (génétique)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes viraux</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique</term><term>Transcription génétique (génétique)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Messenger</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Genome, Viral</term><term>Transcription, Genetic</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>ARN viral</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Génome viral</term><term>Transcription génétique</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Messenger</term><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN messager</term><term>ARN viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Amino Acid Sequence</term><term>Base Sequence</term><term>Gene Expression Regulation, Viral</term><term>Humans</term><term>Molecular Sequence Data</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Données de séquences moléculaires</term><term>Humains</term><term>Régulation de l'expression des gènes viraux</term><term>Séquence d'acides aminés</term><term>Séquence nucléotidique</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Two human coronaviruses are known since the 1960s: HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43. SARS-CoV was discovered in the early spring of 2003, followed by the identification of HCoV-NL63, the fourth member of the coronaviridae family that infects humans. In this study, we describe the genome structure and the transcription strategy of HCoV-NL63 by experimental analysis of the viral subgenomic mRNAs.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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