HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus
Identifieur interne : 000813 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000812; suivant : 000814HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus
Auteurs : Norio Yamamoto [Japon] ; Rongge Yang [Japon] ; Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka [Japon] ; Shinji Amari [Japon] ; Tatsuya Nakano [Japon] ; Jindrich Cinatl [Allemagne] ; Holger Rabenau [Allemagne] ; Hans Wilhelm Doerr [Allemagne] ; Gerhard Hunsmann [Allemagne] ; Akira Otaka [Japon] ; Hirokazu Tamamura [Japon] ; Nobutaka Fujii [Japon] ; Naoki Yamamoto [Japon]Source :
- Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications [ 0006-291X ] ; 2004.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- ARN viral (analyse), Animaux, Antiviraux (pharmacologie), Cellules Vero, Dose létale 50, Facteurs temps, Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH (pharmacologie), Nelfinavir (pharmacologie), Ritonavir (pharmacologie), Réplication virale (), Technique d'immunofluorescence, Virus du SRAS (), Virus du SRAS (pathogénicité), Virus du SRAS (physiologie).
- MESH :
- analyse : ARN viral.
- pathogénicité : Virus du SRAS.
- pharmacologie : Antiviraux, Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir.
- physiologie : Virus du SRAS.
- Animaux, Cellules Vero, Dose létale 50, Facteurs temps, Réplication virale, Technique d'immunofluorescence, Virus du SRAS.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Chlorocebus aethiops, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, HIV Protease Inhibitors (pharmacology), Lethal Dose 50, Nelfinavir (pharmacology), RNA, Viral (analysis), Ritonavir (pharmacology), SARS Virus (drug effects), SARS Virus (pathogenicity), SARS Virus (physiology), Time Factors, Vero Cells, Virus Replication (drug effects).
- MESH :
- chemical , analysis : RNA, Viral.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents, HIV Protease Inhibitors, Nelfinavir, Ritonavir.
- drug effects : SARS Virus, Virus Replication.
- pathogenicity : SARS Virus.
- physiology : SARS Virus.
- Animals, Chlorocebus aethiops, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Lethal Dose 50, Time Factors, Vero Cells.
Abstract
A novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To rapidly identify anti-SARS drugs available for clinical use, we screened a set of compounds that included antiviral drugs already in wide use. Here we report that the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, strongly inhibited replication of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Nelfinavir inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by SARS-CoV infection. Expression of viral antigens was much lower in infected cells treated with nelfinavir than in untreated infected cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that nelfinavir could decrease the production of virions from Vero cells. Experiments with various timings of drug addition revealed that nelfinavir exerted its effect not at the entry step, but at the post-entry step of SARS-CoV infection. Our results suggest that nelfinavir should be examined clinically for the treatment of SARS and has potential as a good lead compound for designing anti-SARS drugs.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.083
PubMed: 15144898
PubMed Central: 7111005
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last="Yamamoto">Norio Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Rongge" sort="Yang, Rongge" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Rongge" last="Yang">Rongge Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" sort="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" uniqKey="Yoshinaka Y" first="Yoshiyuki" last="Yoshinaka">Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amari, Shinji" sort="Amari, Shinji" uniqKey="Amari S" first="Shinji" last="Amari">Shinji Amari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="province">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakano, Tatsuya" sort="Nakano, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Nakano T" first="Tatsuya" last="Nakano">Tatsuya Nakano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF3">Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl">Jindrich Cinatl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, Holger" sort="Rabenau, Holger" uniqKey="Rabenau H" first="Holger" last="Rabenau">Holger Rabenau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunsmann, Gerhard" sort="Hunsmann, Gerhard" uniqKey="Hunsmann G" first="Gerhard" last="Hunsmann">Gerhard Hunsmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF5">Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Basse-Saxe</region><settlement type="city">Göttingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otaka, Akira" sort="Otaka, Akira" uniqKey="Otaka A" first="Akira" last="Otaka">Akira Otaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamamura, Hirokazu" sort="Tamamura, Hirokazu" uniqKey="Tamamura H" first="Hirokazu" last="Tamamura">Hirokazu Tamamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, Nobutaka" sort="Fujii, Nobutaka" uniqKey="Fujii N" first="Nobutaka" last="Fujii">Nobutaka Fujii</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Naoki" sort="Yamamoto, Naoki" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Naoki" last="Yamamoto">Naoki Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-291X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1090-2104</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term><term>HIV Protease Inhibitors (pharmacology)</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Nelfinavir (pharmacology)</term><term>RNA, Viral (analysis)</term><term>Ritonavir (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>SARS Virus (pathogenicity)</term><term>SARS Virus (physiology)</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Vero Cells</term><term>Virus Replication (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral (analyse)</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Antiviraux (pharmacologie)</term><term>Cellules Vero</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH (pharmacologie)</term><term>Nelfinavir (pharmacologie)</term><term>Ritonavir (pharmacologie)</term><term>Réplication virale ()</term><term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term><term>Virus du SRAS ()</term><term>Virus du SRAS (pathogénicité)</term><term>Virus du SRAS (physiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>HIV Protease Inhibitors</term><term>Nelfinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term><term>Virus Replication</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH</term><term>Nelfinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Vero Cells</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Cellules Vero</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Réplication virale</term><term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To rapidly identify anti-SARS drugs available for clinical use, we screened a set of compounds that included antiviral drugs already in wide use. Here we report that the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, strongly inhibited replication of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Nelfinavir inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by SARS-CoV infection. Expression of viral antigens was much lower in infected cells treated with nelfinavir than in untreated infected cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that nelfinavir could decrease the production of virions from Vero cells. Experiments with various timings of drug addition revealed that nelfinavir exerted its effect not at the entry step, but at the post-entry step of SARS-CoV infection. Our results suggest that nelfinavir should be examined clinically for the treatment of SARS and has potential as a good lead compound for designing anti-SARS drugs.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, N" uniqKey="Lee N">N Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, D" uniqKey="Hui D">D Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, P" uniqKey="Chan P">P Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, P" uniqKey="Cameron P">P Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joynt, G M" uniqKey="Joynt G">G.M Joynt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahuja, A" uniqKey="Ahuja A">A Ahuja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yung, M Y" uniqKey="Yung M">M.Y Yung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, C B" uniqKey="Leung C">C.B Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="To, K F" uniqKey="To K">K.F To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lui, 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Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Rongge" sort="Yang, Rongge" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Rongge" last="Yang">Rongge Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" sort="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" uniqKey="Yoshinaka Y" first="Yoshiyuki" last="Yoshinaka">Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amari, Shinji" sort="Amari, Shinji" uniqKey="Amari S" first="Shinji" last="Amari">Shinji Amari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="province">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakano, Tatsuya" sort="Nakano, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Nakano T" first="Tatsuya" last="Nakano">Tatsuya Nakano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF3">Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl">Jindrich Cinatl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, Holger" sort="Rabenau, Holger" uniqKey="Rabenau H" first="Holger" last="Rabenau">Holger Rabenau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunsmann, Gerhard" sort="Hunsmann, Gerhard" uniqKey="Hunsmann G" first="Gerhard" last="Hunsmann">Gerhard Hunsmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF5">Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Basse-Saxe</region><settlement type="city">Göttingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otaka, Akira" sort="Otaka, Akira" uniqKey="Otaka A" first="Akira" last="Otaka">Akira Otaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamamura, Hirokazu" sort="Tamamura, Hirokazu" uniqKey="Tamamura H" first="Hirokazu" last="Tamamura">Hirokazu Tamamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, Nobutaka" sort="Fujii, Nobutaka" uniqKey="Fujii N" first="Nobutaka" last="Fujii">Nobutaka Fujii</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Naoki" sort="Yamamoto, Naoki" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Naoki" last="Yamamoto">Naoki Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">15144898</idno><idno type="pmc">7111005</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111005</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7111005</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.083</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E17</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000E17</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000E17</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001649</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001649</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus</title><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Norio" sort="Yamamoto, Norio" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Norio" last="Yamamoto">Norio Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Rongge" sort="Yang, Rongge" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Rongge" last="Yang">Rongge Yang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" sort="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" uniqKey="Yoshinaka Y" first="Yoshiyuki" last="Yoshinaka">Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amari, Shinji" sort="Amari, Shinji" uniqKey="Amari S" first="Shinji" last="Amari">Shinji Amari</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF2">Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Collaborative Research Center of Frontier Simulation Software for Industrial Science, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Tokyo</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="province">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nakano, Tatsuya" sort="Nakano, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Nakano T" first="Tatsuya" last="Nakano">Tatsuya Nakano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF3">Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Safety Information on Drug, Food, and Chemicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl">Jindrich Cinatl</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, Holger" sort="Rabenau, Holger" uniqKey="Rabenau H" first="Holger" last="Rabenau">Holger Rabenau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF4">Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Medical Virology, Frankfurt University Medical School, Paul-Ehrlich Str 40, D-60596 Frankfurt</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Hesse (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Darmstadt</region><settlement type="city">Francfort-sur-le-Main</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hunsmann, Gerhard" sort="Hunsmann, Gerhard" uniqKey="Hunsmann G" first="Gerhard" last="Hunsmann">Gerhard Hunsmann</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="AFF5">Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Gottingen</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="2">Basse-Saxe</region><settlement type="city">Göttingen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otaka, Akira" sort="Otaka, Akira" uniqKey="Otaka A" first="Akira" last="Otaka">Akira Otaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamamura, Hirokazu" sort="Tamamura, Hirokazu" uniqKey="Tamamura H" first="Hirokazu" last="Tamamura">Hirokazu Tamamura</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, Nobutaka" sort="Fujii, Nobutaka" uniqKey="Fujii N" first="Nobutaka" last="Fujii">Nobutaka Fujii</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="AFF6">Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Kyoto</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Kyoto</settlement><region type="prefecture">Région du Kansai</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Naoki" sort="Yamamoto, Naoki" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Naoki" last="Yamamoto">Naoki Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AFF1">Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-291X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1090-2104</idno><imprint><date when="2004">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To rapidly identify anti-SARS drugs available for clinical use, we screened a set of compounds that included antiviral drugs already in wide use. Here we report that the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, strongly inhibited replication of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Nelfinavir inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by SARS-CoV infection. Expression of viral antigens was much lower in infected cells treated with nelfinavir than in untreated infected cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that nelfinavir could decrease the production of virions from Vero cells. Experiments with various timings of drug addition revealed that nelfinavir exerted its effect not at the entry step, but at the post-entry step of SARS-CoV infection. Our results suggest that nelfinavir should be examined clinically for the treatment of SARS and has potential as a good lead compound for designing anti-SARS drugs.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, N" uniqKey="Lee N">N Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hui, D" uniqKey="Hui D">D Hui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wu, A" uniqKey="Wu A">A Wu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, P" uniqKey="Chan P">P Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, P" uniqKey="Cameron P">P Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joynt, G M" uniqKey="Joynt G">G.M Joynt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahuja, A" uniqKey="Ahuja A">A Ahuja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yung, M Y" uniqKey="Yung M">M.Y Yung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, C B" uniqKey="Leung C">C.B Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="To, K F" uniqKey="To K">K.F To</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lui, S F" uniqKey="Lui S">S.F Lui</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szeto, C C" uniqKey="Szeto C">C.C Szeto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, S" uniqKey="Chung S">S Chung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sung, J J" uniqKey="Sung J">J.J Sung</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tsang, K W" uniqKey="Tsang K">K.W Tsang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ho, P L" uniqKey="Ho P">P.L Ho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ooi, G C" uniqKey="Ooi G">G.C Ooi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yee, W K" uniqKey="Yee W">W.K Yee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, T" uniqKey="Wang T">T Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan Yeung, M" uniqKey="Chan Yeung M">M Chan-Yeung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, W K" uniqKey="Lam W">W.K Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seto, W H" uniqKey="Seto W">W.H Seto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yam, L Y" uniqKey="Yam L">L.Y 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University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. yamamoto.mmb@tmd.ac.jp</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Rongge" sort="Yang, Rongge" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Rongge" last="Yang">Rongge Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" sort="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" uniqKey="Yoshinaka Y" first="Yoshiyuki" last="Yoshinaka">Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amari, Shinji" sort="Amari, Shinji" uniqKey="Amari S" first="Shinji" last="Amari">Shinji Amari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakano, Tatsuya" sort="Nakano, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Nakano T" first="Tatsuya" last="Nakano">Tatsuya Nakano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl">Jindrich Cinatl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, Holger" sort="Rabenau, Holger" uniqKey="Rabenau H" first="Holger" last="Rabenau">Holger Rabenau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunsmann, Gerhard" sort="Hunsmann, Gerhard" uniqKey="Hunsmann G" first="Gerhard" last="Hunsmann">Gerhard Hunsmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otaka, Akira" sort="Otaka, Akira" uniqKey="Otaka A" first="Akira" last="Otaka">Akira Otaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamamura, Hirokazu" sort="Tamamura, Hirokazu" uniqKey="Tamamura H" first="Hirokazu" last="Tamamura">Hirokazu Tamamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, Nobutaka" sort="Fujii, Nobutaka" uniqKey="Fujii N" first="Nobutaka" last="Fujii">Nobutaka Fujii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Naoki" sort="Yamamoto, Naoki" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Naoki" last="Yamamoto">Naoki Yamamoto</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2004">2004</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:15144898</idno><idno type="pmid">15144898</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.083</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">002D96</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">002C87</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">002C87</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">HIV protease inhibitor nelfinavir inhibits replication of SARS-associated coronavirus.</title><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Norio" sort="Yamamoto, Norio" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Norio" last="Yamamoto">Norio Yamamoto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. yamamoto.mmb@tmd.ac.jp</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Virology, Bio-Response, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, Rongge" sort="Yang, Rongge" uniqKey="Yang R" first="Rongge" last="Yang">Rongge Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" sort="Yoshinaka, Yoshiyuki" uniqKey="Yoshinaka Y" first="Yoshiyuki" last="Yoshinaka">Yoshiyuki Yoshinaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amari, Shinji" sort="Amari, Shinji" uniqKey="Amari S" first="Shinji" last="Amari">Shinji Amari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nakano, Tatsuya" sort="Nakano, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Nakano T" first="Tatsuya" last="Nakano">Tatsuya Nakano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cinatl, Jindrich" sort="Cinatl, Jindrich" uniqKey="Cinatl J" first="Jindrich" last="Cinatl">Jindrich Cinatl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabenau, Holger" sort="Rabenau, Holger" uniqKey="Rabenau H" first="Holger" last="Rabenau">Holger Rabenau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" sort="Doerr, Hans Wilhelm" uniqKey="Doerr H" first="Hans Wilhelm" last="Doerr">Hans Wilhelm Doerr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunsmann, Gerhard" sort="Hunsmann, Gerhard" uniqKey="Hunsmann G" first="Gerhard" last="Hunsmann">Gerhard Hunsmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Otaka, Akira" sort="Otaka, Akira" uniqKey="Otaka A" first="Akira" last="Otaka">Akira Otaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamamura, Hirokazu" sort="Tamamura, Hirokazu" uniqKey="Tamamura H" first="Hirokazu" last="Tamamura">Hirokazu Tamamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fujii, Nobutaka" sort="Fujii, Nobutaka" uniqKey="Fujii N" first="Nobutaka" last="Fujii">Nobutaka Fujii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, Naoki" sort="Yamamoto, Naoki" uniqKey="Yamamoto N" first="Naoki" last="Yamamoto">Naoki Yamamoto</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Biochemical and biophysical research communications</title><idno type="ISSN">0006-291X</idno><imprint><date when="2004" type="published">2004</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term><term>HIV Protease Inhibitors (pharmacology)</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Nelfinavir (pharmacology)</term><term>RNA, Viral (analysis)</term><term>Ritonavir (pharmacology)</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>SARS Virus (pathogenicity)</term><term>SARS Virus (physiology)</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Vero Cells</term><term>Virus Replication (drug effects)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral (analyse)</term><term>Animaux</term><term>Antiviraux (pharmacologie)</term><term>Cellules Vero</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH (pharmacologie)</term><term>Nelfinavir (pharmacologie)</term><term>Ritonavir (pharmacologie)</term><term>Réplication virale ()</term><term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term><term>Virus du SRAS ()</term><term>Virus du SRAS (pathogénicité)</term><term>Virus du SRAS (physiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="analysis" xml:lang="en"><term>RNA, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>HIV Protease Inhibitors</term><term>Nelfinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="analyse" xml:lang="fr"><term>ARN viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term><term>Virus Replication</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antiviraux</term><term>Inhibiteurs de protéase du VIH</term><term>Nelfinavir</term><term>Ritonavir</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term><term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term><term>Lethal Dose 50</term><term>Time Factors</term><term>Vero Cells</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Cellules Vero</term><term>Dose létale 50</term><term>Facteurs temps</term><term>Réplication virale</term><term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term><term>Virus du SRAS</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). To rapidly identify anti-SARS drugs available for clinical use, we screened a set of compounds that included antiviral drugs already in wide use. Here we report that the HIV-1 protease inhibitor, nelfinavir, strongly inhibited replication of the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Nelfinavir inhibited the cytopathic effect induced by SARS-CoV infection. Expression of viral antigens was much lower in infected cells treated with nelfinavir than in untreated infected cells. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that nelfinavir could decrease the production of virions from Vero cells. Experiments with various timings of drug addition revealed that nelfinavir exerted its effect not at the entry step, but at the post-entry step of SARS-CoV infection. Our results suggest that nelfinavir should be examined clinically for the treatment of SARS and has potential as a good lead compound for designing anti-SARS drugs.</div></front></TEI></pubmed></double></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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