SrasV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 004E80

Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies : Implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents

Identifieur interne : 004E80 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004E79; suivant : 004E81

Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies : Implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents

Auteurs : Choong-Tat Keng [Singapour] ; AIHUA ZHANG [République populaire de Chine] ; SHUO SHEN [Singapour] ; Kuo-Ming Lip [Singapour] ; Burtram C. Fielding [Singapour] ; Timothy H. P. Tan [Singapour] ; Chih-Fong Chou [Singapour] ; CHAY BOON LOH [Singapour] ; SIFANG WANG [Singapour] ; JIANLIN FU [Singapour] ; XIAOMING YANG [République populaire de Chine] ; SENG GEE LIM [Singapour] ; WANJIN HONG [Singapour] ; Yee-Joo Tan [Singapour]

Source :

Journal of virology [ 0022-538X ] ; 2005.

RBID : Pascal:05-0158491

Descripteurs français

KwdFr :
- Animaux, Anticorps antiviraux (immunologie), Cartographie épitopique, Cellules cultivées, Clonage moléculaire, Escherichia coli (génétique), Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus, Glycoprotéines membranaires (génétique), Glycoprotéines membranaires (immunologie), Glycoprotéines membranaires (physiologie), Immunoprécipitation, Lapins, Protéines de fusion recombinantes (génétique), Protéines de fusion recombinantes (immunologie), Protéines de fusion recombinantes (isolement et purification), Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (génétique), Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (immunologie), Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (physiologie), Technique d'immunofluorescence, Technique de Western, Tests de neutralisation, Virus du SRAS (immunologie), Épitopes (génétique), Épitopes (immunologie).
MESH :
- génétique : Escherichia coli, Glycoprotéines membranaires, Protéines de fusion recombinantes, Protéines de l'enveloppe virale, Épitopes.
- immunologie : Anticorps antiviraux, Glycoprotéines membranaires, Protéines de fusion recombinantes, Protéines de l'enveloppe virale, Virus du SRAS, Épitopes.
- isolement et purification : Protéines de fusion recombinantes.
- physiologie : Glycoprotéines membranaires, Protéines de l'enveloppe virale.
Pascal (Inist)
- Animaux, Cartographie épitopique, Cellules cultivées, Clonage moléculaire, Coronavirus, Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus, Immunoprécipitation, Lapins, Protéine, Anticorps neutralisant, Technique d'immunofluorescence, Technique de Western, Tests de neutralisation, Vaccin, Antiviral, Microbiologie, Virologie, Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère.
Wicri :
- topic : Vaccin.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral (immunology), Antiviral, Blotting, Western, Cells, Cultured, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cloning, Molecular, Coronavirus, Epitope Mapping, Epitopes (genetics), Epitopes (immunology), Escherichia coli (genetics), Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Immunoprecipitation, Membrane Glycoproteins (genetics), Membrane Glycoproteins (immunology), Membrane Glycoproteins (physiology), Microbiology, Neutralization Tests, Neutralizing antibody, Protein, Rabbits, Recombinant Fusion Proteins (genetics), Recombinant Fusion Proteins (immunology), Recombinant Fusion Proteins (isolation & purification), SARS Virus (immunology), Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus, Vaccine, Viral Envelope Proteins (genetics), Viral Envelope Proteins (immunology), Viral Envelope Proteins (physiology), Virology.
MESH :
- chemical , genetics : Epitopes, Membrane Glycoproteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Viral Envelope Proteins.
- chemical , immunology : Antibodies, Viral, Epitopes, Membrane Glycoproteins, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Viral Envelope Proteins.
- genetics : Escherichia coli.
- immunology : SARS Virus.
- chemical , isolation & purification : Recombinant Fusion Proteins.
- chemical , physiology : Membrane Glycoproteins, Viral Envelope Proteins.
- Animals, Blotting, Western, Cells, Cultured, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cloning, Molecular, Epitope Mapping, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Immunoprecipitation, Neutralization Tests, Rabbits, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus.

Abstract

The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) interacts with cellular receptors to mediate membrane fusion, allowing viral entry into host cells; hence it is recognized as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies, and therefore knowledge of antigenic determinants that can elicit neutralizing antibodies could be beneficial for the development of a protective vaccine. Here, we expressed five different fragments of S, covering the entire ectodomain (amino acids 48 to 1192), as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and used the purified proteins to raise antibodies in rabbits. By Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation experiments, we showed that all the antibodies are specific and highly sensitive to both the native and denatured forms of the full-length S protein expressed in virus-infected cells and transfected cells, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on fixed but unpermeabilized cells showed that these antibodies can recognize the mature form of S on the cell surface. All the antibodies were also able to detect the maturation of the 200-kDa form of S to the 210-kDa form by pulse-chase experiments. When the antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV propagation in Vero E6 culture, it was found that the anti-SΔ10 antibody, which was targeted to amino acid residues 1029 to 1192 of S, which include heptad repeat 2, has strong neutralizing activities, suggesting that this region of S carries neutralizing epitopes and is very important for virus entry into cells.

Affiliations:

Le document en format XML

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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies : Implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents</title>
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<author><name sortKey="Chou, Chih Fong" sort="Chou, Chih Fong" uniqKey="Chou C" first="Chih-Fong" last="Chou">Chih-Fong Chou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chay Boon Loh" sort="Chay Boon Loh" uniqKey="Chay Boon Loh" last="Chay Boon Loh">CHAY BOON LOH</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sifang Wang" sort="Sifang Wang" uniqKey="Sifang Wang" last="Sifang Wang">SIFANG WANG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jianlin Fu" sort="Jianlin Fu" uniqKey="Jianlin Fu" last="Jianlin Fu">JIANLIN FU</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xiaoming Yang" sort="Xiaoming Yang" uniqKey="Xiaoming Yang" last="Xiaoming Yang">XIAOMING YANG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Wuhan Institute of Biological Products</s1>
<s2>Wuhan</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Wuhan</settlement>
<region type="région">Hubei</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seng Gee Lim" sort="Seng Gee Lim" uniqKey="Seng Gee Lim" last="Seng Gee Lim">SENG GEE LIM</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wanjin Hong" sort="Wanjin Hong" uniqKey="Wanjin Hong" last="Wanjin Hong">WANJIN HONG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tan, Yee Joo" sort="Tan, Yee Joo" uniqKey="Tan Y" first="Yee-Joo" last="Tan">Yee-Joo Tan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</s1>
<s3>SGP</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Singapour</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Journal of virology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. virol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2005">2005</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Journal of virology</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">J. virol.</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-538X</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Antibodies, Viral (immunology)</term>
<term>Antiviral</term>
<term>Blotting, Western</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term>
<term>Cloning, Molecular</term>
<term>Coronavirus</term>
<term>Epitope Mapping</term>
<term>Epitopes (genetics)</term>
<term>Epitopes (immunology)</term>
<term>Escherichia coli (genetics)</term>
<term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term>
<term>Immunoprecipitation</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins (immunology)</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins (physiology)</term>
<term>Microbiology</term>
<term>Neutralization Tests</term>
<term>Neutralizing antibody</term>
<term>Protein</term>
<term>Rabbits</term>
<term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins (immunology)</term>
<term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins (isolation & purification)</term>
<term>SARS Virus (immunology)</term>
<term>Severe acute respiratory syndrome</term>
<term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</term>
<term>Vaccine</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins (immunology)</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins (physiology)</term>
<term>Virology</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Anticorps antiviraux (immunologie)</term>
<term>Cartographie épitopique</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Clonage moléculaire</term>
<term>Escherichia coli (génétique)</term>
<term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires (génétique)</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires (immunologie)</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires (physiologie)</term>
<term>Immunoprécipitation</term>
<term>Lapins</term>
<term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes (immunologie)</term>
<term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes (isolement et purification)</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (génétique)</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (immunologie)</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale (physiologie)</term>
<term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term>
<term>Technique de Western</term>
<term>Tests de neutralisation</term>
<term>Virus du SRAS (immunologie)</term>
<term>Épitopes (génétique)</term>
<term>Épitopes (immunologie)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Epitopes</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins</term>
<term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antibodies, Viral</term>
<term>Epitopes</term>
<term>Membrane Glycoproteins</term>
<term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Escherichia coli</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Escherichia coli</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires</term>
<term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale</term>
<term>Épitopes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Anticorps antiviraux</term>
<term>Glycoprotéines membranaires</term>
<term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale</term>
<term>Virus du SRAS</term>
<term>Épitopes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>SARS Virus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Recombinant Fusion Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Protéines de fusion recombinantes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Glycoprotéines membranaires</term>
<term>Protéines de l'enveloppe virale</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Membrane Glycoproteins</term>
<term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term>
<term>Blotting, Western</term>
<term>Cells, Cultured</term>
<term>Chlorocebus aethiops</term>
<term>Cloning, Molecular</term>
<term>Epitope Mapping</term>
<term>Fluorescent Antibody Technique</term>
<term>Immunoprecipitation</term>
<term>Neutralization Tests</term>
<term>Rabbits</term>
<term>Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term>
<term>Cartographie épitopique</term>
<term>Cellules cultivées</term>
<term>Clonage moléculaire</term>
<term>Coronavirus</term>
<term>Glycoprotéine de spicule des coronavirus</term>
<term>Immunoprécipitation</term>
<term>Lapins</term>
<term>Protéine</term>
<term>Anticorps neutralisant</term>
<term>Technique d'immunofluorescence</term>
<term>Technique de Western</term>
<term>Tests de neutralisation</term>
<term>Vaccin</term>
<term>Antiviral</term>
<term>Microbiologie</term>
<term>Virologie</term>
<term>Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Vaccin</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) interacts with cellular receptors to mediate membrane fusion, allowing viral entry into host cells; hence it is recognized as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies, and therefore knowledge of antigenic determinants that can elicit neutralizing antibodies could be beneficial for the development of a protective vaccine. Here, we expressed five different fragments of S, covering the entire ectodomain (amino acids 48 to 1192), as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins in Escherichia coli and used the purified proteins to raise antibodies in rabbits. By Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation experiments, we showed that all the antibodies are specific and highly sensitive to both the native and denatured forms of the full-length S protein expressed in virus-infected cells and transfected cells, respectively. Indirect immunofluorescence performed on fixed but unpermeabilized cells showed that these antibodies can recognize the mature form of S on the cell surface. All the antibodies were also able to detect the maturation of the 200-kDa form of S to the 210-kDa form by pulse-chase experiments. When the antibodies were tested for their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV propagation in Vero E6 culture, it was found that the anti-SΔ10 antibody, which was targeted to amino acid residues 1029 to 1192 of S, which include heptad repeat 2, has strong neutralizing activities, suggesting that this region of S carries neutralizing epitopes and is very important for virus entry into cells.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
</country>
<region><li>Hubei</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Wuhan</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Keng, Choong Tat" sort="Keng, Choong Tat" uniqKey="Keng C" first="Choong-Tat" last="Keng">Choong-Tat Keng</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chay Boon Loh" sort="Chay Boon Loh" uniqKey="Chay Boon Loh" last="Chay Boon Loh">CHAY BOON LOH</name>
<name sortKey="Chou, Chih Fong" sort="Chou, Chih Fong" uniqKey="Chou C" first="Chih-Fong" last="Chou">Chih-Fong Chou</name>
<name sortKey="Fielding, Burtram C" sort="Fielding, Burtram C" uniqKey="Fielding B" first="Burtram C." last="Fielding">Burtram C. Fielding</name>
<name sortKey="Jianlin Fu" sort="Jianlin Fu" uniqKey="Jianlin Fu" last="Jianlin Fu">JIANLIN FU</name>
<name sortKey="Lip, Kuo Ming" sort="Lip, Kuo Ming" uniqKey="Lip K" first="Kuo-Ming" last="Lip">Kuo-Ming Lip</name>
<name sortKey="Seng Gee Lim" sort="Seng Gee Lim" uniqKey="Seng Gee Lim" last="Seng Gee Lim">SENG GEE LIM</name>
<name sortKey="Shuo Shen" sort="Shuo Shen" uniqKey="Shuo Shen" last="Shuo Shen">SHUO SHEN</name>
<name sortKey="Sifang Wang" sort="Sifang Wang" uniqKey="Sifang Wang" last="Sifang Wang">SIFANG WANG</name>
<name sortKey="Tan, Timothy H P" sort="Tan, Timothy H P" uniqKey="Tan T" first="Timothy H. P." last="Tan">Timothy H. P. Tan</name>
<name sortKey="Tan, Yee Joo" sort="Tan, Yee Joo" uniqKey="Tan Y" first="Yee-Joo" last="Tan">Yee-Joo Tan</name>
<name sortKey="Wanjin Hong" sort="Wanjin Hong" uniqKey="Wanjin Hong" last="Wanjin Hong">WANJIN HONG</name>
</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><region name="Hubei"><name sortKey="Aihua Zhang" sort="Aihua Zhang" uniqKey="Aihua Zhang" last="Aihua Zhang">AIHUA ZHANG</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Xiaoming Yang" sort="Xiaoming Yang" uniqKey="Xiaoming Yang" last="Xiaoming Yang">XIAOMING YANG</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies : Implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents

Amino acids 1055 to 1192 in the S2 region of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein induce neutralizing antibodies : Implications for the development of vaccines and antiviral agents

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