Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus
Identifieur interne : 001B05 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001B04; suivant : 001B06Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus
Auteurs : Clayton A. Wiley ; Nitin Bhardwaj ; Ted M. Ross ; Stephanie J. BisselSource :
- Brain Pathology [ 1015-6305 ] ; 2015-09.
Abstract
History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three RNA viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (CNS) cells, they rapidly co‐opt host RNA processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to RNA viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on RNA processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12281
Links to Exploration step
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<title type="shortAuthors">Wiley <i>et al</i>
</title>
<title type="main">Emerging Infections of <fc>CNS</fc>
: Avian Influenza <fc>A</fc>
Virus, <fc>R</fc>
ift <fc>V</fc>
alley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus</title>
</titleGroup>
<creators><creator affiliationRef="#bpa12281-aff-0002" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="bpa12281-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>Clayton A.</givenNames>
<familyName>Wiley</familyName>
</personName>
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<creator affiliationRef="#bpa12281-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" currentRef="#bpa12281-aff-0001" xml:id="bpa12281-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>Nitin</givenNames>
<familyName>Bhardwaj</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator affiliationRef="#bpa12281-aff-0004 #bpa12281-aff-0005" creatorRole="author" xml:id="bpa12281-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>Ted M.</givenNames>
<familyName>Ross</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
<creator affiliationRef="#bpa12281-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="bpa12281-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Stephanie J.</givenNames>
<familyName>Bissel</familyName>
</personName>
</creator>
</creators>
<affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="bpa12281-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Department of Pathology</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Pittsburgh</orgName>
<address><city>Pittsburgh</city>
<countryPart>PA</countryPart>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="bpa12281-aff-0003"><orgDiv>Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Pittsburgh</orgName>
<address><city>Pittsburgh</city>
<countryPart>PA</countryPart>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="bpa12281-aff-0004"><orgDiv>Center for Vaccine Development</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Georgia</orgName>
<address><city>Athens</city>
<countryPart>GA</countryPart>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="bpa12281-aff-0005"><orgDiv>Department of Infectious Diseases</orgDiv>
<orgName>University of Georgia</orgName>
<address><city>Athens</city>
<countryPart>GA</countryPart>
</address>
</affiliation>
<affiliation xml:id="bpa12281-aff-0001"><orgName>Sanofi Pasteur</orgName>
<address><street>1755 Steeles Avenue West</street>
<city>Toronto</city>
<countryPart>Ontario</countryPart>
<country>Canada</country>
<postCode>M2R 3T4</postCode>
</address>
</affiliation>
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<keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0001">avian influenza <fc>A</fc>
virus</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0002">human parechovirus</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0003">infection</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0004">neuropathology</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0005"><fc>R</fc>
ift <fc>V</fc>
alley fever virus</keyword>
<keyword xml:id="bpa12281-kwd-0006">virus</keyword>
</keywordGroup>
<abstractGroup><abstract type="main"><title type="main">Abstract</title>
<p>History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three <fc>RNA</fc>
viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (<fc>CNS</fc>
) cells, they rapidly co‐opt host <fc>RNA</fc>
processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to <fc>RNA</fc>
viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on <fc>RNA</fc>
processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.</p>
</abstract>
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<mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Emerging CNS Viral Infections</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Clayton A.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wiley</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, Pittsburgh</affiliation>
<affiliation>Clayton A. Wiley, MD, PhD, Division of Neuropathology, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, S701 Scaife Hall, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (E‐mail: )</affiliation>
<affiliation>E-mail: wiley1@pitt.edu</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Nitin</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bhardwaj</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, Pittsburgh</affiliation>
<affiliation>Current Address: Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Toronto, Canada</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Ted M.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Ross</namePart>
<affiliation>Center for Vaccine Development, University of Georgia, Athens, GA</affiliation>
<affiliation>Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, GA, Athens</affiliation>
<role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Stephanie J.</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Bissel</namePart>
<affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, Pittsburgh</affiliation>
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<dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2015-09</dateIssued>
<dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2015-07-15</dateCreated>
<dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2015-06-04</dateCaptured>
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<abstract>History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three RNA viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (CNS) cells, they rapidly co‐opt host RNA processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to RNA viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on RNA processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.</abstract>
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<topic>avian influenza A virus</topic>
<topic>human parechovirus</topic>
<topic>infection</topic>
<topic>neuropathology</topic>
<topic>Rift Valley fever virus</topic>
<topic>virus</topic>
</subject>
<relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Brain Pathology</title>
</titleInfo>
<titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Brain Pathology</title>
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<subject><genre>article-category</genre>
<topic>MINI‐SYMPOSIUM: Emerging Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System</topic>
<topic>Mini‐Symposium: Emerging Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System</topic>
</subject>
<identifier type="ISSN">1015-6305</identifier>
<identifier type="eISSN">1750-3639</identifier>
<identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1750-3639</identifier>
<identifier type="PublisherID">BPA</identifier>
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