Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections
Identifieur interne : 001896 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001895; suivant : 001897Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections
Auteurs : D. DomanoviSource :
- ISBT Science Series [ 1751-2816 ] ; 2016-01.
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (TT EIDs), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aiming to provide EU Member States and the EU Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (SoHO). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE for articles published in English. In addition, the EU Commission's reports and ECDC's technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. ECDC developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of TT EDIs. ECDC's interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. ECDC has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of SoHO. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through SoHO. Conclusion: Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by TT EIDs. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by EID, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.
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DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12200
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ISTEX:34F19D1C2C5561A49751218B8073E86290824496Le document en format XML
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Domanovi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dragoslav Domanović, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavägen 11A; 17183 Stockholm, Sweden.E‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Dragoslav.Domanovic@ecdc.europa.eu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:34F19D1C2C5561A49751218B8073E86290824496</idno><date when="2016" year="2016">2016</date><idno type="doi">10.1111/voxs.12200</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6/fulltext.pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001896</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001896</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title><author><name sortKey="Domanovi, D" sort="Domanovi, D" uniqKey="Domanovi D" first="D." last="Domanovi">D. Domanovi</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Dragoslav Domanović, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavägen 11A; 17183 Stockholm, Sweden.E‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: Dragoslav.Domanovic@ecdc.europa.eu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">ISBT Science Series</title><title level="j" type="sub">25th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion London, United Kingdom June 27 – July 1, 2015</title><title level="j" type="alt">ISBT SCIENCE SERIES</title><idno type="ISSN">1751-2816</idno><idno type="eISSN">1751-2824</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">11</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">S1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="68">68</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="75">75</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><date type="published" when="2016-01">2016-01</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">1751-2816</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">1751-2816</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Background and Objectives: The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (TT EIDs), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aiming to provide EU Member States and the EU Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (SoHO). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE for articles published in English. In addition, the EU Commission's reports and ECDC's technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. ECDC developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of TT EDIs. ECDC's interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. ECDC has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of SoHO. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through SoHO. Conclusion: Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by TT EIDs. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by EID, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>D. Domanović</name><affiliations><json:string>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden</json:string><json:string>Dragoslav Domanović, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavägen 11A; 17183 Stockholm, Sweden.E‐mail:</json:string><json:string>E-mail: Dragoslav.Domanovic@ecdc.europa.eu</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>risk assessment</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>transfusion‐transmitted</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>emerging infections</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>VOXS12200</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>Background and Objectives: The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (TT EIDs), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aiming to provide EU Member States and the EU Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (SoHO). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE for articles published in English. In addition, the EU Commission's reports and ECDC's technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. ECDC developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of TT EDIs. ECDC's interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. ECDC has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of SoHO. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through SoHO. Conclusion: Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by TT EIDs. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by EID, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.82</score><pdfWordCount>4820</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>32455</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.6</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>8</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>595.276 x 799.37 pts</pdfPageSize><pdfWordsPerPage>603</pdfWordsPerPage><pdfText>true</pdfText><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>350</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>2337</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>3</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title><genre><json:string>article</json:string></genre><host><title>ISBT Science Series</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><doi><json:string>10.1111/(ISSN)1751-2824</json:string></doi><issn><json:string>1751-2816</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1751-2824</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>VOXS</json:string></publisherId><volume>11</volume><issue>S1</issue><pages><first>68</first><last>75</last><total>8</total></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre><subject><json:item><value>Original Paper</value></json:item><json:item><value>25th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion London, United Kingdom June 27 – July 1, 2015</value></json:item></subject></host><ark><json:string>ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6</json:string></ark><categories><inist><json:string>1 - sciences appliquees, technologies et medecines</json:string><json:string>2 - sciences biologiques et medicales</json:string><json:string>3 - sciences medicales</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2016</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2016</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1111/voxs.12200</json:string></doi><id>34F19D1C2C5561A49751218B8073E86290824496</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-TZ1SK3CR-6/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main">Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher ref="https://scientific-publisher.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/H02-QW5Q88H5-V">Wiley Publishing Ltd</publisher><availability><licence>© 2016 International Society of Blood Transfusion</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2016-01"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">D.</forename><surname>Domanović</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</orgName>
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This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (<hi rend="fc">TT EID</hi>s), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (<hi rend="fc">ECDC</hi>) aiming to provide <hi rend="fc">EU</hi> Member States and the <hi rend="fc">EU</hi> Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (So<hi rend="fc">HO</hi>).</p><head>Materials and Methods</head><p>Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and <hi rend="fc">EMBASE</hi> for articles published in English. In addition, the <hi rend="fc">EU</hi> Commission's reports and <hi rend="fc">ECDC</hi>'s technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data.</p><head>Results</head><p>The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. <hi rend="fc">ECDC</hi> developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of <hi rend="fc">TT EDI</hi>s. <hi rend="fc">ECDC</hi>'s interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. <hi rend="fc">ECDC</hi> has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of So<hi rend="fc">HO</hi>. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through So<hi rend="fc">HO</hi>.</p><head>Conclusion</head><p>Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by <hi rend="fc">TT EID</hi>s. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. 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Domanović</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#voxs12200-aff-0001" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="voxs12200-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>D.</givenNames> <familyName>Domanović</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="SE" type="organization" xml:id="voxs12200-aff-0001"><orgName>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</orgName> <address><city>Stockholm</city> <country>Sweden</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="voxs12200-kwd-0001">risk assessment</keyword><keyword xml:id="voxs12200-kwd-0002">transfusion‐transmitted</keyword><keyword xml:id="voxs12200-kwd-0003">emerging infections </keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="voxs12200-abs-0001"><section xml:id="voxs12200-sec-0001"><title type="main">Background and Objectives</title><p>The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (<fc>TT EID</fc>s), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (<fc>ECDC</fc>) aiming to provide <fc>EU</fc> Member States and the <fc>EU</fc> Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (So<fc>HO</fc>).</p></section><section xml:id="voxs12200-sec-0002"><title type="main">Materials and Methods</title><p>Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and <fc>EMBASE</fc> for articles published in English. In addition, the <fc>EU</fc> Commission's reports and <fc>ECDC</fc>'s technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data.</p></section><section xml:id="voxs12200-sec-0003"><title type="main">Results</title><p>The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. <fc>ECDC</fc> developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of <fc>TT EDI</fc>s. <fc>ECDC</fc>'s interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. <fc>ECDC</fc> has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of So<fc>HO</fc>. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through So<fc>HO</fc>.</p></section><section xml:id="voxs12200-sec-0004"><title type="main">Conclusion</title><p>Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by <fc>TT EID</fc>s. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by <fc>EID</fc>, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.</p></section></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup xml:id="voxs12200-ntgp-0101"><note xml:id="voxs12200-note-0101">2C‐S05‐02</note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D.</namePart><namePart type="family">Domanović</namePart><affiliation>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden</affiliation><affiliation>Dragoslav Domanović, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Tomtebodavägen 11A; 17183 Stockholm, Sweden.E‐mail:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: Dragoslav.Domanovic@ecdc.europa.eu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2016-01</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2015-07-31</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2015-06-12</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2015-07-16</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2016</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract>Background and Objectives: The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (TT EIDs), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aiming to provide EU Member States and the EU Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (SoHO). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE for articles published in English. In addition, the EU Commission's reports and ECDC's technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. ECDC developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of TT EDIs. ECDC's interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. ECDC has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of SoHO. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through SoHO. Conclusion: Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by TT EIDs. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by EID, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.</abstract><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>risk assessment</topic><topic>transfusion‐transmitted</topic><topic>emerging infections</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>ISBT Science Series</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>VOXS</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>25th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion London, United Kingdom June 27 – July 1, 2015</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">1751-2816</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1751-2824</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1751-2824</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">VOXS</identifier><part><date>2016</date><detail type="title"><title>25th Regional Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion London, United Kingdom June 27 – July 1, 2015</title></detail><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>11</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>S1</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>68</start><end>75</end><total>8</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="voxs12200-cit-0001"><titleInfo><title>Summary of the 2011 annual reporting of serious adverse events and reactions for tissues and cells (data collected from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2010) 2011</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>European Commission</namePart></name><genre>other</genre></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="voxs12200-cit-0002"><titleInfo><title>Summary of the 2012 annual reporting of serious adverse events and reactions (sare) for blood and blood components (data collected from 01/01/2011 to 31/12/2011) 2012</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>European Commission</namePart></name><genre>other</genre></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="voxs12200-cit-0003"><titleInfo><title>Summary of the 2013 annual reporting of serious adverse events and reactions (sare) for blood and blood components (data collected from 01/01/2012 to 31/12/2012) 2013</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>European Commission</namePart></name><genre>other</genre></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="voxs12200-cit-0004"><titleInfo><title>Annual Reports and Summaries</title></titleInfo><name type="corporate"><namePart>Serious Hazards of Transfusion</namePart></name><genre>other</genre></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="voxs12200-cit-0005"><titleInfo><title>Blood supply under threat</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">JC</namePart><namePart type="family">Semenza</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">D</namePart><namePart type="family">Domanovic</namePart><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><genre>journal-article</genre><note type="citation/reference">Semenza JC, Domanovic D: Blood supply under threat. 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