Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered
Identifieur interne : 001116 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001115; suivant : 001117Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered
Auteurs : C. Chen ; C. Lin ; Z. Jiang ; Q. ChenSource :
- Indoor Air [ 0905-6947 ] ; 2014-12.
Abstract
Covering a cough can be useful in reducing the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. However, no simple method is available in the literature for predicting the exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered. This investigation used smoke to visualize the airflow exhaled by 16 human subjects. Their mouths were covered by a tissue, a cupped hand, a fist, and an elbow with and without a sleeve. This study then developed simplified models for predicting the airflow on the basis of the smoke visualization data. In addition, this investigation performed numerical simulations to assess the influence of mouth coverings on the receptor's exposure to exhaled particles. It was found that covering a cough with a tissue, a cupped hand, or an elbow can significantly reduce the horizontal velocity and cause the particles to move upward with the thermal plumes generated by a human body. In contrast with an uncovered cough, a covered cough or a cough with the head turned away may prevent direct exposure.
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DOI: 10.1111/ina.12109
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ChenSchool of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907‐2088USATel.: +(765)‐496‐7562Fax: +(765)‐496‐0539e‐mail:</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>E-mail: yanchen@purdue.edu</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j" type="main">Indoor Air</title><title level="j" type="alt">INDOOR AIR</title><idno type="ISSN">0905-6947</idno><idno type="eISSN">1600-0668</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">24</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">6</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="580">580</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="591">591</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">12</biblScope><date type="published" when="2014-12">2014-12</date></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0905-6947</idno></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0905-6947</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract">Covering a cough can be useful in reducing the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. 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Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="24">24</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">6</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2014-12">December 2014</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" position="40" status="forIssue" type="article"><doi>10.1111/ina.12109</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="INA12109"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count number="12" type="pageTotal"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Original Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Original Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">© 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd</copyright><eventGroup><event date="2013-12-17" type="manuscriptReceived"></event><event date="2014-03-08" type="manuscriptAccepted"></event><event agent="SPS" date="2014-03-19" type="xmlCreated"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAccepted" date="2014-03-14"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2014-04-04"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2014-04-04"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2014-11-07"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.6.4 mode:FullText" date="2015-10-08"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">580</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">591</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo><lineatedText><line>Q. Chen</line><line>School of Mechanical Engineering</line><line>Purdue University</line><line>West Lafayette, IN 47907‐2088</line><line>USA</line><line>Tel.: +(765)‐496‐7562</line><line>Fax: +(765)‐496‐0539</line><line>e‐mail: <email>yanchen@purdue.edu</email></line></lineatedText></correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:INA.INA12109.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><titleGroup><title type="main">Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered</title><title type="shortAuthors">Chen et al.</title></titleGroup><creators><creator affiliationRef="#ina12109-aff-0001" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ina12109-cr-0001"><personName><givenNames>C.</givenNames> <familyName>Chen</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ina12109-aff-0002" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ina12109-cr-0002"><personName><givenNames>C.‐H.</givenNames> <familyName>Lin</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ina12109-aff-0003" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ina12109-cr-0003"><personName><givenNames>Z.</givenNames> <familyName>Jiang</familyName></personName></creator><creator affiliationRef="#ina12109-aff-0001 #ina12109-aff-0004" corresponding="yes" creatorRole="author" xml:id="ina12109-cr-0004"><personName><givenNames>Q.</givenNames> <familyName>Chen</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ina12109-aff-0001"><orgDiv>School of Mechanical Engineering</orgDiv> <orgName>Purdue University</orgName> <address><city>West Lafayette</city> <countryPart>IN</countryPart> <country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ina12109-aff-0002"><orgDiv>Environmental Control Systems</orgDiv> <orgName>Boeing Commercial Airplanes</orgName> <address><city>Everett</city> <countryPart>WA</countryPart> <country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="US" type="organization" xml:id="ina12109-aff-0003"><orgName>Building Energy and Environment Engineering LLP</orgName> <address><city>Lafayette</city> <countryPart>IN</countryPart> <country>USA</country></address></affiliation><affiliation countryCode="CN" type="organization" xml:id="ina12109-aff-0004"><orgDiv>School of Environmental Science and Engineering</orgDiv> <orgName>Tianjin University</orgName> <address><city>Tianjin</city> <country>China</country></address></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup type="author"><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0001">Computational fluid dynamics</keyword><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0002">Tissue</keyword><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0003">Cupped hand</keyword><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0004">Fist</keyword><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0005">Elbow with sleeve</keyword><keyword xml:id="ina12109-kwd-0006">Particle deposition</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>National Basic Research Program of China</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>2012CB720100</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>ASHRAE</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><supportingInformation><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0001-FigS1-a"></mediaResource><caption><b>Figure S1.</b> Videos of particle transport from <i>t</i> = 0 to 5.0 s for (a) a hypothetical release of particles with zero velocity; coughs covered by (b) a tissue, (c) a cupped hand, (d) an elbow with a sleeve, (e) an elbow without a sleeve, and (f) a fist; and uncovered coughs with (g) average velocity and (h) maximum velocity.</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0002-FigS1-b"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0003-FigS1-c"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0004-FigS1-d"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0005-FigS1-e"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0006-FigS1-f"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0007-FigS1-g"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting" mimeType="image/gif" rendition="webOriginal" href="urn-x:wiley:09056947:media:ina12109:ina12109-sup-0008-FigS1-h"></mediaResource><caption> </caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:id="ina12109-abs-0001"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Covering a cough can be useful in reducing the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. However, no simple method is available in the literature for predicting the exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered. This investigation used smoke to visualize the airflow exhaled by 16 human subjects. Their mouths were covered by a tissue, a cupped hand, a fist, and an elbow with and without a sleeve. This study then developed simplified models for predicting the airflow on the basis of the smoke visualization data. In addition, this investigation performed numerical simulations to assess the influence of mouth coverings on the receptor's exposure to exhaled particles. It was found that covering a cough with a tissue, a cupped hand, or an elbow can significantly reduce the horizontal velocity and cause the particles to move upward with the thermal plumes generated by a human body. In contrast with an uncovered cough, a covered cough or a cough with the head turned away may prevent direct exposure.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Simplified models for exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, IN, West Lafayette, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">C.‐H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Lin</namePart><affiliation>Environmental Control Systems, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, WA, Everett, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Z.</namePart><namePart type="family">Jiang</namePart><affiliation>Building Energy and Environment Engineering LLP, IN, Lafayette, USA</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Q.</namePart><namePart type="family">Chen</namePart><affiliation>School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA</affiliation><affiliation>School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China</affiliation><affiliation>Q. ChenSchool of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907‐2088USATel.: +(765)‐496‐7562Fax: +(765)‐496‐0539e‐mail:</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: yanchen@purdue.edu</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2014-12</dateIssued><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">2014-03-19</dateCreated><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2013-12-17</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2014-03-08</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2014</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><abstract>Covering a cough can be useful in reducing the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. However, no simple method is available in the literature for predicting the exhaled airflow from a cough with the mouth covered. This investigation used smoke to visualize the airflow exhaled by 16 human subjects. Their mouths were covered by a tissue, a cupped hand, a fist, and an elbow with and without a sleeve. This study then developed simplified models for predicting the airflow on the basis of the smoke visualization data. In addition, this investigation performed numerical simulations to assess the influence of mouth coverings on the receptor's exposure to exhaled particles. It was found that covering a cough with a tissue, a cupped hand, or an elbow can significantly reduce the horizontal velocity and cause the particles to move upward with the thermal plumes generated by a human body. In contrast with an uncovered cough, a covered cough or a cough with the head turned away may prevent direct exposure.</abstract><note type="additional physical form">Figure S1. Videos of particle transport from t = 0 to 5.0 s for (a) a hypothetical release of particles with zero velocity; coughs covered by (b) a tissue, (c) a cupped hand, (d) an elbow with a sleeve, (e) an elbow without a sleeve, and (f) a fist; and uncovered coughs with (g) average velocity and (h) maximum velocity. </note><note type="funding">National Basic Research Program of China - No. 2012CB720100; </note><note type="funding">ASHRAE</note><subject><genre>keywords</genre><topic>Computational fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Tissue</topic><topic>Cupped hand</topic><topic>Fist</topic><topic>Elbow with sleeve</topic><topic>Particle deposition</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Indoor Air</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Indoor Air</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><subject><genre>article-category</genre><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Original Articles</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0905-6947</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1600-0668</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0668</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">INA</identifier><part><date>2014</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>24</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>6</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>580</start><end>591</end><total>12</total></extent></part></relatedItem><relatedItem type="references" displayLabel="ina12109-cit-0001"><titleInfo><title>ANSYS. 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