Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students
Identifieur interne : 000B47 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000B46; suivant : 000B48Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students
Auteurs : Zu Shuxian ; Peter J. Li ; Pei-Feng SuSource :
- China Information [ 0920-203X ] ; 2005-03.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Academic accomplishments, Activists claim chinese zoos abuse animals, Aggressive marketing, Anhui, Anhui college, Anhui province, Anhui university, Animal advocates, Animal cruelty, Animal markets, Animal people, Animal protection, Animal protection activities, Animal rights, Animal testing, Animal welfare, Animal welfare consciousness, Animal welfare legislation, Animal world program, Animals asia foundation, Animals asia newsletter, Annie mather, Anticruelty legislation, April, Attack incident, Attitudinal change, Beijing, Beijing residents, Beijing review, Beijing times, Better material conditions, Better treatment, Bile extraction, Biological diversity, Broadcast programs, Canren xingwei, Character development, China education, China education news, China information, China morning post, China news agency, China raids wildlife markets, China reform news, China university, China wildlife conservation association, China youth, Chinese culture, Chinese government, Chinese mainland, Chinese media, Chinese practices, Chinese researchers, Chinese students, Chinese students table, Circus performance, Civet cats, Civil society, Clifton, College education, College students, Comprehensive statistics, Consultative conference, Contemporary college students, Cruel practice, Culinary subculture, Current state, Daxuesheng suzhi jiaoyu, Deputy zhao zhongxiang, Dongwu, Dongwu fuli kaoyan renlei daode, Dongwu quanli, Dongwu quanyi, Dongwu shijie zhuchiren zhao zhongxiang, Ecological winter, Education studies, Empathy, Excessive wildlife, Family residence, Farming operation, February, Female respondents, Fudan university, Gender, Gender ideology, Guizhou science, Guocheng jiqi jieguo, Guoji sheng, Guojia tongjiju guomin jingji zonghe tongjishi, Haidian district congress, Haiyang shang xiong shijian shuo, Hebei province, High percentage, Hong kong, Huan shuo, Human morality, Human society, Humanities disciplines, Humanities education, Hushi renwen jiaoyu, Ifaw, Ifaw respondents, Ifaw survey, International attention, International fund, Island press, January, Jiaoyu, Jinghua shibao, Jingzhou evening news education, Jingzhou wanbao jiaoyu zhoukan, John holger kaube, Keyan jisuanji wang, Lanshi yesheng dongwu, Less education, Liaosheng evening news, Liaosheng wanbao, Liberal arts, Litmus test, Little emperors, Mainland china, Mainland chinese media, Manab chakraborty, Many dogs, Many wildlife parks, Meat dogs, Media director, Merritt, Merritt clifton, Mirror books, Monkey show, Moral difference, Moral judgments, More people, More wildlife parks, National bureau, National conditions, National legislature, News network, Nonscience, Nonscience counterparts, Nonscience majors, Nonscience students, Northeast china, November, Open wound, Other animals, Other livestock, Overseas edition, Personal communication, Policy change, Poor conditions, Press report, Private zoos, Public food, Public health, Public opinion survey, Qiao xinsheng, Qinghua, Qinghua university, Qinghua university student, Qinghua xuesheng shang xiong shijian, Quality education, Quan zhengjiu zuzhi, Reading materials, Recent years, Renlei, Renwen kexue, Rescue group, Research group, Research network, Respondent, Sars, Sars epidemic, Sars fight, Science students, Sensory components, Sentient beings, Separate group, September, Shanghai, Shanghai residents, Shanghai respondents, Shanghai university, Shehui dongliang, Skinning quails, Small cages, Social sciences, Studies university, Such works, Sulphuric acid, Survey question, Survey results, Tania singer, Technology press, Telephone interview, Tiny cages, Tough curbs, Traces sars, Urban youth, Wang, Wild animals, Wild rabbits, Wildlife animals, Wildlife farming, Wildlife trade, Xiao huangdi, Xiong ying, Yahoo news report, Yesheng, Yesheng dongwu, Yesheng dongwuyuan buneng, Yizhong daotui, Zhang yanping, Zhao, Zhao zhongxiang, Zhao zhongxiang weiyuan, Zhengxie weiyuan, Zhiran kexue, Zhiye jishu yuanxiao shishi renwen jiaoyu, Zhongguo, Zhongguo gaige, Zhongguo jiaoyu, Zhongguo qingnian, Zhongguo shehui kexue, Zhongguo xiandaihua jingcheng, Zhongguo xinwen wang, Zhongguo yaoyong dongwu yangzhi, Zhongguo yesheng dongwu baohu xuehui fachu, Zhongxiang, Zhou houqiong.
Abstract
The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.
Url:
DOI: 10.1177/0920203X05051020
Links to Exploration step
ISTEX:6D30C97AC375B7EBFEF2887C2A371F757DD6C329Le document en format XML
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ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>sage</corpusName><keywords><teeft><json:string>beijing</json:string><json:string>college students</json:string><json:string>zhongguo</json:string><json:string>ifaw</json:string><json:string>shanghai</json:string><json:string>jiaoyu</json:string><json:string>january</json:string><json:string>dongwu</json:string><json:string>animal welfare consciousness</json:string><json:string>sars</json:string><json:string>animal welfare</json:string><json:string>april</json:string><json:string>anhui</json:string><json:string>wang</json:string><json:string>qinghua</json:string><json:string>china information</json:string><json:string>animal protection activities</json:string><json:string>wild 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test</json:string><json:string>guoji sheng</json:string><json:string>quan zhengjiu zuzhi</json:string><json:string>rescue group</json:string><json:string>zhou houqiong</json:string><json:string>zhongguo yaoyong dongwu yangzhi</json:string><json:string>wildlife animals</json:string><json:string>guizhou science</json:string><json:string>technology press</json:string><json:string>beijing review</json:string><json:string>zhongguo yesheng dongwu baohu xuehui fachu</json:string><json:string>lanshi yesheng dongwu</json:string><json:string>china wildlife conservation association</json:string><json:string>public food</json:string><json:string>clifton</json:string></teeft></keywords><author><json:item><name>Zu Shuxian</name><affiliations><json:string>Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China</json:string><json:string>Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Peter J. Li</name><affiliations><json:string>University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA</json:string><json:string>University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Pei-Feng Su</name></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>college students</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cultural change</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>animal welfare consciousness</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>10.1177_0920203X05051020</json:string></articleId><arkIstex>ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1</arkIstex><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>research-article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>9.304</score><pdfWordCount>9928</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>64354</pdfCharCount><pdfVersion>1.5</pdfVersion><pdfPageCount>29</pdfPageCount><pdfPageSize>442.299 x 664.039 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractWordCount>192</abstractWordCount><abstractCharCount>1328</abstractCharCount><keywordCount>3</keywordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><title>China Information</title><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><issn><json:string>0920-203X</json:string></issn><eissn><json:string>1741-590X</json:string></eissn><publisherId><json:string>CIN</json:string></publisherId><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><pages><first>67</first><last>95</last></pages><genre><json:string>journal</json:string></genre></host><namedEntities><unitex><date><json:string>2005</json:string><json:string>1990s</json:string><json:string>1998</json:string><json:string>2002</json:string><json:string>1208</json:string><json:string>2003</json:string><json:string>1082</json:string><json:string>3/3/05</json:string><json:string>1989</json:string><json:string>2004</json:string></date><geogName></geogName><orgName><json:string>US Fish and Wildlife</json:string><json:string>University of Houson-Downtown</json:string><json:string>China University of Science and Technology</json:string><json:string>Russia Seizes China-Bound Truck</json:string><json:string>US, and European</json:string><json:string>China Central Television</json:string><json:string>University of Houston-Downtown</json:string><json:string>Zu China Information</json:string><json:string>Anhui University</json:string><json:string>China Information</json:string><json:string>Department of Comprehensive Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics</json:string><json:string>Hefei’s China University of Science and Technology</json:string><json:string>South China Morning Post</json:string><json:string>American Zoo Association</json:string><json:string>AAF</json:string><json:string>China Daily</json:string><json:string>National People</json:string><json:string>Animals Asia Foundation</json:string><json:string>Qinghua University</json:string><json:string>Beijing Foreign Studies University</json:string><json:string>China Raids Wildlife Markets, Seizes Thousands of Animals</json:string><json:string>Communist Party</json:string><json:string>China Wildlife Conservation Association</json:string><json:string>Taiwan and Hong Kong</json:string><json:string>Congress</json:string><json:string>China Bear Rescue Campaign</json:string><json:string>International Fund for Animal Welfare</json:string><json:string>IFAW</json:string></orgName><orgName_funder><json:string>International Fund for Animal Welfare</json:string><json:string>IFAW</json:string></orgName_funder><orgName_provider></orgName_provider><persName><json:string>Peter Li</json:string><json:string>Clifton</json:string><json:string>Charlotte C. 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Li</json:string><json:string>Zhao Nanyuan</json:string><json:string>Zhou Houqiong</json:string><json:string>Li Xiaoxi</json:string><json:string>Mao Tsetung</json:string><json:string>Jill Robinson</json:string><json:string>Zheng Yi</json:string><json:string>Sage Publications</json:string><json:string>Press</json:string><json:string>Chris D. Frith</json:string><json:string>John O’Doherty</json:string><json:string>Randy Peerenboom</json:string><json:string>David Fang</json:string><json:string>You Liu</json:string><json:string>Ben Seymour</json:string><json:string>Nancy J. 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Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Economics, Econometrics and Finance</json:string><json:string>3 - General Economics, Econometrics and Finance</json:string><json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>3 - General Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>1 - Social Sciences</json:string><json:string>2 - Arts and Humanities</json:string><json:string>3 - General Arts and Humanities</json:string></scopus><inist><json:string>1 - sciences humaines et sociales</json:string></inist></categories><publicationDate>2005</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2005</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1177/0920203X05051020</json:string></doi><id>6D30C97AC375B7EBFEF2887C2A371F757DD6C329</id><score>1</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1/fulltext.pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1/bundle.zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1/fulltext.tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">Findings and Analysis</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher scheme="https://scientific-publisher.data.istex.fr">Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi</pubPlace><availability><licence><p>sage</p></licence></availability><p scheme="https://loaded-corpus.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XBH-0J1N7DQT-B"></p><date>2005</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="research-article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-1JC4F85T-7">research-article</note><note type="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students</title><title level="a" type="sub" xml:lang="en">Findings and Analysis</title><author xml:id="author-0000"><persName><forename type="first">Zu</forename><surname>Shuxian</surname></persName><affiliation>Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China</affiliation><affiliation>Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Peter J.</forename><surname>Li</surname></persName><affiliation>University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA</affiliation><affiliation>University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Pei-Feng</forename><surname>Su</surname></persName></author><idno type="istex">6D30C97AC375B7EBFEF2887C2A371F757DD6C329</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1177/0920203X05051020</idno><idno type="article-id">10.1177_0920203X05051020</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j">China Information</title><idno type="pISSN">0920-203X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1741-590X</idno><idno type="publisher-id">CIN</idno><idno type="PublisherID-hwp">spcin</idno><imprint><publisher>Sage Publications</publisher><pubPlace>London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2005-03"></date><biblScope unit="volume">19</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="67">67</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="95">95</biblScope></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2005</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>college students</term></item><item><term>cultural change</term></item><item><term>animal welfare consciousness</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2005-03">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/M70-X4HLK16L-1/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="corpus sage not found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.3 20070202//EN" URI="journalpublishing.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.3" xml:lang="EN"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">spcin</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">CIN</journal-id><journal-title>China Information</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">0920-203X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Sage Publications</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0920203X05051020</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.1177_0920203X05051020</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students</article-title><subtitle>Findings and Analysis</subtitle></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shuxian</surname><given-names>Zu</given-names></name><aff>Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><aff>University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas, USA</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Su</surname><given-names>Pei-Feng</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>03</month><year>2005</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><abstract><p>The moral character of China’s single-child generation has been studied by
Chinese researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college
students turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This
study joins the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child
generation, i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the
feelings of others, are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically,
the study investigates whether the college students are in favor of better treatment
of animals, objects of unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the
help of two surveys conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes
that the college students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation,
are not morally compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy
toward animals and opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in
families with better material conditions has not undercut the moral development of
the students. Importantly, the study supports the view that China is philosophically
ready for legislation on animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural,
and economic factors that discourage societal activism for animal protection.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>college students</kwd><kwd>cultural change</kwd><kwd>animal welfare consciousness</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-wrap><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>sagemeta-type</meta-name><meta-value>Journal Article</meta-value></custom-meta><custom-meta xlink:type="simple"><meta-name>search-text</meta-name><meta-value> 67 Animal Welfare Consciousness of Chinese College Students: Findings and
Analysis Z U S H U X I A N , P E T E R J . L I , A N D P E I - F E N G S U Abstract The
moral character of China's single-child generation has been studied by Chinese
researchers since the early 1990s. Recent acts of animal cruelty by college students
turned this subject of academic inquiry into a topic of public debate. This study joins
the inquiry by asking if the perceived unique traits of the single-child generation,
i.e. self-centeredness, lack of compassion, and indifference to the feelings of others,
are discernible in their attitudes toward animals. Specifically, the study investigates
whether the college students are in favor of better treatment of animals, objects of
unprecedented exploitation on the Chinese mainland. With the help of two surveys
conducted in selected Chinese universities, this study concludes that the college
students, a majority of whom belong to the single-child generation, are not morally
compromised. A high percentage of the surveyed expressed empathy toward animals and
opposed animal cruelty. This finding suggests that upbringing in families with better
material conditions has not undercut the moral development of the students. Importantly,
the study supports the view that China is philosophically ready for legislation on
animal welfare despite the remaining ideological, cultural, and economic factors that
discourage societal activism for animal protection. Keywords college students, cultural
change, animal welfare consciousness Authors' affiliation Zu Shuxian is professor of
epidemiology and social medicine at Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Peter J. Li
is assistant professor of political science at the University of Houston-Downtown,
Houston, Texas, USA. Pei-feng Su is an animal welfare consultant who has worked on
animal welfare issues in various Asian countries. Please address all correspondence to
Peter Li. In early 2002, an animal cruelty incident electrified the mainland Chinese
media. A mysterious visitor, twice within one month, poured caustic soda and sulphuric
acid on five captive bears at Beijing Zoo.1 The bears sustained severe damage to their
eyes, skin, mouths, and internal organs. Outpouring sympathy for the victims was coupled
with condemnation from all directionschina INFORMA TIONCop yr ight © 2005, Sage Pub
lications, London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi. Vol XIX (1) 6795 [DOI:
10.1177/0920203X05051020] CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 67 at the perpetrator. For
months, the Chinese media gave extensive coverage of the incident. One Internet forum
reportedly received more comments on the incident than on any other domestic or
international event.2 Why did such a seemingly random act of animal cruelty attract so
much attention? The focal point of the incident was Liu Haiyang, the bear attacker. On
the one hand, the public was quick to note Liu's upbringing in a single-child family.
Liu's behavior seemed to confirm the public's perceptions of China's 80 million
single-child youngsters, who are viewed as self-centered, uncaring, and indifferent to
the feelings of others.3 On the other hand, the public expressed shock that the cruel
act was perpetrated by someone with all the trappings of a promising professional and
political future. Liu was a science student at Beijing's prestigious Qinghua University,
the alma mater of many contemporary Chinese leaders including President Hu Jintao,
former Premier Zhu Rongji, and other ranking officials in the Party and government.4 The
view that those who are cruel to animals are likely to be indifferent to the welfare of
their fellow humans is gaining wider acceptance on the Chinese mainland. Are China's
college students, particularly the science students, morally compromised in their
judgments on issues related to animals? The bear attack incident intensified the debate
between supporters for ani- mal protection and their opponents.5 To animal advocates,
anticruelty or animal welfare legislation could not be put off any longer.6 China's
legal experts formed a research group and submitted a proposal on anticruelty
legislation to the National People's Congress.7 Similar proposals were also submitted by
the people's deputies to the national legislature and Beijing Municipal People's
Congress.8 Yet, animal welfare legislation has not yet appeared on the radar screen of
China's legislative agenda. According to Professor Li Xiaoxi, a long-time animal
advocate and deputy of Beijing's Haidian People's Congress, officials held that an
anticruelty law was "too progressive" for China since the authorities believed that they
would have great difficulty enforcing such a law in a developing country.9 While oppo-
nents fear that such a law could adversely impact the thriving factory farms often
operated in poor conditions, officials are afraid that the law is not enforceable. Qiao
Xinsheng, an outspoken opponent of animal welfare legis- lation, said more pointedly
that the welfare standards to be included in an anticruelty law were Western in origin
and contradicted Chinese traditional values.10 In October 2002, an international
symposium on animal welfare was held in Hefei in China's Anhui Province. At the
conference, the bear attack China Inf or mation XIX (1) 68 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00
amPage 68 incident and China's need for animal welfare legislation were hot issues.
Acting on a proposal from the conference participants, we took on the pro- ject to
survey China' college students and to determine their attitudes toward animals. Since
today's college students are China's future political, econ- omic, and opinion leaders,
their attitudes toward animals and the changes in their attitudes over time will have a
direct impact on the nation's animal wel- fare consciousness. More immediately,
ascertaining the college students' atti- tudes toward animals along with a comparative
study of other surveys conducted in mainland China will reveal whether mainland Chinese
society is philosophically ready for animal-related policy change. Survey design and
administration This study of the college students' attitudes toward animals involved two
sep- arate surveys conducted in 2002 and 2003. For comparative purposes, we have
included in our analysis the results of a 1998 survey of Beijing and Shanghai residents
conducted by the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). Although the IFAW survey,
the first of its kind in mainland China, has its limitations due to the fact that
Beijing and Shanghai may not neces- sarily represent the entire nation, its reference
value cannot be denied since the views of their residents could not differ greatly from
those of the rest of the nation. One extraordinary accomplishment of the Chinese
government over the last half century has been its ability to achieve a high level of
uni- formity in public opinion across the country through thought reforms, mass
political campaigns, state media propaganda, and the educational system. Attitudes
toward animals expressed by Shanghai and Beijing residents should mirror the general
attitudes in the nation. Objectives First of all, this study aimed to determine whether
China's college students growing up in a country 27 times richer than the one they were
born into are in any way different from the rest of Chinese society in attitudes toward
ani- mals. Is upbringing under better material conditions or in single-child families
creating a generation with compromised moral judgments? In their efforts to explain the
many alleged "unique" traits of the single-child young- sters, Chinese researchers have
focused on the role of the family, schools, and society at large in the socialization of
China's youth. According to theirZu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of
Chinese Students 69 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 69 studies, families do play an
important role in shaping the youths' values, views, and world outlook, but family
influence wanes as youths get older.11 They found that the single-child youngsters, many
of whom are college students, are not different from the rest of the society in value
judgment. One study even found an overwhelming majority of the surveyed (84%) single-
child youngsters to be sympathetic to others.12 If society as a whole plays a more
prominent role in the socialization, how much do the students resem- ble society in
attitudes toward animals? Second, shocking incidents involving college science majors
have been a disturbing occurrence in recent years. A science major was caught inten-
tionally spreading a computer virus in one case only to be overshadowed by another in
which a two-month-old puppy was microwaved alive. People were asking: what was wrong
with the science students? Li Yan of Qinghua University attributed these incidents to
China's overemphasis on training technical talents while ignoring the need to develop
students' moral charac- ter.13 One indicator of this lopsided emphasis on technical
education is believed to be the neglect of education in humanities in China's science
and engineering schools.14 Such neglect in the Chinese education system, some scholars
worried, could result in the production of technical talents who are deficient in
compassion, defiant of state laws, supercilious of morality, and unconscious of their
social responsibility.15 Are the science majors different from their nonscience
counterparts? Studies conducted by Chinese scholars have found that, despite their
different modes of thinking and different approaches to problem-solving, science
students have adopted the same values and outlook as the nonscience majors.16 Can
similar results be ex- pected in attitudes toward animals between the science and
nonscience students? Attitudinal change can be an important impetus to policy change.
Our follow-up survey in 2003 was designed to gauge the impact of severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) on the attitudes of the college students. In an effort to
fight the epidemic, scientists reportedly traced the source of the virus causing SARS to
a number of wildlife species, such as civet cats, sold on the live animal markets in
South China.17 The ensuing media exposures of the conditions of China's live animal
markets and wildlife eating habits revealed that many of the wild animals and other
animals on these markets were crammed in tiny cages without food or water for days. Some
of the cap- tured wild animals were even dying from illness, severe deprivation, or from
gangrene caused by missing limbs or other bodily wounds. These animals are China Inf or
mation XIX (1) 70 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 70 not food, but huge health hazards.
The follow-up survey was to determine whether SARS had impacted on the students'
attitudes toward animals. Questionnaires The questionnaires for the 2002 and 2003
surveys are slightly different. While the 2003 survey adopted all the questions used in
the 2002 survey, it contained three additional sets of questions. Both surveys included
demo- graphic questions (name [optional], gender, year in college, location of family
residence, and field of study [science, engineering, medicine, agriculture, lib- eral
arts or social sciences]). The main body of both surveys consisted of three sections for
the 2002 survey and four sections for the 2003 survey. In section one, both surveys
asked whether animals were sentient beings and whether they were capable of pain and
suffering. These two questions were asked to determine whether the college students were
empathetic with animals. As Tania Singer and her colleagues wrote in a recent edition of
Science, the abil- ity to empathize with others is a prerequisite for understanding,
attachment, bonding, and love.18 In this section, we also asked whether the students
were interested in animal-related literature and broadcast programs. The next section in
both surveys was designed to evaluate the respondents' reactions to a variety of
situations in which animals were exploited for enter- tainment, as food, and for other
purposes. First, we asked about the students' views on the relations between humans and
animals. Next, we asked about the respondents' perception of zoos. The last question
listed 10 acts such as skinning quails alive and using small live animals as shooting
targets. We expected this question to indicate the level of students' empathy toward
ani- mals. The third section of both surveys touched on the students' attitudes toward
animal protection activities. We asked if they philosophically sup- ported,
participated, or intended to participate in animal protection activi- ties. We expected
answers to these two questions to indicate whether the societal environment was, in
general, favorable or unfavorable to animal- related activities by individuals and
organizations. In the 2003 survey, three sets of additional questions were added. We
asked the respondents whether eating dog meat was morally the same as consuming meat
from other animals. The second set of questions focused on wildlife farming. We asked
specifically if the respondents had ever heard of bear farming, a practice for
extracting bile from an open wound cut in theZu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare
Consciousness of Chinese Students 71 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 71 bear's stomach.
Additionally, we asked those who had heard of bear farming whether they considered it to
be acceptable. Finally, we asked if the respon- dents had experienced attitudinal change
as a result of the outbreak of SARS. Participants In both the 2002 and 2003 surveys, we
resorted with good reason to what some call the "convenient samples of college
students." A total of 1,300 students were drawn for both surveys. While the 2002 survey
was con- ducted in 13 universities, the 2003 survey was repeated in 10 of them. China's
universities can be categorized into three groups. At the top of the tertiary education
system are the national key universities under the State Education Commission (SEC).
These include the highly selective comprehen- sive and science schools such as Beijing
University and Hefei's China University of Science and Technology. Next to these top
schools are the fairly selective national key universities run by the government's
various func- tional ministries including the SEC. Beijing Foreign Studies University
belongs to this category. Finally, most universities and colleges fall under the
administration of provincial authorities such as Zhangjiakou Architectural College and
Anhui University. The first two groups of schools admit students from different parts of
the country where local diet, customs, and habits are not the same; provincial schools
generally enroll students from their own provinces. As Table 1 shows, our samples were
drawn from schools belong- ing to the different categories. We took care to stratify our
samples so that they represented both sexes, different years in school, different
disciplines, and locations of family resi- dence (rural and urban). We expected that the
two survey results would mirror the attitudinal and behavioral orientation of the
single-child genera- tion since a majority of the college students are from this group.
By including students from different academic disciplines, we could compare the
attitudes of science students with those of their nonscience counterparts. Some
clarification about the actual samples drawn is necessary. First, the two samples
consisted of more students from the science disciplines (science, engineering,
agriculture, and medicine) whereas the liberal arts and social sciences (hereafter
nonscience) majors together accounted for 26.6% and 22.5% for the 2002 and 2003 surveys,
respectively. Like other socialist states, China attaches greater importance to
education in natural sciences. Social science subjects that had their origins in the
West such as psychology China Inf or mation XIX (1) 72 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 72
were denounced as pseudoscience. Mao Zedong even considered the elimina- tion of all
social science majors from China's colleges during the Cultural Revolution (196676).19
This ideological bias has continued in the post-Mao era. In 1998, for example, about 60%
of those admitted to colleges wereZu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of
Chinese Students 73 Type of schoolsSource of students2002 survey (13 in total)2003
survey (10 in total) Highly selective comprehensive universitiesNationwideBeijing
UniversityBeijing University NationwideFudan University (in Shanghai)Fudan University
(in Shanghai) Highly selective technology and engineering universitiesNationwideQinghua
University (in Beijing)Qinghua University (in Beijing) NationwideChina University of
Science and Technology (in Hefei, Anhui Province)China University of Science and
Technology (in Hefei, Anhui Province) Fairly selective schools run by the State
Education MinistryNationwideBeijing Foreign Studies University NationwideEast China
Normal University (in Shanghai)East China Normal University (in Shanghai) Provincial-run
universitiesRegionalAnhui University; Anhui Medical University; Anhui Agriculture
University; Anhui College of Chinese Traditional Medicine; Anhui Textile College (in
Hefei, Anhui Province)Anhui University; Anhui Medical University; Anhui College of
Chinese Traditional Medicine (in Hefei, Anhui Province) RegionalZhangjiakou
Architectural College (in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province)Zhangjiakou Architectural College
(in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province) Table 1 Universities where samples were drawn for the
2002 and 2003 surveys Table 2 Background of the 2002/2003 samples; by gender
GenderNumber surveyed2002/2003 2002/2003% Male598/58749.5/54.3 Female540/42144.7/38.9 No
answer70/735.8/6.8 Total1208/1081100.0RegionalShanghai University (in Shanghai)Shanghai
University (in Shanghai) CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 73 enrolled in science,
engineering, medicine, and agriculture. Only 37.8% went to social sciences and liberal
arts departments.20 Second, a majority of the samples (68.3% in 2002 and 66.0% in 2003)
was drawn from the freshmen and the sophomore classes. Ideally, the samples should be
evenly distributed among the juniors and seniors as well. Yet, age, duration of college
education, or educational accomplishments may not be positively correlated with a higher
animal welfare consciousness.21 Some studies on animal attitudes even suggest that less
education is an indi- cator of greater willingness to extend moral rights to animals.22
The 1998 IFAW survey in Beijing and Shanghai also confirmed that educational attain-
ment did not naturally translate into enhanced animal protection aware- ness.23 The
educated are also the ones most exposed to foreign ideas including foreign criticism of
aspects of the Chinese culture. Instead of accepting Western versions of animal welfare,
they may more vehemently defend Chinese practices including acts of animal cruelty.24
Our samples nevertheless reflected the sudden increase in college enrollment since 1998.
Third, compared with the 2002 survey, the 2003 poll had a significantly smaller
percentage of female respondents (38.9%). In the 2002 survey, female respondents
accounted for 44.7% of all the qualified participants. We do not know for sure what
caused the drop in the female respondents in 2003. One likely factor could be the
smaller return rate of the questionnaires (83.1% as opposed to 92.9% in 2002) and higher
number of invalid ques- tionnaires (6.8% compared with 5.8% in 2002). While 44.7% of
female respondents in the 2002 survey might overrepresent the actual number of female
college students, 38.9% of female respondents in 2003 mirrored the actual gender
composition of China's universities where males outnumber females. China Inf or mation
XIX (1) 74Table 3 Background of the 2002/2003 samples; by subject of study MajorsNumber
surveyed2002/2003 2002/2003% Science452/34037.4/31.5
Technology/Engineering261/28121.6/26.0 Medicine135/19111.2/17.7 Agriculture46/63.8/0.6
Liberal arts149/10112.3/9.3 Social sciences173/14314.3/13.2 No answer56/194.6/1.8
Total1208/1081100.0 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 74 Finally, the location of family
residence of the samples (37.9% rural and 51.2% urban in 2002 and 34.6% rural and 56.9%
urban in 2003) also mir- rored the composition of China's college students, a majority
of whom (60% to 70%) are from urban families. If we accept the findings of other Chinese
scholars that society has played a bigger role in political socialization, we should
expect our survey results to reflect the attitudes of both the urban and the rural
residents toward animals. Survey administration The two surveys were conducted exactly
one year apart. Both surveys were carried out by the environmental groups at each
university. The survey objectives were explicitly stated to the respondents. For quality
control, we issued a five-point instruction to survey administrators emphasizing the
importance of randomness in sampling, consent participation, individual filling out of
the questionnaire in the presence of the survey administrator, and exclusion of
enthusiasts who might volunteer to take part in the survey and who could be advocates of
or opponents to animal rights or animal wel- fare. Participants were required to answer
each survey question truthfully. We also stipulated that no foreign students be included
in the sample.Zu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of Chinese Students 75
Table 4 Background of the 2002/2003 student samples StudentsNumber surveyed2002/2003
2002/2003% Freshmen452/33337.4/30.8 Sophomores373/38030.9/35.2 Juniors132/23210.9/21.5
Seniors207/10917.1/10.1 No answer44/253.6/2.3 Total1208/1081100.0 Table 5 Background of
the 2002/2003 samples; by location of family residence ResidenceNumber surveyed2002/2003
2002/2003% Rural458/37437.9/34.6 Urban618/61551.2/56.9 No answer132/9110.9/8.4
Total1208/1081100.0 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 75 Findings and discussions For both
surveys, we drew 1,300 samples. A total of 1208 questionnaires were received for the
2002 survey, a return rate of 92.9% of the question- naires issued. However only 1081
valid questionnaires, accounting for 83.1% of the total questionnaires distributed, were
received for the 2003 survey. Empathy for animals In 1998, IFAW funded a survey of
residents in Beijing and Shanghai on their attitudes toward animals. The results were
surprisingly encouraging in that a majority of the respondents reacted in favor of
better treatment of animals. In the words of Merritt Clifton, editor-in-chief of Animal
People, the results strikingly resembled those conducted in the USA some 10 to 15 years
earlier.25 In Beijing and Shanghai, 93.6% of the respondents believed that animals were
capable of suffering and pain. Only 4.9% believed otherwise. And, as many as 93.7%
agreed that animals had emotions of sadness and happiness.26 Our surveys have shown
similar attitudes among the college students with insignificant variations between males
and females and between students from urban and rural households. In the 2002 survey,
97.8% of the respondents said that animals had the capacity for pain and suffering. And,
96.1% of the surveyed agreed that animals were capable of emotional expressions. This
perception of animals as sentient beings was confirmed by our follow-up survey conducted
in 2003 in which 98.2% and 96.4% of the respondents believed that animals could feel
pain and had emotions. In terms of empathy for animals, China's college students do not
stand as a separate group. As a matter of fact, our two surveys have shown that the
college students scored higher in empathy for animals than the Beijing and Shanghai
residents. Interest in animal-related works and broadcast programs Interest in animals
or in literature and broadcast programs on animals do not necessarily correlate with
high animal welfare consciousness. Yet, people with such interest tend to be more
knowledgeable about animals and are more likely to empathize with them. Again, let's
look at the IFAW survey as a frame of reference. Almost 79% of the Beijing and Shanghai
respondents expressed interest in animal-related works and broadcast programs.27 In
comparison, only 70.1% and 70.4% of respondents in our 2002 and 2003 China Inf or mation
XIX (1) 76 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 76 surveys said that they liked such works or
programs. The students scored lower than the Shanghai and Beijing residents. The
difference in the level of interest between our samples and the IFAW respondents could
be attributable to the fact that college students had less free time for recreational
reading and television-watching. However, while 4.4% of the IFAW samples said they were
not at all interested in reading about animals or watching broadcast programs on
animals, only 3.4% of our samples in both 2002 and 2003 surveys felt the same. Also
comparatively, 17.3% of the Beijing and Shanghai residents said that they were not
particularly interested in animal-related literature and TV programs, but they did not
mind reading such literature or watching such programs. The college students who shared
the same view accounted for 26% in the 2003 survey. Therefore, in terms of accepting
animal-related literature and programs, the college students do not differ significantly
from the Beijing and Shanghai residents. One question could be raised as to the relation
between the level of interest in animal-related works and the increase of such works in
recent years. Specifically, to what extent is the respondents' interest a result of the
increased number of animal-related publications and broadcast productions? Readers and
viewers are likely to read or watch more of such works without actively seeking to do so
if such works increase in quantity. Human-animal relations Anyone who has ever been to
South China's live animal markets would be shocked at the conditions assorted animals
are subjected to. Annie Mather, media director of Animals Asia Foundation, gave a vivid
description of her first impression of a wildlife market in Guangdong: My reaction the
first time I stepped into a live animal market was one of real horror. I know that
animals "go to market" all over the world, in preparation to be sold and slaughtered
..., but what shocked me so much was that so many of the animals in the market in
Guangzhou were really suffering and nobody seemed to care. For example, the animals were
cooped up in tiny cages with no access to water or food, and worse, often with three
legs, dying of gangrene, waiting some- times for days or weeks in this condition until
they were sold.28 Annie Mather's observation is echoed by Manab Chakraborty, executive
director of Hong Kong's Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, who has for years monitored
wildlife trade in South China. He wrote that in South China,Zu, Li & Su: Animal
W elfare Consciousness of Chinese Students 77 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 77 "wild
animals are always poorly treated. Most found in markets are dehy- drated, injured and
sick. Some traders develop cruel ways of killing them as a 'gimmick' to attract
customers seeking the new and exciting."29 While the live animal markets in South China
can be "soulless hellholes" for varieties of animals whose value is dependent on their
use value to the humans, how do the college students see animals? Do they also hold a
utilitarian view? To our surprise, our surveys display a very low percentage (2.7% and
2.5%) of the respondents who saw animals' existence for human use. In contrast, 92.4%
and 93% of the college respondents in the two surveys believed that animals and their
welfare deserved respect and equal consideration. One recent development on the Chinese
mainland is the sudden appear- ance of many wildlife parks and private zoos.30 There
have been reports exposing the poor conditions in many of these facilities.31 Yet,
aggressive marketing by the zoo owners has portrayed these largely profit-seeking oper-
ations as educational and conservational institutions. How did the college students
perceive the zoos? While 53.4% and 52.0% of the respondents in the 2002 and 2003 surveys
viewed zoos as prisons for animals, a little more than a quarter of the respondents
(25.7% in 2002 and 26.1% in 2003) saw zoos as the place for human-animal interaction. As
Merritt Clifton pointed out to the authors, "this is the inverse of most US, and
European findings" despite the fact that Chinese zoos are approximately 50 years behind
the animal wel- fare standards stipulated by the American Zoo Association.32 But, why do
more than a quarter of the college respondents view zoos uncritically? We believe that
there could be three possible explanations. First, most urban dwellers in mainland China
have never even seen squirrels or wild rabbits, animals which one sees in one's backyard
or in public parks in the West. Except for their appearance on TV, in books, or in the
live animal mar- kets mostly in South China, zoos are the only place for urban Chinese
to see wild animals. Second, the aggressive marketing of the many newly built wildlife
parks and private zoos could have influenced many in society. Third, public debates on
controversial issues, such as the 1989 Tiananmen Massacre and AIDS epidemic in China's
Henan Province, have always been discouraged by the government who sees such a forum as
potentially de- stabilizing. Animal welfare activists in China have long fought a hard
battle to get their messages across.33 Public debate on animal cruelty has been dis-
couraged by the authorities for fear that such a debate would invite more foreign
pressure to close profit-making and job-creating businesses charged with animal
cruelty.34 China Inf or mation XIX (1) 78 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 78 Wildlife
eating The outbreak of SARS brought international attention to the rampancy of wildlife
eating in China.35 Though this eating habit was traditionally limited to South China, it
has in recent years spread to the rest of the country like prairie fire.36 In one of the
biggest live animal markets in Guangzhou, the annual sales value of wildlife amounted to
RMB 800 million (about US$100 million). On a normal market day before SARS, one could
find almost any- thing creepy, crawly, feathery, and slippery for sale to the thousands
of local restaurants dealing in exotic foods. Many wild animals on sale were either
freshly caught in the wild with missing or bloody limbs or artificially bred on the
thousands of wildlife breeding farms often operated in abject conditions. Among the
thousands of live, dead, or dying animals were state-protected species such as spotted
deer, pangolins, owls, and others.37 Like its manufac- tured goods, Guangdong's taste
for wild animals has spread to the rest of the country. Shanghai residents reportedly
consume as many live snakes a year as those in Guangzhou. Northeast China has seen
illegal poaching and slaughtering of the state-protected black bears for their paws, a
rare delicacy in the local diet.38 Wildlife eating has continued unabated in many parts
of the country despite the SARS epidemic. Very recently, Russian customs authorities
seized 800 bear paws bound for China.39 How common is wildlife eating (wild animals
including endangered species such as the Siberian tiger, black and brown bears, to
pangolins, owls, and others such as wild rabbits, snakes, and frogs) among the general
public? Contrary to the perceptions of outside observers, both the IFAW and our surveys
have found that wildlife eating remains a culinary subculture. In Beijing and Shanghai,
37.8% of those surveyed said that they had eaten wild animals in the recent past.40 The
IFAW survey result could be interpreted as reflecting the general situation of wildlife
eating not only in the two cities, but also in other major urban centers. Comparatively,
only 24% of the surveyed college students in our 2003 survey had eaten wildlife in
recent years. Admittedly, the lower percentage of college students who had eaten
wildlife is perhaps attributable to the fact that they mostly dine at school canteens
where wildlife is not commonly served. Follow-up research is perhaps necessary to find
out why a majority of those surveyed had never eaten wildlife. Was wildlife eating not
part of their normal diet? Or did they consciously choose not to eat wildlife? A
question could even be posed to those who have eaten wildlife about whether they can do
without exotic tastes. With or without additional findings, the IFAW andZu, Li &
Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of Chinese Students 79 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage
79 our surveys show that wildlife eating is not part of the mainstream of China's
culinary culture. Acts of animal cruelty Cruelty to animals happens everywhere. Economic
liberalization in post-Mao China has made widespread exploitation of different kinds of
animals a byproduct of the national drive for wealth. To attract customers, some road-
side food stalls reportedly resort to cruel practices in food preparations. For example,
customers can order a particular cut of meat to be cut from a live donkey standing at
the side of the cooking pan.41 Eating brains forcefully taken from a live monkey is no
longer hearsay. At many wildlife parks, visi- tors can purchase live animals such as
rabbits, chicken, pigs, and even cows to feed hungry tigers.42 Lion cubs were chained to
poles and peacocks were forced to extend their wings for visitors to take pictures. Most
shockingly, visi- tors can practice live ammunition shooting by firing at small live
animals fastened on the target boards. Many wildlife parks and private zoos are oper-
ated in conditions where animals suffer from severe food and environmental
deprivation.43 In recent years, dog farms have emerged across the Chinese mainland. Dogs
are raised in small cages. They are slaughtered, skinned, and disem- boweled in full
view of other dogs waiting for their turn. While the mainland Chinese media has
increased its criticism of acts of animal cruelty, recent reports revealed that the
Beijing Municipal Government was actively con- sidering the introduction of
Spanish-style bullfights into China.44 How do the college students react to acts of
animal cruelty? Are they morally indifferent? In our surveys, we asked the respondents
to identify from a list of 10 acts those that they consider as cruel to animals. These
acts include "raising meat dogs in small cages," "using animals in circus performance,"
"eating brains taken from live monkeys," "putting on a monkey show," "skinning quails
alive," "force-watering pigs, fowls, and other livestock before slaughtering," "scaling
fish alive," "caging wild birds," "shooting small animals as live targets," and
"de-sexing pets." We included "de-sexing pets" because it is widely perceived to be a
cruel practice in China. Many Chinese mainlanders believe that taking away ani- mals'
reproductive capacity is cruel. Wang Meng's (writer and former Minister of Culture)
widely circulated essay "Mao hua" (Talking about cats) and its message of allowing cats
freedom to roam and breed could not but China Inf or mation XIX (1) 80 CIN 51020
Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 80 have some impact on the perception of sterilizing pets as a
cruel act.45 Besides, China's veterinary medicine has long been confined to the care of
farm animals. Veterinary care of household pets is a new phenomenon in China's major
metropolitan centers. People may still associate the procedure of sterilization of cats
with the simple and often crude roadside surgery for de-sexing roosters commonly
practiced in China's rural areas. Despite the fact that China's cities are increasingly
confronted with the growing stray population, few people except animal activists see the
need to control the pet population.46 Our surveys in 2002 and 2003 show that high
percentages of the respon- dents identified shooting small animals as targets, eating
brains taken from live monkeys, and skinning quails alive as particularly deplorable. As
ex- pected, over 40% of the respondents in both surveys saw sterilizing pets as cruel.
Refer to the tables for a summary of the two survey results. It is important to note
that, though most respondents concurred that these were all cruel acts against animals,
significant percentages of the respon- dents did not identify acts 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, and 8
as cruel. Yet, out of the 1082 respondents in the 2003 survey, a majority of them
selected more than four acts as cruel. Only 2.3% of the respondents checked one act
whereas those who checked five to 10 acts accounted for 71.4%. Noticeably, we did not
include testing on animals in the list. In addition to the fact that we could not
include every single act of animal cruelty in the list, we excluded animal use in test
labs due to one consideration. The list we offered in both surveys included the acts
that had recently been condemned by the Chinese media. At least the media's position on
many of these acts was crystal clear. It was our purpose to determine if the college
students would react similarly. Regrettably, animal testing is the least talked about
area of animal cruelty. As a result, we did not know the general public's position on
animal testing and therefore did not have a reference point for comparison. Animal
protection activities Are China's college students supportive of animal protection
activities? Do they participate in such activities? Both the 2002 and 2003 surveys
indicate that a high percentage of the respondents (95% and 93.7%, respectively)
philosophically supported animal protection work. In contrast, those who did not express
such support accounted for 0.8% and 1.4%. By comparison, 97.1%, 91.6%, and 94.0% of the
Beijing and Shanghai respondentsZu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of
Chinese Students 81 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 81 answered affirmatively to three
IFAW survey questions about whether they supported Chinese wildlife protection
organizations, international environ- mental groups, and international animal welfare
organizations.47 But philosophical support tends to stop short of direct and personal
par- ticipation. In the 2002 survey, 48.2% of the respondents said that they were
willing to participate whereas those who were not willing or who had not seriously
considered participating accounted for 51.4%. A slight improve- ment was seen in the
2003 survey where 51.0% said they intended to par- ticipate and 43.9% said that they
were not willing or not yet prepared to participate. Both the IFAW survey and ours show
that expression of support does not equate direct participation. The gap between
expression of support and actual participation seems to be a universal problem.
According to Merritt Clifton, few nations offer as many easily accessible opportunities
to help animals as the USA. However, "while 31% of US residents enjoy watching wildlife,
based on US Fish and Wildlife Service surveys, and approximately two-thirds of American
house- holds keep dogs or cats, only one US household in four donates to animal pro-
tection causes which receive less than 2% of all US charitable donations."48 In mainland
China, participation in animal protection activities is dis- couraged by a combination
of economic, ideological, and political factors. In today's China, economic
modernization is the government's top priority. Many profit-making enterprises, such as
the more than 270 bear farms, are involved in animal cruelty acts. Protesting against
these enterprises conflicts with the local need for growth.49 Ideologically, animal
lovers have long been smeared as elements who "worship decadent Western bourgeois
lifestyles"50 and as "members of the 5th column of Western imperialism." These elements
allegedly love to use animal cruelty incidents to defame their own mother- land.51 Is
the Chinese government behind the attack on animal advocates? Not necessarily. Yet, the
extremist antiforeign sentiment fostered by the ultra- leftist ideological
indoctrination in the prereform era cannot but influence the value judgments of some of
the opponents of animal welfare. Politically, the Chinese government continues to
suppress autonomous ini- tiatives from the society. Animal protection activities,
particularly protest activities against relevant government policies, are not received
well by the authorities. Public questioning of government's animal-related policies is
resisted since it may create a precedent, make government liable to potential law suits,
impact social stability, and ultimately shake the foundation of the one-party rule.52
These factors contribute to the maintenance of an environ- China Inf or mation XIX (1)
82 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 82 ment that is not congenial to societal
participation in autonomous activities for animal rights and welfare. Dog eating In the
2003 survey, we added a question on the moral difference between eat- ing dogs and
consuming beef, pork, and poultry. We intended to find out if the college students held
different views compared with the residents of Beijing and Shanghai. And, if they did,
what could the survey tell us? Dog eating has always existed in China. It was
traditionally limited to South and Northeast China. In recent years, dog eating has also
become more common across the mainland with the revival of dog ownership. Some local
authorities encourage their farmers to breed meat dogs as a source of income. While more
people are keeping dogs as pets, dog eating has also attracted increasing criticism from
within and outside China. How do the mainlanders perceive dog eating since it is banned
in Taiwan and Hong Kong? Thirty-six percent of the IFAW survey respondents saw no moral
dif- ference between dog eating and consumption of other common meats. The IFAW study
also showed that the higher the respondents' education (41.6% of college graduates,
40.7% of senior high graduates, 30.2% junior high graduates, 26.3% of elementary
graduates, and 18.4% of illiterates), the less difference they saw between eating dog
meat and consuming other animals.53 How do we explain this finding? One explanation
addresses the political background of the recipients of China's education. The
phenomenon of highly educated people seeing no moral difference between eating dogs and
beef or pork could reflect the extent to which educational opportunity in China had long
been reserved for loyal Communists, whose views might tend to reflect the opinion of ...
Mao Tsetung that dogs were parasites, better eaten than fed. Educated people born after
Mao's 1976's death may develop a different perspective.54 Our 2003 survey suggested that
"a different perspective" on dog eating is yet to arise among the new educated elite.
Forty-five percent of the 2003 survey college respondents saw dog eating as morally
acceptable. Merritt Clifton does not see the IFAW and our survey results as totally
negative. He wrote in an e-mail to the authors that,Zu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare
Consciousness of Chinese Students 83 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 83 while here in the
US, we are struggling to get people to begin to see eating a pig as being just as cruel
as eating a dog, in China the breakthrough may come simulta- neously on behalf of all
animals: the person who stops eating dogs will stop eating pigs and chickens too because
they will all be seen as being moral equals.55 The question we pose to Clifton is: are
the Chinese students really suggesting that eating other animal meat is morally wrong?
Or, are they simply being defensive of dog eating by suggesting that Western beef eating
is just as morally wrong? We do not know exactly why 45% of our respondents believed so.
But, a Qinghua University professor's open rebuttal of Western criticism of China's dog
farms can perhaps explain the feelings of these students.56 Highly educated people in
China are knowledgeable about the outside world, including outside criticisms of aspects
of Chinese culture. Importantly, they are also more nationalistic and are more sensitive
than the masses to China's image in the world. Being knowledgeable, they can cite
examples of foreign practices to counterattack foreign criticisms of Chinese practices.
Being nationalistic, they have the tendency to equate foreign criticisms with a
wholesale assault on the Chinese culture. Like educated South Koreans, educated Chinese
detest their motherland being portrayed as a barbaric nation because of dog eating or
other practices crit- icized by Westerners. The finding that a high percentage of the
educated mainland Chinese sees no moral difference between dog eating and consumption of
other meats remains an open question for further studies. Are they trying to defend a
culi- nary subculture in response to perceived hostile foreign criticism? Or, are they
simply expressing frustration that the moral question of consumption of other animals is
not equally discussed as Merritt Clifton suggested? Awareness of wildlife breeding In
the 2003 survey, we added two questions on students' awareness of wildlife breeding in
China. The objective was to determine if the students were also aware of the cruelty
associated with the wildlife farming activities. Wildlife farming in China involves many
species with economic and alleged medicinal values. Among the most intensively farmed
species are Asiatic bears, foxes, martens, civet cats, snakes, and frogs.57 It is only
in the last decade or so that conditions on the wildlife breeding farms have attracted
the attention of domestic and international animal welfare groups. We specifically asked
our China Inf or mation XIX (1) 84 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 84 respondents whether
they had heard about bear farming, the farming oper- ation that has aroused the most
domestic and international criticism for its cruel practice of bear confinement in small
iron cages for life and of bile extraction from an open wound cut in the stomach. For
years, bear farming had been praised glowingly in the mainland media as a "genius
invention" allegedly good for developing Chinese traditional medicine, creating jobs,
generating revenue, and conserving wild bears.58 Not only did people not know about
cruelty involved in bear farming, many people had never even heard of the farming
operation. According to the 1998 IFAW survey, only 30.2% of the Beijing and Shanghai
residents had ever heard of it.59 The China Bear Rescue Campaign launched by the Animals
Asia Foundation (AAF) and the personal fight of AAF's founder and CEO Jill Robinson on
behalf of the farm bears have brought Chinese and international attention to the
conditions of China's bear farms. Our 2003 survey showed that 40% of the respondents
said that they had read about bear farming. More importantly, over 87% of the IFAW
respondents and 90% of our 2003 survey subjects saw it as a cruel practice. Students'
recognition of the intrinsic cruelty of bear farming contradicts the Chinese official
claim that farm bear conditions have been improved and that bear farming is humane.
Science versus nonscience majors Our surveys did not find science students to be
different from their non- science counterparts in animal attitude. While they scored
lower, defined as views and attitudes unfavorable to animals, on some questions (raising
meat dogs in small cages, support of animal protection activities, and bear farming as
an acceptable practice), they scored higher on others (equal treatment of animals and
intention to participate in animal protection activ- ities). Interest of science
students in readings and broadcast programs on animals was 7% higher than the nonscience
majors (65%). In general, the difference in attitudes between the science and nonscience
students was insignificant. Attitudinal change after SARS Catastrophic events often lead
to attitudinal change. Has the Chinese public changed their attitudes toward animals
after the national SARS crisis? Months after the end of the epidemic, we could see a
positive trend in societalZu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of Chinese
Students 85 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 85 attitudes toward wildlife eating and
animal treatment in general. More people have realized that unbridled exploitation of
wildlife and other animals has adverse effects threatening not only China's wildlife
resources but also the welfare of humans. The government has for the first time called
on the people to adopt a civilized dietary habit.60 More than 1000 chefs across the
country responded by publicly vowing not to prepare wildlife food. In Guangzhou where
wildlife trade and eating had been most rampant, the government held public hearings for
the first time on the fate of wildlife trade in the province.61 How has the SARS
epidemic impacted on college students' attitudes toward animals? In response to our
survey question, 13% said that their for- merly unfavorable attitudes toward animals
have been changed after SARS. Fifteen percent of the respondents said their support for
the use and eating of wildlife remained unchanged. A total of 62.6% of the respondents
opposed wildlife eating. Yet, if we compare the results of 2002 and 2003 surveys, we see
noticeable differences in the students' attitudes. Tables 8 and 9 highlight the changes
in views and attitudes. Concluding remarks The two surveys on college students' animal
welfare consciousness were the first ever conducted on the Chinese mainland. What have
our survey results China Inf or mation XIX (1) 86Table 6 Percentage of respondents who
identified each act as cruel No.Choices2002 Survey2003 Survey N=1208N=1081 MoE ±
2.82*MoE ± 2.98* %% 1Raising meat dogs in small cages29.832.4 2Using animals in circus
performance38.243.8 3Eating brains taken from live monkeys88.590.4 4Putting on a monkey
show56.562.9 5Skinning quails alive74.574.4 6Force-watering pigs, cattle, fowls and
other60.363.3 livestock before slaughtering 7Scaling fish alive57.359.3 8Caging wild
birds51.653.6 9Shooting small animals as live targets90.289.2 10De-sexing pets41.944.4
*Based on total college student population of 19 million as of 2003 CIN 51020
Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 86 Zu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of Chinese
Students 87 Table 7 Percentage of respondents who identified one or more cruel acts
(2003 survey) No. of selections madeNo. of respondents% 1252.3 2555.1 3918.4 413512.5
516415.2 612211.3 713512.5 811110.3 9928.5 1014713.6 Total1078100 Table 8 Comparison of
science and nonscience students' responses, 2003 survey (%) AnswersScienceNonscience
majorsmajors N=837N=244 Yes, animals have the capacity for suffering.9898 Yes, I like
reading materials and TV programs about animals.7265 Yes, we should consider animal
welfare and treat them equally.9493 Yes, zoos are the place where animals are
imprisoned.5151 Yes, raising meat dogs in cages is cruel.3133 Yes, I support animal
protection activities.9295 Yes, I intend to participate in animal protection
activities.5246 Table 9 Comparison of 2002 and 2003 survey results (%) Answers2002
Survey 2003 Survey Yes, animals are capable of suffering.97.898.2 Yes, I like reading
materials and broadcast programs on animals.70.170.4 Yes, humans should treat animals
equally.48.655.6 Yes, animals exist for human use.2.72.5% Yes, it is cruel to raise meat
dogs in small cages.29.832.4 Yes, it is cruel to force animals to perform in
circuses.38.243.9 Yes, it is cruel to eat brains taken from a live monkey.88.990.7 Yes,
it is cruel to stage a monkey show.56.363.1 Yes, it is cruel to skin a quail
alive.74.574.7 Yes, it is cruel to force-water pigs, cows and other livestock60.363.5
before slaughtering. Yes, it is cruel to scale a fish alive.57.359.5 Yes, it is cruel to
keep a bird in a cage.51.653.8 Yes, I intend to participate in animal protection
activities.48.251.0 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 87 informed us in terms of the
students' attitudes toward animals? As the two surveys have demonstrated, China's
college students do not stand as a sepa- rate group with compromised moral judgments.
This is confirmed by the comparative analysis of our survey results with those of the
IFAW survey of 1998. Since society plays an important socialization role, the attitudes
of the college students toward animals are quite uniform regardless of their academic
focus, family residence status, years in college, and difference in gender. Our survey
results also shed light on the various possible obstacles that have hindered the rise of
animal welfare consciousness in society. These fac- tors seemed to be lurking in the
background and could also have conditioned the students' perspectives. The first of
these factors is the nation's priority of economic development. On questions that seemed
to suggest a choice between supporting economic growth and supporting animal protection,
we see divisive opinions or a tendency to lean toward growth. Another factor is the
state's preoccupation with social stability and the associated government revulsion
against unofficial groupings and activities. The low percentage of students'
participation in animal protection activities could be a rational response to the
political constraints of the government's position on groups and activities without
official sponsorship. Finally, nationalistic sentiment can bring forth defensive
postures, causing resistance to external calls for a change of particular Chinese
attitudes, behaviors, or policies. New research to study the connection between these
factors and students' attitudes is necessary to get more insight into the thought
process of the students. Importantly, our survey results suggest that China is
philosophically ready for breakthroughs in animal welfare policy making. A majority of
the students surveyed expressed empathy for animals. Most of them believed that animals
are sentient and have emotions. They deplored extreme cruelty against animals in the
catering business, entertainment industry, wildlife farms, and slaughter houses. They
stood for better treatment of animals. It is time for a drastic change in China's policy
regarding animal protection. Instead of ignoring the rising societal animal welfare
consciousness, China's legislative body should step up and consider anticruelty
legislation. Notes The authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose
comments have helped strengthen the article. They would also like to thank Professor
John Linantud of China Inf or mation XIX (1) 88 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 88 the
University of Houston-Downtown for his suggestions and comments on improving the style
and organization of the article. Institutional and financial support of the World
Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and University of Houson-Downtown are
gratefully acknowledged. 1Wang Jiaqin, Xiong Ying, and Zou Gui, "Qinghua xuesheng
xiadushuo liusuan shaoshang wu gouxiong" (A Qinghua University student viciously
attacked five bears using sulphuric acid), Jinghua shibao (Beijing times), 25 February
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1. 4Four out of seven of the 16th Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee members
were graduates of Beijing's Qinghua University. For background information of the 16th
Political Bureau members, see Sina news special report
, accessed 7 March 2004.
5Following the bear attack incident, a lively debate ensued among scholars in China on
animal rights and animal welfare. See, for example, Qiu Renzong's "Dongwu quanyi he yi
keneng?" (It is time to discuss the rights of animals),
, accessed 19 September 2003; and
a response by Zhao Nanyuan of Qinghua University in his essay titled "Dongwu quanli lun
de yaohai shi fan renlei" (The essence of the arguments for animal rights is
antihumanity), , accessed 1
March 2003. 6Mang Ping, "Dongwu fuli kaoyan renlei daode" (Animal welfare: a test of
human morality), Zhongguo qingnian bao (China youth daily), 13 November 2002, 9.
7Interview with Prof. Song Wei, animal welfare law expert of China University of Science
and Technology, 5 September 2003. 8Li Xiaoxi, deputy of Beijing's Haidian District
People's Congress and the first animal welfare activist who appealed to the national
leaders to stop bear farming, drafted and submitted, with sponsorship of National
People's Congress delegates "A Proposal on Animal Welfare Legislation" to the national
legislature. Personal interview with deputy Li in Beijing, 8 January 2004. 9Interview
with Li Xiaoxi in Beijing, 8 January 2004. 10Qiao Xinsheng, "Dongwu fuli lifa buneng
tuoli Zhongguo guoqing" (Animal welfare legislation cannot be divorced from China's
national conditions),
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April 2004. 11See, for example, Feng Xiaotian, "Dusheng zhinu de shehui hua guocheng
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generation), Zhongguo shehui kexue (Journal of Chinese social sciences) 6 (2000),
, accessed 20 January
2004; Zhu Yu and Zhang Yanping, "Shi 'xiao huangdi' haishi 'shehui dongliang?'" (Are
they "little emperors" or "pillars of the state"?), Zhongguo jiaoyu bao (China education
news), 10 March 2003, 4.Zu, Li & Su: Animal W elfare Consciousness of Chinese
Students 89 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 89 12Zhongguo dusheng zinu renge fazhan
ketizu (Research group for studying the character development of China's single-child
youth), "Zhongguo chengshi dusheng zinü renge fazhan xianzhuang ji jiaoyu yanjiu baogao"
(Report on the status and character development of China's urban single-child youth),
Zhongguo jiaoyu yanjiu (Journal of education studies), October 1998,
,
accessed 23 January 2004. 13Wang Ling, "Hushi renwen jiaoyu de eguo" (The consequence of
the neglect of education in humanities), Zhongguo xinwen wang (China online news
network), 26 February 2002,
, accessed 20
February 2004. 14"Daxuesheng suzhi jiaoyu de xianzhuang yu chengyin" (On the current
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Liqun, "Qiang hua zhiran kexue yu renwen kexue de fenli shi yizhong daotui" (It is
retrogressive to keep the sciences and humanities disciplines separate in college
education), Zhongguo gaige bao (China reform news), 2 June 1999, abstract obtainable at
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10 January 2004; Liu Yiqing, "Zhiye jishu yuanxiao shishi renwen jiaoyu de celue" (On
the tactics of implementing humanities education in professional technical schools),
Zhiye yu jiaoyu (Vocation and education) 5 (2000),
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January 2004. 17Jonathan Fowler, "WHO traces SARS to Civet Cats," a Yahoo News report,
, accessed 18 April 2004. 18Tania Singer,
Ben Seymour, John O'Doherty, Holger Kaube, Raymond J. Dolan, and Chris D. Frith,
"Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but Not Sensory Components of Pain," Science,
no. 303 (2004):115762. 19Wang Ziyong, "Jiaoyu dui Zhongguo xiandaihua jingcheng de
zhiyue" (The constraining effects of education on the process of China's modernization),
Zhongguo jiaoyu he keyan jisuanji wang (China education and research network), 2003,
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20Guojia tongjiju guomin jingji zonghe tongjishi (Department of Comprehensive
Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics), Xinzhongguo wushi nian tongji ziliao huibian
(Comprehensive statistical data and materials on 50 years of New China) (Beijing: China
Statistical Press, 1999), 8990. 21Prior studies found that those who are young and with
less education are actually more likely to support equal consideration of animal
welfare. See, for example, Stephen R. Kellert, The Value of Life: Biological Diversity
and Human Society (Washington: Island Press, 1996); Charles W. Peek, Nancy J. Bell, and
Charlotte C. Dunham, "Gender, Gender Ideology, and Animal Rights and Advocacy," Gender
and Society 10, no. 4 (1996): 46478. 22Corwin R. Kruse, "Gender, Views of Nature, and
Support for Animal Rights," Society and Animals 7, no. 3 (1999): 17998. China Inf or
mation XIX (1) 90 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 90 23International Fund for Animal
Welfare (IFAW), Public Opinion Survey on Animal Welfare (Beijing: BMS &
Associates, Inc., 1998). 24Personal communication with Merritt Clifton, chief editor of
Animal People, 17 January 2004. 25Merritt Clifton, "Kindness: Where East Meets West,"
Animal People, March 2000, 89. 26IFAW, Public Opinion Survey, 1. 27Ibid. 28Personal
communication with Annie Mather, Media Director of Animals Asia Foundation, 27 March
2004. 29Manab Chakraborty, "Wildlife Trade and Consumption Threaten Public Health,"
South China Morning Post, 5 June 2003. 30Li Bing, "Zhao Zhongxiang weiyuan: yesheng
dongwuyuan buneng zai jian le" (Deputy Zhao Zhongxiang: there should be no more wildlife
parks), Xinhua she (New China news agency), 7 March 2002,
, accessed 28 January
2004. 31Zhang Wei and Hou Yuelin, "Dongwu shijie zhuchiren Zhao Zhongxiang: renlei shi
yesheng dongwu de zhongjiezhe" (Humans are the terminators of wild animals: an interview
with Zhao Zhongxiang, host of CCTV's Animal World program), Liaosheng wanbao (Liaosheng
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Official Animals Asia Newsletter, 2003, 22. 32Personal communication with Merritt
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Haidian District People's Congress, 20 November 2003. 34Telephone interview with Li
Xiaoxi, 20 November 2003. 35"Wildlife Trade Faces Tough Curbs," China Daily, 28 May
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April 2004. 36Peter J. Li, "Animals in China: From 'Four Pests' to Two Signs of Hope,"
Animal People, October 2003, 8. 37Cindy Sui, "China Raids Wildlife Markets, Seizes
Thousands of Animals in SARS Fight," Agence France-Presse, 28 May 2003. 38Zheng Yi,
China's Ecological Winter (Hong Kong: The Mirror Books, 2001), 243. 39"Russia Seizes
China-Bound Truck with 800 Bear Paws," Reuters, 23 March 2004,
, accessed 5 April 2004.
40IFAW, Public Opinion Survey, 6. 41Telephone interview with Li Xiaoxi, deputy of
Haidian District People's Congress of Beijing Municipality, 20 November 2003. 42"Feeding
Time at Zoo Terrifies Children," South China Morning Post, 8 May 2000,
, accessed 7
April 2004. 43Ni Chingching, "Activists Claim Chinese Zoos Abuse Animals," an Associated
Press report, printed in Bradenton Herald, 5 January 2003,
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16 April 2004). 44David Fang, "Is Beijing Ready for Spanish Bullfights?," South China
Morning Post, 13 March 2004. Copy of the article provided by Animal People.Zu, Li
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Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 91 45Wang Meng, "Mao hua" (Talking about cats),
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3 March 2004. 46Telephone interview with Lu Di, director of Beijing Small Animals
Association, 6 November 2003. 47IFAW, Public Opinion Survey, 4. 48Personal communication
with Merritt Clifton, 24 March 2004. 49For example, bear farming in China's Sichuan
Province involves the incarceration of more than 2,000 bears suffering from the cruel
daily bile extraction from an open wound surgically created in their stomachs. Local
forestry officials admitted that bear farming was cruel. Yet, bear farming is directly
linked to many pharmaceutical companies in the province and therefore directly or
indirectly contributes to the employment of some 10,000 people. Telephone interview with
a provincial official in charge of wildlife conservation, 26 November 2003. 50Qin Gong,
"You quan duo wei huan shuo kai qu" (On the peril of too many dogs), People's Daily
(overseas edition), 3 August 1994, 3. 51Zhao, "Dongwu qunli lun de yaohai shi fan
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dongliang?'" (Are they "little emperors" or future "pillars of the state"?). Zhongguo
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Consciousness of Chinese Students 95 CIN 51020 Zu3/3/0510:00 amPage 95</meta-value> </custom-meta></custom-meta-wrap></article-meta></front><back><notes><p>The authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped
strengthen the article. They would also like to thank Professor John Linantud of the
University of Houston-Downtown for his suggestions and comments on improving the style
and organization of the article. Institutional and financial support of the World
Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) and University of Houson-Downtown are
gratefully acknowledged.</p><p>1 Wang Jiaqin, Xiong Ying, and Zou Gui, “Qinghua xuesheng xiadushuo liusuan
shaoshang wu gouxiong” (A Qinghua University student viciously attacked five
bears using sulphuric acid), <italic>Jinghua shibao</italic> (Beijing times), 25 February 2002, 32.</p><p>2 China Central Television, “San wei zhengxie weiyuan tan Qinghua xuesheng
shang xiong shijian” (Three delegates to the National People’s
Political Consultative Conference discuss the bear attack incident),
, accessed 20
January 2004.</p> <p>3 Wang Ruiwen, “Zai canren xingwei de beihou” (Behind the cruel act),
<italic>Jingzhou wanbao jiaoyu zhoukan</italic> (Jingzhou evening news education weekly), 7
April 2002, 1.</p><p>4 Four out of seven of the 16<sup>th</sup> Communist Party Politburo Standing Committee
members were graduates of Beijing’s Qinghua University. For background
information of the 16th Political Bureau members, see Sina news special report
, accessed 7 March 2004.</p> <p>5 Following the bear attack incident, a lively debate ensued among scholars in China on
animal rights and animal welfare. See, for example, Qiu Renzong’s
“Dongwu quanyi he yi keneng?” (It is time to discuss the rights of
animals), , accessed 19 September
2003; and a response by Zhao Nanyuan of Qinghua University in his essay titled
“Dongwu quanli lun de yaohai shi fan renlei” (The essence of the
arguments for animal rights is antihumanity),
, accessed 1 March 2003.</p> <p>6 Mang Ping, “Dongwu fuli kaoyan renlei daode” (Animal welfare: a
test of human morality), <italic>Zhongguo qingnian bao</italic> (China youth daily), 13 November
2002, 9.</p><p>7 Interview with Prof. Song Wei, animal welfare law expert of China University of Science
and Technology, 5 September 2003.</p><p>8 Li Xiaoxi, deputy of Beijing’s Haidian District People’s Congress
and the first animal welfare activist who appealed to the national leaders to stop bear
farming, drafted and submitted, with sponsorship of National People’s Congress
delegates “A Proposal on Animal Welfare Legislation” to the national
legislature. Personal interview with deputy Li in Beijing, 8 January 2004.</p><p>9 Interview with Li Xiaoxi in Beijing, 8 January 2004.</p><p>10 Qiao Xinsheng, “Dongwu fuli lifa buneng tuoli Zhongguo guoqing”
(Animal welfare legislation cannot be divorced from China’s national
conditions), ,
accessed 20 April 2004.</p> <p>11 See, for example, Feng Xiaotian, “Dusheng zhinu de shehui hua guocheng jiqi
jieguo” (The process and result of socialization of China’s
single-child generation), <italic>Zhongguo shehui kexue</italic> (Journal of Chinese social
sciences) 6 (2000), ,
accessed 20 January 2004; Zhu Yu and Zhang Yanping, “Shi ‘xiao
huangdi’ haishi ‘shehui dongliang?’” (Are they
“little emperors” or “pillars of the state”?),
<italic>Zhongguo jiaoyu bao</italic> (China education news), 10 March 2003, 4.</p> <p>12 Zhongguo dusheng zinu renge fazhan ketizu (Research group for studying the character
development of China’s single-child youth), “Zhongguo chengshi
dusheng zinü renge fazhan xianzhuang ji jiaoyu yanjiu baogao” (Report
on the status and character development of China’s urban single-child youth),
<italic>Zhongguo jiaoyu yanjiu</italic> (Journal of education studies), October 1998,
,
accessed 23 January 2004.</p> <p>13 Wang Ling, “Hushi renwen jiaoyu de eguo” (The consequence of the
neglect of education in humanities), <italic>Zhongguo xinwen wang</italic> (China online news
network), 26 February 2002,
, accessed 20
February 2004.</p> <p>14 “Daxuesheng suzhi jiaoyu de xianzhuang yu chengyin” (On the
current state and origin of quality education of the contemporary college students),
, accessed 12 June 2004.</p> <p>15 Liu Haoguang, “Zhi xuexi hao jiu xing ma? You Liu Haiyang shang xiong
shijian shuo qi” (Academic accomplishments are not everything: what did Liu
Haiyang’s bear attack incident tell us?), <italic>Zhongguo jiaoyu bao</italic> (China
education news), 2 March 2002, 2.</p><p>16 Qian Liqun, “Qiang hua zhiran kexue yu renwen kexue de fenli shi yizhong
daotui” (It is retrogressive to keep the sciences and humanities disciplines
separate in college education), <italic>Zhongguo gaige bao</italic> (China reform news), 2 June
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celue” (On the tactics of implementing humanities education in professional
technical schools), <italic>Zhiye yu jiaoyu</italic> (Vocation and education) 5 (2000),
, accessed 22
January 2004.</p> <p>17 Jonathan Fowler, “WHO traces SARS to Civet Cats,” a Yahoo News
report,
, accessed 18 April 2004.</p> <p>18 Tania Singer, Ben Seymour, John O’Doherty, Holger Kaube, Raymond J. Dolan,
and Chris D. Frith, “Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but Not Sensory
Components of Pain,” <italic>Science</italic>, no. 303 (2004):1157–62.</p><p>19 Wang Ziyong, “Jiaoyu dui Zhongguo xiandaihua jingcheng de zhiyue”
(The constraining effects of education on the process of China’s
modernization), <italic>Zhongguo jiaoyu he keyan jisuanji wang</italic> (China education and
research network), 2003, ,
accessed 12 February 2004.</p> <p>20 Guojia tongjiju guomin jingji zonghe tongjishi (Department of Comprehensive
Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics), <italic>Xinzhongguo wushi nian tongji ziliao
huibian</italic> (Comprehensive statistical data and materials on 50 years of New China)
(Beijing: China Statistical Press, 1999), 89–90.</p><p>21 Prior studies found that those who are young and with less education are actually more
likely to support equal consideration of animal welfare. See, for example, Stephen R.
Kellert, <italic>The Value of Life: Biological Diversity and Human Society</italic> (Washington:
Island Press, 1996); Charles W. Peek, Nancy J. Bell, and Charlotte C. Dunham,
“Gender, Gender Ideology, and Animal Rights and Advocacy,”
<italic>Gender and Society</italic> 10, no. 4 (1996): 464–78.</p><p>22 Corwin R. Kruse, “Gender, Views of Nature, and Support for Animal
Rights,” <italic>Society and Animals</italic> 7, no. 3 (1999): 179–98.</p><p>23 International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), <italic>Public Opinion Survey on Animal
Welfare</italic> (Beijing: BMS & Associates, Inc., 1998).</p><p>24 Personal communication with Merritt Clifton, chief editor of <italic>Animal People</italic>,
17 January 2004.</p><p>25 Merritt Clifton, “Kindness: Where East Meets West,” <italic>Animal
People</italic>, March 2000, 8–9.</p><p>26 IFAW, <italic>Public Opinion Survey</italic>, 1.</p><p>27 Ibid.</p><p>28 Personal communication with Annie Mather, Media Director of Animals Asia Foundation,
27 March 2004.</p><p>29 Manab Chakraborty, “Wildlife Trade and Consumption Threaten Public
Health,” <italic>South China Morning Post</italic>, 5 June 2003.</p><p>30 Li Bing, “Zhao Zhongxiang weiyuan: yesheng dongwuyuan buneng zai jian
le” (Deputy Zhao Zhongxiang: there should be no more wildlife parks),
<italic>Xinhua she</italic> (New China news agency), 7 March 2002,
, accessed 28 January 2004.</p> <p>31 Zhang Wei and Hou Yuelin, “Dongwu shijie zhuchiren Zhao Zhongxiang: renlei
shi yesheng dongwu de zhongjiezhe” (Humans are the terminators of wild
animals: an interview with Zhao Zhongxiang, host of CCTV’s Animal World
program), <italic>Liaosheng wanbao</italic> (Liaosheng evening news), 28 May 2002,
, accessed 19 September
2003; see also AAF (Animals Asia Foundation), “Emergency Help: Starving Bears
in Yulin Zoo, China, January 2003,” <italic>The Official Animals Asia
Newsletter</italic>, 2003, 22.</p> <p>32 Personal communication with Merritt Clifton, 24 March 2004.</p><p>33 Telephone interview with Li Xiaoxi, deputy of Beijing’s Haidian District
People’s Congress, 20 November 2003.</p><p>34 Telephone interview with Li Xiaoxi, 20 November 2003.</p><p>35 “Wildlife Trade Faces Tough Curbs,” <italic>China Daily</italic>, 28 May
2003, , accessed 27
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Signs of Hope,” <italic>Animal People</italic>, October 2003, 8.</p><p>37 Cindy Sui, “China Raids Wildlife Markets, Seizes Thousands of Animals in
SARS Fight,” <italic>Agence France-Presse</italic>, 28 May 2003.</p><p>38 Zheng Yi, <italic>China’s Ecological Winter</italic> (Hong Kong: The Mirror Books,
2001), 243.</p><p>39 “Russia Seizes China-Bound Truck with 800 Bear Paws,”
<italic>Reuters</italic>, 23 March 2004,
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Congress of Beijing Municipality, 20 November 2003.</p><p>42 “Feeding Time at Zoo Terrifies Children,” <italic>South China Morning
Post</italic>, 8 May 2000,
, accessed 7
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Associated Press report, printed in <italic>Bradenton Herald</italic>, 5 January 2003,
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16 April 2004).</p> <p>44 David Fang, “Is Beijing Ready for Spanish Bullfights?,” <italic>South
China Morning Post</italic>, 13 March 2004. Copy of the article provided by <italic>Animal People</italic>.</p><p>45 Wang Meng, “Mao hua” (Talking about cats),
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November 2003.</p><p>47 IFAW, <italic>Public Opinion Survey</italic>, 4.</p><p>48 Personal communication with Merritt Clifton, 24 March 2004.</p><p>49 For example, bear farming in China’s Sichuan Province involves the
incarceration of more than 2,000 bears suffering from the cruel daily bile extraction
from an open wound surgically created in their stomachs. Local forestry officials
admitted that bear farming was cruel. Yet, bear farming is directly linked to many
pharmaceutical companies in the province and therefore directly or indirectly
contributes to the employment of some 10,000 people. Telephone interview with a
provincial official in charge of wildlife conservation, 26 November 2003.</p><p>50 Qin Gong, “You quan duo wei huan shuo kai qu” (On the peril of too
many dogs), <italic>People’s Daily</italic> (overseas edition), 3 August 1994, 3.</p><p>51 Zhao, “Dongwu qunli lun de yaohai shi fan renlei.”</p><p>52 Randy Peerenboom, “SARS and Civil Society. Animal Cruelty: A Litmus Test for
Mainland Political Reform?” <italic>South China Morning Post</italic>, 28 May 2003.</p><p>53 IFAW, <italic>Public Opinion Survey</italic>, 39.</p><p>54 Clifton, “Kindness,” 8–9.</p><p>55 Ibid.</p><p>56 Huang Chuan, “Gei guoji sheng bona quan zhengjiu zuzhi de fuxin”
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