Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado
Identifieur interne : 000981 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000980; suivant : 000982Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado
Auteurs : Samuel R. Dominguez ; Christine C. Robinson ; Kathryn V. HolmesSource :
- Journal of Medical Virology [ 0146-6615 ] ; 2009-09.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Acute life, Antibiotics albuterol steroids, Assay, Care unit, Chest fever hypoxia, Clin, Clin microbiol, Clinical associations, Clinical characteristics, Clinical features, Clinical presentation, Clinical presentations, Colorado denver school, Coronavirus, Coronavirus hku1, Coronavirus infections, Coronaviruses, Diagnostic virology laboratory, Different hcovs, Dominguez, Emergency department, Enteric, Enteric disease, Febrile seizures, Gastrointestinal symptoms, Gerna, Grant number, Grant sponsor, Hcov, Hcov infections, Hcovs, Healthy children, Hoek, Hong kong, Hrvs, Human bocavirus, Human coronavirus, Human coronavirus infections, Human coronaviruses, Human rhinovirus, Immunocompromised, Immunocompromised patients, Infection, Kuypers, Large number, Lrti, Lrtis, Nervous system, Novel coronavirus, Npws, Nucleocapsid gene, Other coronavirus infections, Picu, Positive samples, Potential roles, Respiratory infections, Respiratory specimens, Respiratory symptoms, Respiratory syndrome, Respiratory tract disease, Respiratory tract infections, Respiratory viruses, Retractions cough rhinorrhea congestion conjunctivitis pharyngitis rash, Rhinorrhea, Rhinovirus, Same time period, Sensitive assays, Souza luna, Supplemental table, Tract illness, Tract infection, Tract symptoms, Urti symptoms, Vabret, Virol, Virology, Virus type, Wilcoxon test, Winter months, World health organization, Young children.
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (P = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (P = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:1597–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21541
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ISTEX:E9998BF3A6A988E0D8CDBE197F5ECCCD50AB47D3Le document en format XML
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Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. 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Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (P = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (P = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. 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Children</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><availability><licence>Copyright © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</licence></availability><date type="published" when="2009-09"></date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content-type" subtype="article" source="article" scheme="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</note><note type="publication-type" subtype="journal" scheme="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="article"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado</title><title level="a" type="short" xml:lang="en">Human Coronavirus Infections in Children</title><author xml:id="author-0000" role="corresp"><persName><forename type="first">Samuel R.</forename><surname>Dominguez</surname></persName><email>samuel.dominguez@ucdenver.edu</email><affiliation><orgName type="division">Department of Pediatrics</orgName><orgName type="institution">The Children's Hospital</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine</orgName><address><addrLine>Aurora</addrLine><addrLine>Colorado</addrLine><country key="US" xml:lang="en">UNITED STATES</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Christine C.</forename><surname>Robinson</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="laboratory">Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</orgName><orgName type="institution">The Children's Hospital</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine</orgName><address><addrLine>Aurora</addrLine><addrLine>Colorado</addrLine><country key="US" xml:lang="en">UNITED STATES</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Kathryn V.</forename><surname>Holmes</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="department">Department of Microbiology</orgName><orgName type="institution">University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine</orgName><address><addrLine>Aurora</addrLine><addrLine>Colorado</addrLine><country key="US" xml:lang="en">UNITED STATES</country></address></affiliation></author><idno type="istex">E9998BF3A6A988E0D8CDBE197F5ECCCD50AB47D3</idno><idno type="ark">ark:/67375/WNG-0F654RF3-M</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/jmv.21541</idno><idno type="unit">JMV21541</idno><idno type="toTypesetVersion">file:JMV.JMV21541.pdf</idno></analytic><monogr><title level="j" type="main">Journal of Medical Virology</title><title level="j" type="alt">JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY</title><idno type="pISSN">0146-6615</idno><idno type="eISSN">1096-9071</idno><idno type="book-DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9071</idno><idno type="book-part-DOI">10.1002/jmv.v81:9</idno><idno type="product">JMV</idno><imprint><biblScope unit="vol">81</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">9</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="1597">1597</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="1604">1604</biblScope><biblScope unit="page-count">8</biblScope><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2009-09"></date></imprint></monogr></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><encodingDesc><schemaRef type="ODD" url="https://xml-schema.delivery.istex.fr/tei-istex.odd"></schemaRef><appInfo><application ident="pub2tei" version="1.0.10" when="2019-12-20"><label>pub2TEI-ISTEX</label><desc>A set of style sheets for converting XML documents encoded in various scientific publisher formats into a common TEI format.
<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><head>Abstract</head><p>Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (<hi rend="italic">P</hi> = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:1597–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="kwd1">coronavirus</term><term xml:id="kwd2">rhinovirus</term><term xml:id="kwd3">respiratory infection</term><term xml:id="kwd4">children</term></keywords><keywords rend="articleCategory"><term>Research Article</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-0F654RF3-M/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-9071</doi><issn type="print">0146-6615</issn><issn type="electronic">1096-9071</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="JMV"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY">Journal of Medical Virology</title><title type="short">J. Med. Virol.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="90"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/jmv.v81:9</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="81">81</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">9</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2009-09">September 2009</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="130" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/jmv.21541</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="JMV21541"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="8"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Research Article</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="publisher">Copyright © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2009-04-15"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2009-07-22"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2009-07-22"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.3.2 mode:FullText source:HeaderRef result:HeaderRef" date="2010-03-15"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-30"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">1597</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">1604</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, B055, 13123 E 16th Ave. Aurora, CO 80045.===</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:JMV.JMV21541.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="53"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="1689"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado</title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">Human Coronavirus Infections in Children</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Samuel R.</givenNames><familyName>Dominguez</familyName></personName><contactDetails><email>samuel.dominguez@ucdenver.edu</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af2"><personName><givenNames>Christine C.</givenNames><familyName>Robinson</familyName></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af3"><personName><givenNames>Kathryn V.</givenNames><familyName>Holmes</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af3" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">coronavirus</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">rhinovirus</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">respiratory infection</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">children</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>TCH Research Institute Pilot Grant</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>NIH (to S.R.D.)</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>K08 AI‐073525</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>NIH (to K.V.H.)</fundingAgency><fundingNumber>PO1‐AI‐059576</fundingNumber></fundingInfo><supportingInformation><p>
Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.
</p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:01466615:media:jmv21541:jmv_21541_sm_SupplTabS1"></mediaResource><caption>Supplemental Table I: Primers Used in PCRs. (RDRP = RNA dependent RNA polymerase)</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (<i>P</i> = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (<i>P</i> = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:1597–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Human Coronavirus Infections in Children</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Detection of four human coronaviruses in respiratory infections in children: A one‐year study in Colorado</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Samuel R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Dominguez</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: samuel.dominguez@ucdenver.edu</affiliation><affiliation>Correspondence address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, B055, 13123 E 16th Ave. Aurora, CO 80045.===</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christine C.</namePart><namePart type="family">Robinson</namePart><affiliation>Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kathryn V.</namePart><namePart type="family">Holmes</namePart><affiliation>Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2009-09</dateIssued><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-04-15</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2009</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">1</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">53</extent><extent unit="words">1689</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Lower respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Studies on the epidemiology and clinical associations of the four human non‐SARS human coronaviruses (HCoVs) using sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of HCoV infections worldwide. Pediatric respiratory specimens (1,683) submitted to a diagnostic virology laboratory over a 1‐year period (December 2004–November 2005) that were negative for seven respiratory viruses by conventional methods were tested for RNA of four HCoVs using sensitive RT‐PCR assays. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in 84 (5.0%) specimens: HCoV‐NL63 in 37 specimens, HCoV‐OC43 in 34, HCoV‐229E in 11, and HCoV‐HKU1 in 2. The majority of HCoV infections occurred during winter months, and over 62% were in previously healthy children. Twenty‐six (41%) coronavirus positive patients had evidence of a lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), 17 (26%) presented with vomiting and/or diarrhea, and 5 (8%) presented with meningoencephalitis or seizures. Respiratory specimens from one immunocompromised patient were persistently positive for HCoV‐229E RNA for 3 months. HCoV‐NL63‐positive patients were nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized (P = 0.02) and to have a LRTI (P = 0.04) than HCoV‐OC43‐positive patients. HCoVs are associated with a small, but significant number (at least 2.4% of total samples submitted), of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses in children in Colorado. Our data raise the possibility that HCoV may play a role in gastrointestinal and CNS disease. Additional studies are needed to investigate the potential roles of HCoVs in these diseases. J. Med. Virol. 81:1597–1604, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><note type="funding">TCH Research Institute Pilot Grant</note><note type="funding">NIH (to S.R.D.) - No. K08 AI‐073525; </note><note type="funding">NIH (to K.V.H.) - No. PO1‐AI‐059576; </note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>coronavirus</topic><topic>rhinovirus</topic><topic>respiratory infection</topic><topic>children</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Medical Virology</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Med. Virol.</title></titleInfo><genre type="journal" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://publication-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/JMC-0GLKJH51-B">journal</genre><note type="content"> Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.Supporting Info Item: Supplemental Table I: Primers Used in PCRs. 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