The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic
Identifieur interne : 000276 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000275; suivant : 000277The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic
Auteurs : Nicole C. J. Brienen ; Aura Timen ; Jacco Wallinga ; Jim E. Van Steenbergen ; Peter F. M. TeunisSource :
- Risk Analysis [ 0272-4332 ] ; 2010-08.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Aerosol, Aerosol inoculation, Aerosol transmission, American journal, Basic reproduction number, Considerable reduction, Contact transmission, Droplet, Droplet transmission, Environmental surfaces, Exact size criterion, Face mask, Face mask protection, Face masks, General population, Hand hygiene, Healthy individuals, Hong kong, Household contacts, Important role, Infection, Infection attack rate, Infection control, Infection risk, Infectious contacts, Infectious diseases, Infectious person, Infectivity, Inoculation, Literature search, Main features, Mask, Mask coverage, Mask coverage mcov, Mask meff, Mask protection factors, Mathematical models, Meff, Meff middle line, Multivariate analysis, National institute, Nonbiological particles, Nonpharmaceutical interventions, Other hand, Other objects, Pandemic, Paper masks, Population level, Possible effects, Probable sars patients, Public health, Public places, Reproduction number, Reproduction number rint, Respiratory infection, Respiratory infections, Respiratory syndrome, Rint, Risk analysis, Risk factors, Royal society, Sars, Sars epidemic, Sedimenting droplets, Surgical, Surgical mask, Surgical masks, Susceptible population, Transmission, Virus, Virus particles, Virus transmission, World health organization.
Abstract
Face masks have traditionally been used in general infection control, but their efficacy at the population level in preventing transmission of influenza viruses has not been studied in detail. Data from published clinical studies indicate that the infectivity of influenza A virus is probably very high, so that transmission of infection may involve low doses of virus. At low doses, the relation between dose and the probability of infection is approximately linear, so that the reduction in infection risk is proportional to the reduction in exposure due to particle retention of the mask. A population transmission model was set up to explore the impact of population‐wide mask use, allowing estimation of the effects of mask efficacy and coverage (fraction of the population wearing masks) on the basic reproduction number and the infection attack rate. We conclude that population‐wide use of face masks could make an important contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. Mask use also reduces the reproduction number, possibly even to levels sufficient for containing an influenza outbreak.
Url:
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01428.x
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ISTEX:E0CD2FCFF0028123400085514D1A595DAB4908D1Le document en format XML
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J.</forename><surname>Brienen</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</orgName><address><addrLine>Bilthoven</addrLine><addrLine>Netherlands.</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0001"><persName><forename type="first">Aura</forename><surname>Timen</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</orgName><address><addrLine>Bilthoven</addrLine><addrLine>Netherlands.</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0002"><persName><forename type="first">Jacco</forename><surname>Wallinga</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</orgName><address><addrLine>Bilthoven</addrLine><addrLine>Netherlands.</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation><affiliation><orgName type="institution">Julius Center for Health Services and Primary Care</orgName><orgName type="institution">University Medical Center</orgName><address><addrLine>Utrecht</addrLine><addrLine>Netherlands.</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0003"><persName><forename type="first">Jim E.</forename><surname>Van Steenbergen</surname></persName><affiliation><orgName type="institution">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)</orgName><address><addrLine>Bilthoven</addrLine><addrLine>Netherlands.</addrLine><country key="NL" xml:lang="en">THE NETHERLANDS</country></address></affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-0004"><persName><forename type="first">Peter F. 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<ref target="http://www.tei-c.org/">We use TEI</ref></desc></application></appInfo></encodingDesc><profileDesc><abstract xml:lang="en" style="main"><p>Face masks have traditionally been used in general infection control, but their efficacy at the population level in preventing transmission of influenza viruses has not been studied in detail. Data from published clinical studies indicate that the infectivity of influenza A virus is probably very high, so that transmission of infection may involve low doses of virus. At low doses, the relation between dose and the probability of infection is approximately linear, so that the reduction in infection risk is proportional to the reduction in exposure due to particle retention of the mask. A population transmission model was set up to explore the impact of population‐wide mask use, allowing estimation of the effects of mask efficacy and coverage (fraction of the population wearing masks) on the basic reproduction number and the infection attack rate. We conclude that population‐wide use of face masks could make an important contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. Mask use also reduces the reproduction number, possibly even to levels sufficient for containing an influenza outbreak.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords xml:lang="en"><term xml:id="k1">Influenza</term><term xml:id="k2">mask use</term><term xml:id="k3">pandemic</term><term xml:id="k4">preparedness</term></keywords><keywords rend="tocHeading1"><term>Original Research Article</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en"></language></langUsage></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2019-12-20" who="#istex" xml:id="pub2tei">formatting</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-8LCSPBQ7-2/fulltext.txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisherName><publisherLoc>Malden, USA</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1111/(ISSN)1539-6924</doi><issn type="print">0272-4332</issn><issn type="electronic">1539-6924</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="RISA"></id><id type="publisherDivision" value="ST"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" sort="RISK ANALYSIS">Risk Analysis</title><title type="subtitle">An International Journal</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="08108"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/risk.2010.30.issue-8</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="30">30</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue" number="8">8</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2010-08">August 2010</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="4" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley">10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01428.x</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="RISA1428"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="9"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="tocHeading1"><i>Original Research Article</i></title></titleGroup><copyright>© 2010 Society for Risk Analysis</copyright><eventGroup><event type="firstOnline" date="2010-05-20"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAcceptedOrEarlyUnpaginated" date="2010-05-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:BPG_TO_WML3G version:2.3.25 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-11-05"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2010-08-17"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:4.0.1" date="2014-03-20"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-11-03"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst" number="1210">1210</numbering><numbering type="pageLast" number="1218">1218</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>
Address correspondence to Nicole Brienen, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Epidemiology and Surveillance/Postvak 75, Postbus 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands; <email>nbrienen@gmail.com</email>.</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:RISA.RISA1428.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="1"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="2"></count><count type="formulaTotal" number="7"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="40"></count><count type="linksCrossRef" number="73"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main">The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic</title><title type="shortAuthors"><b>Brienen <i>et al</i>.</b></title><title type="short"><b>The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic</b></title></titleGroup><creators><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr1" affiliationRef="#a1" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Nicole C. J.</givenNames><familyName>Brienen</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr2" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Aura</givenNames><familyName>Timen</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr3" affiliationRef="#a1 #a2"><personName><givenNames>Jacco</givenNames><familyName>Wallinga</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr4" affiliationRef="#a1"><personName><givenNames>Jim E.</givenNames><familyName>Van Steenbergen</familyName></personName></creator><creator creatorRole="author" xml:id="cr5" affiliationRef="#a1 #a3"><personName><givenNames>Peter F. M.</givenNames><familyName>Teunis</familyName></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="a1" countryCode="NL"><unparsedAffiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a2" countryCode="NL"><unparsedAffiliation>Julius Center for Health Services and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="a3"><unparsedAffiliation>Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en"><keyword xml:id="k1">Influenza</keyword><keyword xml:id="k2">mask use</keyword><keyword xml:id="k3">pandemic</keyword><keyword xml:id="k4">preparedness</keyword></keywordGroup><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><p>Face masks have traditionally been used in general infection control, but their efficacy at the population level in preventing transmission of influenza viruses has not been studied in detail. Data from published clinical studies indicate that the infectivity of influenza A virus is probably very high, so that transmission of infection may involve low doses of virus. At low doses, the relation between dose and the probability of infection is approximately linear, so that the reduction in infection risk is proportional to the reduction in exposure due to particle retention of the mask. A population transmission model was set up to explore the impact of population‐wide mask use, allowing estimation of the effects of mask efficacy and coverage (fraction of the population wearing masks) on the basic reproduction number and the infection attack rate. We conclude that population‐wide use of face masks could make an important contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. Mask use also reduces the reproduction number, possibly even to levels sufficient for containing an influenza outbreak.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>The Effect of Mask Use on the Spread of Influenza During a Pandemic</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Nicole C. J.</namePart><namePart type="family">Brienen</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</affiliation><affiliation>E-mail: nbrienen@gmail.com</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Aura</namePart><namePart type="family">Timen</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jacco</namePart><namePart type="family">Wallinga</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</affiliation><affiliation>Julius Center for Health Services and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Jim E.</namePart><namePart type="family">Van Steenbergen</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Peter F. M.</namePart><namePart type="family">Teunis</namePart><affiliation>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.</affiliation><affiliation>Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article" authority="ISTEX" authorityURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr" valueURI="https://content-type.data.istex.fr/ark:/67375/XTP-6N5SZHKN-D">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Inc</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Malden, USA</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-08</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><extent unit="figures">1</extent><extent unit="tables">2</extent><extent unit="formulas">7</extent><extent unit="references">40</extent><extent unit="linksCrossRef">73</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Face masks have traditionally been used in general infection control, but their efficacy at the population level in preventing transmission of influenza viruses has not been studied in detail. Data from published clinical studies indicate that the infectivity of influenza A virus is probably very high, so that transmission of infection may involve low doses of virus. At low doses, the relation between dose and the probability of infection is approximately linear, so that the reduction in infection risk is proportional to the reduction in exposure due to particle retention of the mask. A population transmission model was set up to explore the impact of population‐wide mask use, allowing estimation of the effects of mask efficacy and coverage (fraction of the population wearing masks) on the basic reproduction number and the infection attack rate. We conclude that population‐wide use of face masks could make an important contribution in delaying an influenza pandemic. 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