Hepatitis C Virus in North Africa: An Emerging Threat
Identifieur interne : 002C64 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002C63; suivant : 002C65Hepatitis C Virus in North Africa: An Emerging Threat
Auteurs : Mohamed A. Daw [Libye] ; Abdallah El-Bouzedi [Libye] ; Mohamed O. Ahmed [Libye] ; Aghnyia A. Dau [Libye] ; Mohamed M. Agnan [Libye]Source :
- The Scientific World Journal [ 2356-6140 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a major public health threat associated with serious clinical consequences worldwide. North Africa is a unique region composed of seven countries that vary considerably in the predisposing factors to microbial diseases both historically and at the present time. The dynamics of HCV in the region are not well documented. The data are both limited and controversial in most of the countries in the region. In North Africa, the epidemiology of HCV is disparate and understanding it has been hampered by regional “epidemiological homogeneity” concepts. As the dynamics of HCV vary from country to country, context-specific research is needed. In this review, we assess studies performed in each country in the general populations as well as among blood donors and groups exposed to the HCV infection. The reported prevalence of HCV ranges from 0.6% to 8.4% in the Maghreb countries and is predominated by genotype 1. In the Nile valley region, it ranges from 2.2% to 18.9% and is dominated by genotype 4. In North African countries, HCV seems to be a serious problem that is driven by different vectors even in different geographical locations within the same country. Efforts should be combined at both the national and regional levels to implement efficient preventive and treatment strategies.
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/7370524
PubMed: 27610403
PubMed Central: 5004010
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Hepatitis C virus is a major public health threat associated with serious clinical consequences worldwide. North Africa is a unique region composed of seven countries that vary considerably in the predisposing factors to microbial diseases both historically and at the present time. The dynamics of HCV in the region are not well documented. The data are both limited and controversial in most of the countries in the region. In North Africa, the epidemiology of HCV is disparate and understanding it has been hampered by regional “epidemiological homogeneity” concepts. As the dynamics of HCV vary from country to country, context-specific research is needed. In this review, we assess studies performed in each country in the general populations as well as among blood donors and groups exposed to the HCV infection. The reported prevalence of HCV ranges from 0.6% to 8.4% in the Maghreb countries and is predominated by genotype 1. In the Nile valley region, it ranges from 2.2% to 18.9% and is dominated by genotype 4. In North African countries, HCV seems to be a serious problem that is driven by different vectors even in different geographical locations within the same country. Efforts should be combined at both the national and regional levels to implement efficient preventive and treatment strategies. </p>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">ScientificWorldJournal</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">TSWJ</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The Scientific World Journal</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2356-6140</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1537-744X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27610403</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5004010</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/7370524</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Hepatitis C Virus in North Africa: An Emerging Threat</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-5956</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Daw</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>El-Bouzedi</surname>
<given-names>Abdallah</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7542-886X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Ahmed</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dau</surname>
<given-names>Aghnyia A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Agnan</surname>
<given-names>Mohamed M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, P.O. Box 82668, Tripoli, Libya</aff>
<aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, P.O. Box 82668, Tripoli, Libya</aff>
<aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tripoli University, P.O. Box 13662, Tripoli, Libya</aff>
<aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>
Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, P.O. Box 82668, Tripoli, Libya</aff>
<aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Algabal Algarbi University, P.O. Box 3321, Nalut, Libya</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Mohamed A. Daw: <email>mohamedadaw@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Anna Linda Zignego</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2016</volume>
<elocation-id>7370524</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>21</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Mohamed A. Daw et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Hepatitis C virus is a major public health threat associated with serious clinical consequences worldwide. North Africa is a unique region composed of seven countries that vary considerably in the predisposing factors to microbial diseases both historically and at the present time. The dynamics of HCV in the region are not well documented. The data are both limited and controversial in most of the countries in the region. In North Africa, the epidemiology of HCV is disparate and understanding it has been hampered by regional “epidemiological homogeneity” concepts. As the dynamics of HCV vary from country to country, context-specific research is needed. In this review, we assess studies performed in each country in the general populations as well as among blood donors and groups exposed to the HCV infection. The reported prevalence of HCV ranges from 0.6% to 8.4% in the Maghreb countries and is predominated by genotype 1. In the Nile valley region, it ranges from 2.2% to 18.9% and is dominated by genotype 4. In North African countries, HCV seems to be a serious problem that is driven by different vectors even in different geographical locations within the same country. Efforts should be combined at both the national and regional levels to implement efficient preventive and treatment strategies. </p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Geographic distribution of HCV genotypes among HCV-infected individuals in North Africa. G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5 refer to the respective genotypes of HCV.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2016-7370524.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Mortality from HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma in North Africa.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2016-7370524.002"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>The impact of prevention and treatment on future prevalence rates of HCV. Modeled prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection Libya and Egypt. A: number of HCV-infected cases. B: number of cases after prevention. C: number of cases after prevention and treatment.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="TSWJ2016-7370524.003"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Prevalence of HCV, development parameters, and genotype distribution in North African countries.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th colspan="5" align="center" rowspan="1">Maghreb region</th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Nile region</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Countries</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Libya</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tunis</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Algeria</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morocco</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mauritania</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Egypt</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sudan</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population (millions)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.6</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population density (people/km<sup>2</sup>
)<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90<break></break>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22<break></break>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Literacy rate (M; F)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.95% (99.97; 99.93)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.06% (98.35; 97.76)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.59%<break></break>
(95.65; 95.52)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.19%<break></break>
(90.10; 75.87)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.63% (70.04; 54.98)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91.12%<break></break>
(93.42; 88.73)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.57%<break></break>
(91.29; 87.81)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">GNI (PPP US$)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16020</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3720</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4420</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2770</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2400</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6120</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2120</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HDI (2010–2014)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.849</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.712</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.736</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.628</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.453</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.644</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.408</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country classification</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LMI</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">LI</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="center" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Prevalence of HCV genotypes & subtypes</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2a, 2b</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2i, 2k</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90%</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4a</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4k</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4k</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4k</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4c, 4d</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4k</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2%</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">—</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>GNI, gross national income. PPP, purchasing power parity. HDI, human development index. HI, high income. LMI, lower middle income. LI, low income. </p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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