Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe
Identifieur interne : 002916 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002915; suivant : 002917Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe
Auteurs : Emanuele Del Fava [Italie] ; Raffaella Piccarreta [Italie] ; Simon Gregson [Royaume-Uni, Zimbabwe] ; Alessia Melegaro [Italie]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The relationship between the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and people’s choices about life course events describing the transition to parenthood–sexual debut, union (in the form of marriage, cohabitation, or long-term relationship), and parenthood–is still unclear. A crucial role in shaping this relationship may be played by the sequence of these events and by their timing. This suggests the opportunity to focus on the life courses in their entirety rather than on the specific events, thus adopting a holistic approach that regards each individual’s life course trajectory as a whole.
We summarise the individual life courses describing the transition to parenthood using ordered sequences of the three considered events. We aim to (
For both genders, individuals who experienced either premarital or delayed childbearing have higher HIV risk compared to individuals following more standard transitions. This can be explained by the interplay of the sequences with known HIV proximate determinants, e.g., a longer exposure to sexual activity and higher rates of premarital sex. Moreover, we found that people in the younger birth cohorts experience more normative and safer sequences.
The shift of younger generations towards more normative transitions to parenthood is a sign of behaviour change that might have contributed to the observed reduction in HIV prevalence in the area. On the other hand, for people with less normative transitions, targeted strategies are essential for HIV prevention.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163730
PubMed: 27684998
PubMed Central: 5042509
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe</title><author><name sortKey="Del Fava, Emanuele" sort="Del Fava, Emanuele" uniqKey="Del Fava E" first="Emanuele" last="Del Fava">Emanuele Del Fava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piccarreta, Raffaella" sort="Piccarreta, Raffaella" uniqKey="Piccarreta R" first="Raffaella" last="Piccarreta">Raffaella Piccarreta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Decision Science, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Decision Science, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gregson, Simon" sort="Gregson, Simon" uniqKey="Gregson S" first="Simon" last="Gregson">Simon Gregson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Zimbabwe</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melegaro, Alessia" sort="Melegaro, Alessia" uniqKey="Melegaro A" first="Alessia" last="Melegaro">Alessia Melegaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27684998</idno><idno type="pmc">5042509</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5042509</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5042509</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0163730</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002917</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002917</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002916</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002916</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe</title><author><name sortKey="Del Fava, Emanuele" sort="Del Fava, Emanuele" uniqKey="Del Fava E" first="Emanuele" last="Del Fava">Emanuele Del Fava</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piccarreta, Raffaella" sort="Piccarreta, Raffaella" uniqKey="Piccarreta R" first="Raffaella" last="Piccarreta">Raffaella Piccarreta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Department of Decision Science, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Decision Science, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gregson, Simon" sort="Gregson, Simon" uniqKey="Gregson S" first="Simon" last="Gregson">Simon Gregson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Zimbabwe</country><wicri:regionArea>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Melegaro, Alessia" sort="Melegaro, Alessia" uniqKey="Melegaro A" first="Alessia" last="Melegaro">Alessia Melegaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The relationship between the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and people’s choices about life course events describing the transition to parenthood–sexual debut, union (in the form of marriage, cohabitation, or long-term relationship), and parenthood–is still unclear. A crucial role in shaping this relationship may be played by the sequence of these events and by their timing. This suggests the opportunity to focus on the life courses in their entirety rather than on the specific events, thus adopting a holistic approach that regards each individual’s life course trajectory as a whole.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We summarise the individual life courses describing the transition to parenthood using ordered sequences of the three considered events. We aim to (<italic>i</italic>) investigate the association between the sequences and HIV infection, and (<italic>ii</italic>) understand how these sequences interact with known mechanisms for HIV transmission, such as the length of sexual exposure and the experience of non-regular sexual partnerships. For this purpose, we use data from a general population cohort study run in Manicaland (Zimbabwe), a Sub-Saharan African area characterised by high HIV prevalence.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>For both genders, individuals who experienced either premarital or delayed childbearing have higher HIV risk compared to individuals following more standard transitions. This can be explained by the interplay of the sequences with known HIV proximate determinants, e.g., a longer exposure to sexual activity and higher rates of premarital sex. Moreover, we found that people in the younger birth cohorts experience more normative and safer sequences.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The shift of younger generations towards more normative transitions to parenthood is a sign of behaviour change that might have contributed to the observed reduction in HIV prevalence in the area. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27684998</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5042509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0163730</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-08383</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunodeficiency Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunodeficiency Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunodeficiency Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Immunodeficiency Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>RNA viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Retroviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Lentivirus</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Retroviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Lentivirus</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Microbial Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Retroviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Lentivirus</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Viruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral Pathogens</subject><subj-group><subject>Retroviruses</subject><subj-group><subject>Lentivirus</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and health sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV infections</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Research Design</subject><subj-group><subject>Cohort Studies</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Behavior</subject><subj-group><subject>Human Sexual Behavior</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and health sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Public and occupational health</subject><subj-group><subject>Preventive medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV prevention</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and health sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>HIV epidemiology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Africa</subject><subj-group><subject>Zimbabwe</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Transition to Parenthood and HIV Infection in Rural Zimbabwe</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Life Course Trajectories and HIV Infection</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id authenticated="true" contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-8525</contrib-id><name><surname>Del Fava</surname><given-names>Emanuele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piccarreta</surname><given-names>Raffaella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gregson</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melegaro</surname><given-names>Alessia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Department of Decision Science, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Policy Analysis and Public Management, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Anglewicz</surname><given-names>Philip</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold> EDF RP AM.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold> EDF RP.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold> EDF.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Funding acquisition:</bold> AM SG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Investigation:</bold> EDF.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold> EDF RP.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold> AM.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Resources:</bold> SG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Software:</bold> EDF RP.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Supervision:</bold> AM.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Validation:</bold> EDF RP.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold> EDF.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold> EDF RP SG AM.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold> EDF RP SG AM.</p></list-item></list></p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>emanuele.delfava@unibocconi.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e0163730</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Del Fava et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Del Fava et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0163730.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>The relationship between the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and people’s choices about life course events describing the transition to parenthood–sexual debut, union (in the form of marriage, cohabitation, or long-term relationship), and parenthood–is still unclear. A crucial role in shaping this relationship may be played by the sequence of these events and by their timing. This suggests the opportunity to focus on the life courses in their entirety rather than on the specific events, thus adopting a holistic approach that regards each individual’s life course trajectory as a whole.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We summarise the individual life courses describing the transition to parenthood using ordered sequences of the three considered events. We aim to (<italic>i</italic>) investigate the association between the sequences and HIV infection, and (<italic>ii</italic>) understand how these sequences interact with known mechanisms for HIV transmission, such as the length of sexual exposure and the experience of non-regular sexual partnerships. For this purpose, we use data from a general population cohort study run in Manicaland (Zimbabwe), a Sub-Saharan African area characterised by high HIV prevalence.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>For both genders, individuals who experienced either premarital or delayed childbearing have higher HIV risk compared to individuals following more standard transitions. This can be explained by the interplay of the sequences with known HIV proximate determinants, e.g., a longer exposure to sexual activity and higher rates of premarital sex. Moreover, we found that people in the younger birth cohorts experience more normative and safer sequences.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The shift of younger generations towards more normative transitions to parenthood is a sign of behaviour change that might have contributed to the observed reduction in HIV prevalence in the area. On the other hand, for people with less normative transitions, targeted strategies are essential for HIV prevention.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781</institution-id><institution>European Research Council</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>283955</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Melegaro</surname><given-names>Alessia</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004440</institution-id><institution>Wellcome Trust</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>050517/z/97abc</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Gregson</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group><funding-statement>EDF and AM carried out this research with support provided by the European Research Council under the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013), ERC grant agreement n° 283955. SG was supported by Manicaland HIV/STD Prevention project funded by the Wellcome Trust, under grant agreement n° 050517/z/97abc. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="21"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data for the analysis are within the Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data for the analysis are within the Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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