Food Security in Households of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study in a Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal
Identifieur interne : 002713 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002712; suivant : 002714Food Security in Households of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study in a Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal
Auteurs : Pallabi Dasgupta [Inde] ; Sharmistha Bhattacherjee [Inde] ; Dilip Kumar Das [Inde]Source :
- Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health [ 1975-8375 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adversely impacts food security in households of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Little research has focused on food insecurity among PLWHA in India. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and factors relating to food security in households of PLWHA in the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out among 173 PLWHA residing in Siliguri and registered at the Anti-retroviral Therapy Centre of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital. Data was collected at the household level with interviews of PLWHA using a food security survey instrument. We analyzed the associations using logistic regression.
The prevalence of household food security among the participants was 50.9% (88/173). Five years or more of schooling, higher socioeconomic class and males were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of food security. A later stage of the disease and the presence of other family members with HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of food security. The major coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in the acute phase HIV infection included borrowing money (56.1%), followed by spousal support, loans from microfinance institutions, banks, or money lenders, borrowing food, or selling agricultural products.
The present study revealed that only about half of households with PLWHA were food secure. Prior interventions relating to periods of food and economic crisis as well as strategies for sustaining food security and economic status are needed in this area.
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DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.023
PubMed: 27499166
PubMed Central: 4977769
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Food Security in Households of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study in a Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal</title><author><name sortKey="Dasgupta, Pallabi" sort="Dasgupta, Pallabi" uniqKey="Dasgupta P" first="Pallabi" last="Dasgupta">Pallabi Dasgupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Siliguri,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha" sort="Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha" uniqKey="Bhattacherjee S" first="Sharmistha" last="Bhattacherjee">Sharmistha Bhattacherjee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Siliguri,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Dilip Kumar" sort="Das, Dilip Kumar" uniqKey="Das D" first="Dilip Kumar" last="Das">Dilip Kumar Das</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, Bardhaman,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27499166</idno><idno type="pmc">4977769</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4977769</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4977769</idno><idno type="doi">10.3961/jpmph.16.023</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002714</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002714</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002713</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002713</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Food Security in Households of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study in a Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal</title><author><name sortKey="Dasgupta, Pallabi" sort="Dasgupta, Pallabi" uniqKey="Dasgupta P" first="Pallabi" last="Dasgupta">Pallabi Dasgupta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Siliguri,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha" sort="Bhattacherjee, Sharmistha" uniqKey="Bhattacherjee S" first="Sharmistha" last="Bhattacherjee">Sharmistha Bhattacherjee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Siliguri,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Dilip Kumar" sort="Das, Dilip Kumar" uniqKey="Das D" first="Dilip Kumar" last="Das">Dilip Kumar Das</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-jpmph-49-4-240">Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, Bardhaman,<country>India</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1975-8375</idno><idno type="eISSN">2233-4521</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adversely impacts food security in households of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Little research has focused on food insecurity among PLWHA in India. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and factors relating to food security in households of PLWHA in the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out among 173 PLWHA residing in Siliguri and registered at the Anti-retroviral Therapy Centre of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital. Data was collected at the household level with interviews of PLWHA using a food security survey instrument. We analyzed the associations using logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>The prevalence of household food security among the participants was 50.9% (88/173). Five years or more of schooling, higher socioeconomic class and males were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of food security. A later stage of the disease and the presence of other family members with HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of food security. The major coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in the acute phase HIV infection included borrowing money (56.1%), followed by spousal support, loans from microfinance institutions, banks, or money lenders, borrowing food, or selling agricultural products.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>The present study revealed that only about half of households with PLWHA were food secure. Prior interventions relating to periods of food and economic crisis as well as strategies for sustaining food security and economic status are needed in this area.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masuku, Mb" uniqKey="Masuku M">MB Masuku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sithole, Mm" uniqKey="Sithole M">MM Sithole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Parker, Dc" uniqKey="Parker D">DC Parker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, Kh" uniqKey="Jacobsen K">KH Jacobsen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Komwa, Mk" uniqKey="Komwa M">MK Komwa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alemu, A" uniqKey="Alemu A">A Alemu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bezabih, T" uniqKey="Bezabih T">T 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Prev Med Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Prev Med Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPMPH</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1975-8375</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2233-4521</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27499166</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4977769</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3961/jpmph.16.023</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">jpmph-49-4-240</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Food Security in Households of People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study in a Subdivision of Darjeeling District, West Bengal</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6721-2353</contrib-id><name><surname>Dasgupta</surname><given-names>Pallabi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-jpmph-49-4-240"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jpmph-49-4-240"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-9195</contrib-id><name><surname>Bhattacherjee</surname><given-names>Sharmistha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-jpmph-49-4-240"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-0728</contrib-id><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>Dilip Kumar</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-jpmph-49-4-240"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="af1-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label>Department of Community Medicine, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Siliguri,<country>India</country></aff><aff id="af2-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>2</label>Department of Community Medicine, Burdwan Medical College & Hospital, Bardhaman,<country>India</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-jpmph-49-4-240">Corresponding author: Pallabi Dasgupta, MBBS Siliguri 734012, West Bengal, India Tel: +91-8296745820, Fax: +91-3532545478 E-mail: <email>dasguptapallabi@yahoo.in</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>240</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>24</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) adversely impacts food security in households of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Little research has focused on food insecurity among PLWHA in India. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and factors relating to food security in households of PLWHA in the Siliguri subdivision of Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out among 173 PLWHA residing in Siliguri and registered at the Anti-retroviral Therapy Centre of North Bengal Medical College & Hospital. Data was collected at the household level with interviews of PLWHA using a food security survey instrument. We analyzed the associations using logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>The prevalence of household food security among the participants was 50.9% (88/173). Five years or more of schooling, higher socioeconomic class and males were found to be significantly associated with a higher likelihood of food security. A later stage of the disease and the presence of other family members with HIV/AIDS were significantly associated with a lower likelihood of food security. The major coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in the acute phase HIV infection included borrowing money (56.1%), followed by spousal support, loans from microfinance institutions, banks, or money lenders, borrowing food, or selling agricultural products.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions:</title><p>The present study revealed that only about half of households with PLWHA were food secure. Prior interventions relating to periods of food and economic crisis as well as strategies for sustaining food security and economic status are needed in this area.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Human immunodeficiency virus</kwd><kwd>Food security</kwd><kwd>Households</kwd><kwd>India</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-jpmph-49-4-240" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Association of background variables with food security</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food secure</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food insecure</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n = 173)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AOR<sup><xref rid="tfn1-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></sup> (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (47.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (52.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (65.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (57.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (42.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (34.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.67 (0.74, 3.77)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hindu</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (53.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (47.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149 (86.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others<sup><xref rid="tfn2-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (37.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (62.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (13.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.48 (0.15, 1.49)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (60.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (39.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (55.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (39.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (61.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (44.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39 (0.18, 0.82)<sup><xref rid="tfn4-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Currently married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (45.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (54.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others<sup><xref rid="tfn3-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (43.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (56.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.39, 1.95)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of family</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nuclear</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90 (52.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Joint</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (51.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (48.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (48.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27 (0.61, 2.66)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (32.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (67.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (35.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (61.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (38.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (64.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67 (1.20, 5.95)<sup><xref rid="tfn4-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Socioeconomic status</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Class I and II (PCI ≥INR 3070/mo)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (77.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (22.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (38.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Class III, IV and V (PCI < INR 3070/mo)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (34.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (66.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (61.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 (0.05, 0.29)<sup><xref rid="tfn4-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Total-to-earning-member ratio</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (53.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (46.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (45.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (54.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86 (0.81, 4.27)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as frequency (%).</p><p>AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PCI, per capita income; INR, Indian rupees; Class I, ≥ INR 6140; Class II, INR 3070-6139; Class III, INR 1842-3069; Class IV, INR 921-1841; Class V, ≤ INR 920.</p></fn><fn id="tfn1-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label><p>AOR was determined using binary logistic regression. For each independent variable, the AOR was calculated after adjusting for other independent variables.</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>2</label><p>Other religions like Muslim, Christian, etc.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>3</label><p>Other marital status implies unmarried/divorced/separated.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-jpmph-49-4-240" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Association of disease-related variables with food security</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food secure</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food insecure</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n=173)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AOR<sup><xref rid="tfn5-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></sup> (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of disease (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (63.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (54.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (46.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (36.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.53 (0.78, 3.01)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial stage of disease<sup><xref rid="tfn6-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 3 and 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 1 and 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (50.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (49.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.44, 1.76)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current stage of disease<sup><xref rid="tfn7-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 3 and 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (29.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (70.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (9.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 1 and 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (53.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73 (46.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156 (90.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.90 (1.43, 16.80)<sup><xref rid="tfn8-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Presence of other family members suffering from HIV/AIDS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (45.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (54.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (65.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (61.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (39.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (34.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 (1.13, 4.45)<sup><xref rid="tfn8-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as frequency (%).</p><p>AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; WHO, World Health Organization; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label><p>AOR was determined using binary logistic regression. For each independent variable, the AOR was calculated after adjusting for other independent variables.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>2</label><p>Initial stage of the disease at the time of registration at the ART Centre based on WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents.</p></fn><fn id="tfn7-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>3</label><p>Stage of disease as recorded at the time of patient’s last visit to ART Centre based on WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents.</p></fn><fn id="tfn8-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-jpmph-49-4-240" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Association of background variables with chronic food insecurity</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Chronically food insecure<hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total (n=173)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">AOR<sup><xref rid="tfn9-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></sup> (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (54.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (45.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (65.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (61.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (39.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (34.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37 (0.61, 3.08)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Religion</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hindu</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (58.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (41.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149 (86.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others<sup><xref rid="tfn10-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (45.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (54.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (13.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (0.20, 1.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (65.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (34.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (55.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (45.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (54.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (44.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 (0.19, 0.85)<sup><xref rid="tfn12-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Currently married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (59.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (40.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Others<sup><xref rid="tfn11-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.41, 2.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of family</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nuclear</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (54.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (45.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90 (52.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Joint</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (59.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (41.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (48.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40 (0.67, 2.94)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (37.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (62.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (35.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (67.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (32.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (64.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.84 (1.30, 6.22)<sup><xref rid="tfn12-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Socio-economic status</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Class I and II (PCI ≥INR 3070/mo)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (82.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (17.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (38.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Class III, IV, and V (PCI </td> <td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (40.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (59.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (61.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13 (0.05, 0.31)<sup><xref rid="tfn12-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total-to-earning-member ratio</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (59.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (40.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (50.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (49.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 (0.78, 3.98)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (56.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (43.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as frequency (%).</p><p>AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; PCI, per capita income; INR, Indian rupees; Class I, ≥ INR 6140; Class II, INR 3070-6139; Class III, INR 1842-3069; Class IV, INR 921-1841; Class V, ≤ INR 920.</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label><p>AOR was determined using binary logistic regression. For each independent variable, the AOR was calculated after adjusting for other independent variables.</p></fn><fn id="tfn10-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>2</label><p>Other religions like Muslim, Christian, etc.</p></fn><fn id="tfn11-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>3</label><p>Other marital status implies unmarried/divorced/separated.</p></fn><fn id="tfn12-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-jpmph-49-4-240" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4.</label><caption><p>Association of disease-related variables with chronic food insecurity</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variables</th><th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Chronically food insecure<hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total (n=173)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">AOR<sup><xref rid="tfn13-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></sup> (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of disease (y)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (55.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (44.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (63.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (58.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (41.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (36.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.54 (0.77, 3.09)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial stage of disease<sup><xref rid="tfn14-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 3 and 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (58.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (41.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (31.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 1 and 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 (55.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (44.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (68.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.36, 1.51)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current stage of disease<sup><xref rid="tfn15-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 3 and 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (29.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (70.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (9.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Stage 1 and 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (59.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (40.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156 (90.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.07 (2.01, 24.82)<sup><xref rid="tfn16-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="5" rowspan="1">Presence of other family members suffering from HIV/AIDS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (51.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (48.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (65.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (reference)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (66.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (33.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (34.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30 (1.13, 4.70)<sup><xref rid="tfn16-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (56.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (43.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>Values are presented as frequency (%).</p><p>AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; WHO, World Health Organization; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.</p></fn><fn id="tfn13-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label><p>AOR was determined using binary logistic regression. For each independent variable, the AOR was calculated after adjusting for other independent variables.</p></fn><fn id="tfn14-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>2</label><p>Initial stage of the disease at the time at the time of registration at the ART Centre based on WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents.</p></fn><fn id="tfn15-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>3</label><p>Stage of disease as recorded at the time of patient’s last visit to the ART Centre based on WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults and adolescents.</p></fn><fn id="tfn16-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>*</label><p><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t5-jpmph-49-4-240" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5.</label><caption><p>Coping strategies adopted by study subjects (n=173)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coping strategies to deal with food insecurity in acute phase of course of disease</th><th align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency (%)<sup><xref rid="tfn17-jpmph-49-4-240" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></sup></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Borrow money from any source</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (56.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Borrow food or sell agricultural products</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (12.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Support from children</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (8.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spousal support</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (16.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selling property</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (8.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Previous savings, mortgaging/renting property</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (5.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Loan from microfinance institution/bank/moneylender</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 (13.9)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn17-jpmph-49-4-240"><label>1</label><p>All are multiple responses.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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