Nutritional Status and Intestinal Parasite in School Age Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
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Auteurs : Berhanu Elfu Feleke [Éthiopie]Source :
- International Journal of Pediatrics [ 1687-9740 ] ; 2016.
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DOI: 10.1155/2016/1962128
PubMed: 27656219
PubMed Central: 5021489
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Nutritional Status and Intestinal Parasite in School Age Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</title><author><name sortKey="Feleke, Berhanu Elfu" sort="Feleke, Berhanu Elfu" uniqKey="Feleke B" first="Berhanu Elfu" last="Feleke">Berhanu Elfu Feleke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27656219</idno><idno type="pmc">5021489</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5021489</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5021489</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/1962128</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002575</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002575</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002574</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002574</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Nutritional Status and Intestinal Parasite in School Age Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</title><author><name sortKey="Feleke, Berhanu Elfu" sort="Feleke, Berhanu Elfu" uniqKey="Feleke B" first="Berhanu Elfu" last="Feleke">Berhanu Elfu Feleke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Pediatrics</title><idno type="ISSN">1687-9740</idno><idno type="eISSN">1687-9759</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. The objectives of this study were to determine the burden of underweight and intestinal parasitic infection in the urban and rural elementary school children.<italic> Methods</italic>. A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of malnutrition or intestinal parasites. Two independent samples' <italic>t</italic>-test was used to identify the effect of malnutrition on school performance or hemoglobin level.<italic> Results</italic>. A total of 2372 students were included. Quarters (24.8%) of school children were underweight. Underweight was associated with sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.61; 95% CI = 0.47–0.78], age [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.16–0.28], intestinal parasitic infection [AOR 2.67; 95% CI = 2–3.55], and family size [AOR 23; 95% CI = 17.67–30.02]. The prevalence of intestinal parasite among school children was 61.7% [95% CI = 60%–64%]. Shoe wearing practice [AOR 0.71; 95% CI = 0.58–0.87], personal hygiene [AOR 0.8; 95% CI = 0.65–0.99], availability of latrine [AOR 0.34; 95% CI = 0.27–0.44], age [AOR 0.58; 95% CI = 0.48–0.7], habit of eating raw vegetables [AOR 3.71; 95% CI = 3.01–4.46], and family size [AOR 1.96; 95% CI = 1.57–2.45] were the predictors of intestinal parasitic infection.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jeremiah, N" uniqKey="Jeremiah N">N. Jeremiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carol, A" uniqKey="Carol A">A. Carol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yulya, S" uniqKey="Yulya S">S. Yulya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kacie, M" uniqKey="Kacie M">M. Kacie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hotez, P J" uniqKey="Hotez P">P. J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Pediatr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Pediatr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJPEDI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Pediatrics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1687-9740</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1687-9759</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27656219</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5021489</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/1962128</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Nutritional Status and Intestinal Parasite in School Age Children: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-3337</contrib-id><name><surname>Feleke</surname><given-names>Berhanu Elfu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Berhanu Elfu Feleke: <email>elfufeleke@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Samuel Menahem</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>1962128</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Berhanu Elfu Feleke.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. The objectives of this study were to determine the burden of underweight and intestinal parasitic infection in the urban and rural elementary school children.<italic> Methods</italic>. A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted. Binary logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of malnutrition or intestinal parasites. Two independent samples' <italic>t</italic>-test was used to identify the effect of malnutrition on school performance or hemoglobin level.<italic> Results</italic>. A total of 2372 students were included. Quarters (24.8%) of school children were underweight. Underweight was associated with sex [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.61; 95% CI = 0.47–0.78], age [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI = 0.16–0.28], intestinal parasitic infection [AOR 2.67; 95% CI = 2–3.55], and family size [AOR 23; 95% CI = 17.67–30.02]. The prevalence of intestinal parasite among school children was 61.7% [95% CI = 60%–64%]. Shoe wearing practice [AOR 0.71; 95% CI = 0.58–0.87], personal hygiene [AOR 0.8; 95% CI = 0.65–0.99], availability of latrine [AOR 0.34; 95% CI = 0.27–0.44], age [AOR 0.58; 95% CI = 0.48–0.7], habit of eating raw vegetables [AOR 3.71; 95% CI = 3.01–4.46], and family size [AOR 1.96; 95% CI = 1.57–2.45] were the predictors of intestinal parasitic infection.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ministry of Health</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Population profile of the study participants (<italic>n</italic> = 2372).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SN</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Population profile</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">(1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age (in years)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5–9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">384</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 10–14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1296</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">692</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sex</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1220</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1152</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="left" colspan="1">(3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Height (in CM)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 103–122</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 123–142</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">511</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 143–162</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1021</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 163–182</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">660</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >182</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="left" colspan="1">(4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Weight (in KG)</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">963</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 35–54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">942</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 55–74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">460</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 75–94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Grade</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0–4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">423</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5–8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1949</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(6)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Residence</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Rural</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1578</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Urban</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">794</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Source of water</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pipe</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1459</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">913</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Income per month</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <1000 birrs</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1598</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥1000 birrs</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">774</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Availability of latrine</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Available</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1805</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not available</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 567</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">(10)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Work of parent</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Farmer</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1344</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1028</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Predictors of underweight in school age children (<italic>n</italic> = 2372).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Variable</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Underweight</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value </th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Sex</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 [0.62–0.92]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 [0.47–0.78]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">253</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">899</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">331</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">889</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Latrine</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 [0.5–0.76]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 [0.48–0.85]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Available </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">403</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1402</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not available </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">386</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 [0.2–0.32]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21 [0.16–0.28]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">878</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <13 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">468</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">910</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Intestinal parasitic infection </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.34 [2.65–4.22]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67 [2–3.55]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">471</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">992</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">796</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Family size</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 [14.98–24.11]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 [17.67–30.02]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1595</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The determinants of intestinal parasite in school age children.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Variables </th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"> Intestinal parasite</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">COR [95% CI]</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">AOR [95% CI]</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value </th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Shoe wearing practice</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 [0.44–0.62]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 [0.58–0.87]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">560</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">493</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">903</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">416</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Personal hygiene</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 [0.46–0.65]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 [0.65–0.99]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Kept </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">517</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">455</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not kept </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">946</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">454</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Availability of latrine</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 [0.24–0.38]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34 [0.27–0.44]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1005</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">800</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">458</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ingesting raw vegetables</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8 [3.18–4.54]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.71 [3.01–4.46]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1044</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">419</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">549</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Age</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.53 [0.44–0.62]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 [0.48–0.7]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">525</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">469</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">938</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Family size</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06 [1.67–2.54]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96 [1.57–2.45]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">442</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1021</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">751</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>School performance and malnutrition.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average of previous semester </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean difference [95% CI] </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Degree of freedom </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not undernourished </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.53 </td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">1.32 [0.05–2.28]</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2370</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">0.04<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undernourished </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.22</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Equal variances assumed.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Hemoglobin count and malnutrition.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Group </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Average hemoglobin count </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean difference [95% CI] </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>t</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Degree of freedom </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> value </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not undernourished </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.65</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"> 0.1 [0.03–0.16]</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2.78</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2370</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"><0.01<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Undernourished </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.56</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Equal variances assumed.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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