Collective efficacy, alcohol outlet density, and young men’s alcohol use in rural South Africa
Identifieur interne : 002473 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002472; suivant : 002474Collective efficacy, alcohol outlet density, and young men’s alcohol use in rural South Africa
Auteurs : Hannah H. Leslie [États-Unis] ; Jennifer Ahern [États-Unis] ; Audrey E. Pettifor [Afrique du Sud] ; Rhian Twine [Afrique du Sud] ; Kathleen Kahn [Afrique du Sud] ; F. Xavier G Mez-Olivé [Afrique du Sud] ; Sheri A. Lippman [États-Unis]Source :
- Health & Place [ 1353-8292 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Alcohol use contributes to morbidity and mortality in developing countries by increasing the risk of trauma and disease, including alcohol dependence. Limited research addresses determinants of alcohol use beyond the individual level in sub-Saharan Africa. We test the association of community collective efficacy and alcohol outlet density with young men's drinking in a cross-sectional, locally representative survey conducted in rural northeast South Africa. Informal social control and cohesion show protective associations with men's heavy drinking, while alcohol outlet density is associated with more potential problem drinking. These findings provide initial support for intervening at the community level to promote alcohol reduction.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.014
PubMed: 26071651
PubMed Central: 4497916
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Leslie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">MPH–University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>MPH–University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahern, Jennifer" sort="Ahern, Jennifer" uniqKey="Ahern J" first="Jennifer" last="Ahern">Jennifer Ahern</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pettifor, Audrey E" sort="Pettifor, Audrey E" uniqKey="Pettifor A" first="Audrey E." last="Pettifor">Audrey E. 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Pettifor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0015">MPH–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MPH–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Twine, Rhian" sort="Twine, Rhian" uniqKey="Twine R" first="Rhian" last="Twine">Rhian Twine</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0020">MPH-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MPH-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0025">MPH, MBBCh-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MPH, MBBCh-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="G Mez Olive, F Xavier" sort="G Mez Olive, F Xavier" uniqKey="G Mez Olive F" first="F. Xavier" last="G Mez-Olivé">F. Xavier G Mez-Olivé</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0030">MBBCh, PhD, MSc-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MBBCh, PhD, MSc-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lippman, Sheri A" sort="Lippman, Sheri A" uniqKey="Lippman S" first="Sheri A." last="Lippman">Sheri A. Lippman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0035">MPH-University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>MPH-University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Health & Place</title><idno type="ISSN">1353-8292</idno><idno type="eISSN">1873-2054</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Alcohol use contributes to morbidity and mortality in developing countries by increasing the risk of trauma and disease, including alcohol dependence. Limited research addresses determinants of alcohol use beyond the individual level in sub-Saharan Africa. We test the association of community collective efficacy and alcohol outlet density with young men's drinking in a cross-sectional, locally representative survey conducted in rural northeast South Africa. Informal social control and cohesion show protective associations with men's heavy drinking, while alcohol outlet density is associated with more potential problem drinking. These findings provide initial support for intervening at the community level to promote alcohol reduction.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aguirre Molina, M" uniqKey="Aguirre Molina M">M. Aguirre-Molina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gorman, D M" uniqKey="Gorman D">D.M. Gorman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahern, J" uniqKey="Ahern J">J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Health Place</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Health Place</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Health & Place</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1353-8292</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1873-2054</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26071651</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4497916</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1353-8292(15)00080-5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Collective efficacy, alcohol outlet density, and young men’s alcohol use in rural South Africa</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leslie</surname><given-names>Hannah H.</given-names></name><email>hannah.leslie@berkeley.edu</email><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahern</surname><given-names>Jennifer</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pettifor</surname><given-names>Audrey E.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Twine</surname><given-names>Rhian</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kahn</surname><given-names>Kathleen</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0025" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gómez-Olivé</surname><given-names>F. Xavier</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0030" ref-type="aff">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lippman</surname><given-names>Sheri A.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0035" ref-type="aff">g</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>a</label>MPH–University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>b</label>University of California, Berkeley, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Berkeley, CA, USA</aff><aff id="aff0015"><label>c</label>MPH–University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA and Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="aff0020"><label>d</label>MPH-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="aff0025"><label>e</label>MPH, MBBCh-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="aff0030"><label>f</label>MBBCh, PhD, MSc-Medical Research Council/Wits University Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt); School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="aff0035"><label>g</label>MPH-University of California, San Francisco, Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>⁎</label>Correspondence to: hannah.leslie@berkeley.edu, University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health 101 Haviland Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, USA Fax: +1 510 643 5163. <email>hannah.leslie@berkeley.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>34</volume><fpage>190</fpage><lpage>198</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>5</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="CC BY" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="ab0010"><p>Alcohol use contributes to morbidity and mortality in developing countries by increasing the risk of trauma and disease, including alcohol dependence. Limited research addresses determinants of alcohol use beyond the individual level in sub-Saharan Africa. We test the association of community collective efficacy and alcohol outlet density with young men's drinking in a cross-sectional, locally representative survey conducted in rural northeast South Africa. Informal social control and cohesion show protective associations with men's heavy drinking, while alcohol outlet density is associated with more potential problem drinking. These findings provide initial support for intervening at the community level to promote alcohol reduction.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="ab0015"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item id="u0005"><label>•</label><p>We test social and structural factors as predictors of young men's alcohol use.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0010"><label>•</label><p>Informal social control and cohesion are associated with reduced heavy drinking.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0015"><label>•</label><p>Alcohol outlet density is associated with elevated potential problem drinking.</p></list-item><list-item id="u0020"><label>•</label><p>Community factors may provide means to intervene on alcohol use and related harms.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><kwd-group id="keys0005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Alcohol</kwd><kwd>Alcohol outlet density</kwd><kwd>Collective efficacy</kwd><kwd>Rural South Africa</kwd><kwd>Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f0005"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Causal framework of contextual factors affecting alcohol use.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t0005" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Items used to measure collective efficacy.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Informal social control: <italic>Would you say it is very likely, somewhat likely, or unlikely that your neighbors could be counted on to intervene in various ways if:</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Children were skipping school and hanging out on a street corner?</td></tr><tr><td>Children were breaking windows on a local building/destroying public property?</td></tr><tr><td>Children were showing disrespect to an adult?</td></tr><tr><td>A fight broke out at the pension point?</td></tr><tr><td>The local school closed down the feeding scheme?</td></tr><tr><td>A family didn't have enough food?</td></tr><tr><td>The neighborhood water tank was broken?</td></tr><tr><td>An elderly person was robbed?</td></tr><tr><td>Social cohesion: <italic>For each of the following statements, please tell us if you agree a lot, somewhat agree, or do not agree at all with the statement:</italic></td></tr><tr><td>People in this village are willing to help their neighbors.</td></tr><tr><td>This is a close-knit village.</td></tr><tr><td>People in this village can be trusted.</td></tr><tr><td>People in this village generally get along well with each other.</td></tr><tr><td>People in this village share the same values.</td></tr><tr><td>People in this village look out for each other.</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0010" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Characteristics of young men by current drinking status (<italic>N</italic>=581).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3">A. Heavy drinkers compared to non-drinkers and light drinkers<hr></hr></td><td colspan="3">B. Potential problem drinkers compared to non-drinkers and non-problem drinkers<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>Non-drinker or light drinker (<italic>n</italic>=380) N (col %)</td><td>Heavy drinker (<italic>n</italic>=201) N (col %)</td><td></td><td>Non-drinker or non-problem drinker (<italic>n</italic>=441) N (col %)</td><td>Potential problem drinker (<italic>n</italic>=140) N (col %)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td>Age<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td><td>Age<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 18–20</td><td>193 (50.8)</td><td>69 (34.3)</td><td> 18–20</td><td>218 (49.4)</td><td>44 (31.4)</td></tr><tr><td> 21–25</td><td>109 (28.7)</td><td>74 (36.8)</td><td> 21–25</td><td>132 (29.9)</td><td>51 (36.4)</td></tr><tr><td> 26–30</td><td>45 (11.8)</td><td>39 (19.4)</td><td> 26–30</td><td>54 (12.2)</td><td>30 (21.4)</td></tr><tr><td> 31–35</td><td>33 (8.7)</td><td>19 (9.5)</td><td> 31–35</td><td>37 (8.4)</td><td>15 (10.7)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Education<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td><td>Education<xref rid="tbl2fnStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Primary or less</td><td>45 (11.8)</td><td>18 (9.0)</td><td> Primary or less</td><td>45 (10.2)</td><td>18 (12.9)</td></tr><tr><td> Some secondary</td><td>239 (62.9)</td><td>108 (53.7)</td><td> Some secondary</td><td>276 (62.6)</td><td>71 (50.7)</td></tr><tr><td> Completed secondary or above</td><td>96 (25.3)</td><td>75 (37.3)</td><td> Completed secondary or above</td><td>120 (27.2)</td><td>51 (36.4)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Marital status</td><td></td><td></td><td>Marital status<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Never married</td><td>324 (85.3)</td><td>163 (81.1)</td><td> Never married</td><td>378 (85.7)</td><td>109 (77.9)</td></tr><tr><td> Married (legal or traditional)</td><td>41 (10.8)</td><td>23 (11.4)</td><td> Married (legal or traditional)</td><td>47 (10.7)</td><td>17 (12.1)</td></tr><tr><td> Separated, divorced or widowed</td><td>15 (4.0)</td><td>15 (7.5)</td><td> Separated, divorced or widowed</td><td>16 (3.6)</td><td>14 (10.0)</td></tr><tr><td>Born outside South Africa</td><td>43 (11.3)</td><td>18 (9.0)</td><td>Born outside South Africa</td><td>51 (11.6)</td><td>10 (7.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Earned no income within three months<xref rid="tbl2fnStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎</xref></td><td>278 (73.2)</td><td>128 (63.7)</td><td>Earned no income within three months<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td>326 (73.9)</td><td>80 (57.1)</td></tr><tr><td>Experienced food insecurity within 30 days</td><td>11 (2.9)</td><td>8 (4.0)</td><td>Experienced food insecurity within 30 days</td><td>13 (3.0)</td><td>6 (4.3)</td></tr><tr><td>Potential problem drinker<xref rid="tbl2fnStarStar" ref-type="table-fn">⁎⁎</xref></td><td>30 (7.9)</td><td>110 (54.7)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>Note:</italic> Chi square test <italic>p</italic> values</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl2fnStarStar"><label>⁎⁎</label><p id="ntp0005"><italic>p</italic><0.01.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl2fnStar"><label>⁎</label><p id="ntp0010"><italic>p</italic><0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0015" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Multivariate logistic models of the relationship between collective efficacy measures and alcohol use among men (<italic>N</italic>=581).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th colspan="2">Heavy drinking<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2">Potential problem drinking<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Informal social control model</th><th>Social cohesion model</th><th>Informal social control model</th><th>Social cohesion model</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Informal social control</td><td>−1.18 (−2.26, -0.09)</td><td>–</td><td>0.43 (−1.42, 2.28)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>Social cohesion</td><td>–</td><td>−1.07 (−1.82, −0.31)</td><td>–</td><td>0.46 (−1.00, 1.92)</td></tr><tr><td>Age (years over 18)</td><td>0.18 (0.01, 0.36)</td><td>0.18 (0.00, 0.36)</td><td>0.16 (0.01, 0.31)</td><td>0.16 (0.01, 0.31)</td></tr><tr><td> Age squared</td><td>−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)</td><td>−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)</td><td>−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)</td><td>−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Education</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Primary or less</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td></tr><tr><td> Some secondary</td><td>−0.26 (−1.10, 0.59)</td><td>−0.25 (−1.07, 0.58)</td><td>−1.02 (−2.24, 0.20)</td><td>−1.02 (−2.26, 0.21)</td></tr><tr><td> Completed secondary or above</td><td>0.26 (−0.58, 1.10)</td><td>0.30 (−0.52, 1.12)</td><td>−0.42 (−1.49, 0.65)</td><td>−0.44 (−1.50, 0.62)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Marital status</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Never married</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td></tr><tr><td> Married (legal or traditional)</td><td>0.24 (−0.55, 1.02)</td><td>0.19, (−0.61, 0.99)</td><td>−0.24 (−1.26, 0.78)</td><td>−0.22 (−1.29, 0.85)</td></tr><tr><td> Separated, divorced, widowed</td><td>−0.06 (−1.05, 0.93)</td><td>0.00 (−1.00, 1.00)</td><td>0.67 (−1.05, 2.40)</td><td>0.65 (−1.10, 2.41)</td></tr><tr><td>Born outside South Africa</td><td>−0.01 (−0.84, 0.82)</td><td>0.09 (−0.70, 0.89)</td><td>−0.54 (−1.75, 0.68)</td><td>−0.58 (−1.78, 0.62)</td></tr><tr><td>Earned no income within 3 months</td><td>−0.36 (−0.77, 0.05)</td><td>−0.32 (−0.73, 0.08)</td><td>−0.19 (−0.76, 0.37)</td><td>−0.20 (−0.75, 0.35)</td></tr><tr><td>Experienced food insecurity within 30 days</td><td>0.64 (−0.69, 1.98)</td><td>0.56 (−0.80, 1.92)</td><td>0.16 (−0.93, 1.24)</td><td>0.18 (−0.92, 1.28)</td></tr><tr><td>Village % female-headed households</td><td>0.03 (−0.06, 0.11)</td><td>−0.02 (−0.08, 0.05)</td><td>0.06 (−0.06, 0.18)</td><td>0.08 (−0.02, 0.18)</td></tr><tr><td>Village % employed</td><td>−0.05 (−0.25, 0.16)</td><td>−0.09 (−0.26, 0.08)</td><td>−0.02 (−0.29, 0.25)</td><td>0.00 (−0.21, 0.21)</td></tr><tr><td>Village % migrant</td><td>0.12 (−0.04, 0.27)</td><td>0.17 (0.07, 0.27)</td><td>0.01 (−0.21, 0.23)</td><td>−0.01 (−0.16, 0.14)</td></tr><tr><td>Intercept</td><td>−3.25 (−6.59, 0.09)</td><td>−1.48 (−3.85, 0.90)</td><td>−3.22 (−7.72, 1.29)</td><td>−3.87 (−7.32, −0.41)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0020" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Predicted population prevalence of alcohol use by level of collective efficacy.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Exposure:</th><th colspan="2">Heavy drinking<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2">Potential problem drinking<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Informal social control</th><th>Social cohesion</th><th>Informal social control</th><th>Social cohesion</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>High (0.5 SD above mean)</td><td>30.2%</td><td>29.8%</td><td>23.8%</td><td>24.1%</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>32.3%</td><td>31.9%</td><td>23.1%</td><td>23.3%</td></tr><tr><td>Low (0.5 SD below mean)</td><td>34.5%</td><td>34.0%</td><td>22.5%</td><td>22.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Difference (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td>−4.3% (−10.0, 0.7)<hr></hr></td><td>−4.2% (−9.6, −0.4)<hr></hr></td><td>1.3% (−6.5, 8.1)<hr></hr></td><td>1.5% (−4.2, 8.3)<hr></hr></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0025" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Multivariate logistic models of the relationship between alcohol outlet density and alcohol use (<italic>N</italic>=581).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th>Heavy drinking</th><th colspan="2">Potential problem drinking<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Tavern drinkers (<italic>N</italic>=281)</th><th>Non-tavern drinkers (<italic>N</italic>=292)</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th><th>Coeff. (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Alcohol outlet density</td><td>−0.13 (−0.64, 0.39)</td><td>0.96 (0.40, 1.52)</td><td>−0.36 (−1.19, 0.46)</td></tr><tr><td>Age (years over 18)</td><td>0.18 (0.02, 0.35)</td><td>0.04 (−0.13, 0.20)</td><td>0.25 (−0.10, 0.59)</td></tr><tr><td>Age squared</td><td>−0.01 (−0.02, 0.00)</td><td>0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)</td><td>−0.01 (−0.03, 0.02)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Education</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Primary or less</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td></tr><tr><td> Some secondary</td><td>−0.03 (−0.84, 0.78)</td><td>−1.09 (−.42, 0.23)</td><td>−1.17 (−2.96, 0.61)</td></tr><tr><td> Completed secondary or above</td><td>0.46 (−0.35, 1.27)</td><td>−0.36 (−1.32, 0.61)</td><td>−1.01 (−2.91, 0.88)</td></tr><tr><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td><td>
</td></tr><tr><td>Marital status</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Never married</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td><td>REF</td></tr><tr><td> Married (legal or traditional)</td><td>0.10 (−0.72, 0.92)</td><td>0.14 (−1.45, 1.73)</td><td>−2.51 (−5.57, 0.55)</td></tr><tr><td> Separated, divorced, widowed</td><td>−0.16 (−1.15, 0.83)</td><td>0.86 (−0.91, 2.63)</td><td>−1.23 (−4.68, 2.23)</td></tr><tr><td>Born outside South Africa</td><td>0.07 (−0.76, 0.90)</td><td>−0.85 (−1.72, 0.02)</td><td>−1.25 (−3.87, 1.38)</td></tr><tr><td>Earned no income within 3 months</td><td>−0.23 (−0.63, 0.17)</td><td>−0.16 (−0.92, 0.59)</td><td>−0.10 (−1.71, 1.51)</td></tr><tr><td>Experienced food insecurity within 30 days</td><td>0.64 (−0.65, 1.93)</td><td>0.52 (−1.25, 2.30)</td><td><xref rid="tbl5fna" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td></tr><tr><td>Village % female-headed households</td><td>0.03 (−0.08, 0.14)</td><td>0.19 (0.05, 0.34)</td><td>0.01 (−0.13, 0.15)</td></tr><tr><td>Village % employed</td><td>0.01 (−0.16, 0.19)</td><td>−0.12 (−0.31, 0.07)</td><td>0.03 (−0.18, 0.25)</td></tr><tr><td>Intercept</td><td>−2.53 (−6.76, 1.69)</td><td>−6.65 (-13.52, 0.21)</td><td>−3.09 (−8.49, 2.31)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl5fna"><label>a</label><p id="ntp0015">Variable omitted due to collinearity with outcome</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t0030" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Predicted population prevalence of alcohol use by alcohol outlet density.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="right"></th><th>Heavy drinking</th><th>Potential problem drinking</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>High (0.5 outlets/km<sup>2</sup> above mean)</td><td>30.1%</td><td>27.6%</td></tr><tr><td>Mean</td><td>31.4%</td><td>22.8%</td></tr><tr><td>Low (0.5 outlets/km<sup>2</sup> below mean)</td><td>32.7%</td><td>18.4%</td></tr><tr><td>Difference (95% CI)</td><td>−2.6% (−12.6, 10.2)</td><td>9.2% (2.2, 16.7)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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