Anemia among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study
Identifieur interne : 002446 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002445; suivant : 002447Anemia among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study
Auteurs : Hermela Melese ; Molla Mesele Wassie ; Haile Woldie ; Abilo Tadesse [Éthiopie] ; Nebiyu Mesfin [Éthiopie]Source :
- HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) [ 1179-1373 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Anemia is a major public health problem in HIV patients around the world. It has a negative effect on the quality of life of HIV patients and progression of the HIV disease. In the sub-Saharan African setting, including Ethiopia where both HIV infection and under-nutrition are expected to be high, there is a paucity of data on the matter. This study was aimed to reveal the magnitude and factors associated with anemia among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia.
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was used among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital from April 1 to May 30, 2015. The diagnosis of anemia was made following the 2011 World Health Organization recommendation on hemoglobin cut-off points. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess factors associated with anemia.
A total of 377 patients’ charts were reviewed. Most of the participants (n=237, 62.9%) were taking antiretroviral treatment (ART). The overall prevalence of anemia was 23% (95% CI: 19.1, 27.6). Being ART-naïve (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.59, 7.14), having treatment history with anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.19, 8.67), taking zidovudine (ZDV)-containing ART regimen (AOR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 4.57), and having recent CD4+ T-lymphocytes count of <200 cells/μL (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.36) were associated with occurrence of anemia among adult HIV patients.
Anemia continues to be a major co-morbidity among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia. Adult HIV patients who are taking ZDV-containing ART, with a history of TB treatment, have a low CD4+T-lymphocytes count and are ART-naïve should be carefully screened and treated for anemia.
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DOI: 10.2147/HIV.S121021
PubMed: 28243151
PubMed Central: 5317259
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Hermela Melese<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-9-025">HIV Follow-up Care Clinic, Debre-Tabor Hospital, Debre-Tabor</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Debre-Tabor</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Anemia among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Melese, Hermela" sort="Melese, Hermela" uniqKey="Melese H" first="Hermela" last="Melese">Hermela Melese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-9-025">HIV Follow-up Care Clinic, Debre-Tabor Hospital, Debre-Tabor</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Debre-Tabor</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wassie, Molla Mesele" sort="Wassie, Molla Mesele" uniqKey="Wassie M" first="Molla Mesele" last="Wassie">Molla Mesele Wassie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woldie, Haile" sort="Woldie, Haile" uniqKey="Woldie H" first="Haile" last="Woldie">Haile Woldie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadesse, Abilo" sort="Tadesse, Abilo" uniqKey="Tadesse A" first="Abilo" last="Tadesse">Abilo Tadesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-9-025">Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesfin, Nebiyu" sort="Mesfin, Nebiyu" uniqKey="Mesfin N" first="Nebiyu" last="Mesfin">Nebiyu Mesfin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-9-025">Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28243151</idno><idno type="pmc">5317259</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5317259</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5317259</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S121021</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002447</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002447</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002446</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002446</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Anemia among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Melese, Hermela" sort="Melese, Hermela" uniqKey="Melese H" first="Hermela" last="Melese">Hermela Melese</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-9-025">HIV Follow-up Care Clinic, Debre-Tabor Hospital, Debre-Tabor</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Debre-Tabor</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wassie, Molla Mesele" sort="Wassie, Molla Mesele" uniqKey="Wassie M" first="Molla Mesele" last="Wassie">Molla Mesele Wassie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woldie, Haile" sort="Woldie, Haile" uniqKey="Woldie H" first="Haile" last="Woldie">Haile Woldie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-9-025">Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Institute of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadesse, Abilo" sort="Tadesse, Abilo" uniqKey="Tadesse A" first="Abilo" last="Tadesse">Abilo Tadesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-9-025">Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mesfin, Nebiyu" sort="Mesfin, Nebiyu" uniqKey="Mesfin N" first="Nebiyu" last="Mesfin">Nebiyu Mesfin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-9-025">Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1373</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Anemia is a major public health problem in HIV patients around the world. It has a negative effect on the quality of life of HIV patients and progression of the HIV disease. In the sub-Saharan African setting, including Ethiopia where both HIV infection and under-nutrition are expected to be high, there is a paucity of data on the matter. This study was aimed to reveal the magnitude and factors associated with anemia among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was used among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital from April 1 to May 30, 2015. The diagnosis of anemia was made following the 2011 World Health Organization recommendation on hemoglobin cut-off points. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess factors associated with anemia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 377 patients’ charts were reviewed. Most of the participants (n=237, 62.9%) were taking antiretroviral treatment (ART). The overall prevalence of anemia was 23% (95% CI: 19.1, 27.6). Being ART-naïve (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.59, 7.14), having treatment history with anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.19, 8.67), taking zidovudine (ZDV)-containing ART regimen (AOR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 4.57), and having recent CD4+ T-lymphocytes count of <200 cells/μL (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.36) were associated with occurrence of anemia among adult HIV patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion and recommendation</title><p>Anemia continues to be a major co-morbidity among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia. Adult HIV patients who are taking ZDV-containing ART, with a history of TB treatment, have a low CD4+T-lymphocytes count and are ART-naïve should be carefully screened and treated for anemia.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mclean, E" uniqKey="Mclean E">E McLean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cogswell, M" uniqKey="Cogswell M">M Cogswell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egli, I" uniqKey="Egli I">I Egli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wojdyla, D" uniqKey="Wojdyla D">D Wojdyla</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Benoist, B" uniqKey="De Benoist B">B De Benoist</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pande, A" uniqKey="Pande A">A Pande</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhattacharyya, M" uniqKey="Bhattacharyya M">M Bhattacharyya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pain, S" uniqKey="Pain S">S 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28243151</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5317259</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S121021</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hiv-9-025</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Anemia among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Melese</surname><given-names>Hermela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-9-025">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wassie</surname><given-names>Molla Mesele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-9-025">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woldie</surname><given-names>Haile</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-9-025">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tadesse</surname><given-names>Abilo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-9-025">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mesfin</surname><given-names>Nebiyu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-9-025">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-hiv-9-025"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-hiv-9-025"><label>1</label>HIV Follow-up Care Clinic, Debre-Tabor Hospital, Debre-Tabor</aff><aff id="af2-hiv-9-025"><label>2</label>Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Public Health</aff><aff id="af3-hiv-9-025"><label>3</label>Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-hiv-9-025">Correspondence: Nebiyu Mesfin, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Chechela Street, PO Box 209, Gondar, Ethiopia, Email <email>hakimulig@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Melese et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license><license-p>The full terms of this license are available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php">https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php</ext-link> and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ext-link>). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>Anemia is a major public health problem in HIV patients around the world. It has a negative effect on the quality of life of HIV patients and progression of the HIV disease. In the sub-Saharan African setting, including Ethiopia where both HIV infection and under-nutrition are expected to be high, there is a paucity of data on the matter. This study was aimed to reveal the magnitude and factors associated with anemia among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A hospital-based cross-sectional study was used among adult HIV patients in Debre-Tabor Hospital from April 1 to May 30, 2015. The diagnosis of anemia was made following the 2011 World Health Organization recommendation on hemoglobin cut-off points. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to assess factors associated with anemia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 377 patients’ charts were reviewed. Most of the participants (n=237, 62.9%) were taking antiretroviral treatment (ART). The overall prevalence of anemia was 23% (95% CI: 19.1, 27.6). Being ART-naïve (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.37; 95% CI: 1.59, 7.14), having treatment history with anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug (AOR: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.19, 8.67), taking zidovudine (ZDV)-containing ART regimen (AOR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 4.57), and having recent CD4+ T-lymphocytes count of <200 cells/μL (AOR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.36) were associated with occurrence of anemia among adult HIV patients.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion and recommendation</title><p>Anemia continues to be a major co-morbidity among adult HIV patients in Ethiopia. Adult HIV patients who are taking ZDV-containing ART, with a history of TB treatment, have a low CD4+T-lymphocytes count and are ART-naïve should be carefully screened and treated for anemia.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>anemia</kwd><kwd>HIV/AIDS</kwd><kwd>antiretroviral treatment</kwd><kwd>ZDV toxicity</kwd><kwd>Ethiopia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-hiv-9-025" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of adult HIV patients at Debre-Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2015 (n=377)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Background characteristics</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not anemic, n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anemic, n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Sex</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (37.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (37.9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180 (62.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (62.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age of the patient, years</bold></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–29</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (24.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (24.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 (43.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (50.6)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (24.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (18.4)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥50</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (7.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (6.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Residence</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Urban</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226 (77.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (74.7)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rural</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (22.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (25.3)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Religion</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orthodox Christian</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284 (97.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (95.4)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Others<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-9-025">a</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (2.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (4.6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Marital status of the patient</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (18.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (25.3)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149 (51.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (48.3)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (10.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (6.9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widowed</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (15.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (16.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Separated</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (3.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (3.4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Ethnicity</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amhara</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288 (99.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (100)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tigrie</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (0.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Educational status</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unable to read and write</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94 (32.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (19.5)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Read and write</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (6.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (5.7)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary school (years 1–8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (22.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (31.0)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary school (years 9–12)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (20.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (24.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">College/university</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (18.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (19.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Employment status of the patient</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Civil servant</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74 (25.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (29.9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily laborer</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (11.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (8.0)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Merchant</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (14.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (16.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">House wife</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (24.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (21.8)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmer</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (10.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (12.6)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Student</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (5.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unemployed</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (3.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Other<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-9-025">b</xref></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (4.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (8.0)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-hiv-9-025"><label>a</label><p>Muslims and protestants,</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-hiv-9-025"><label>b</label><p>sex workers, carpenters, shop keepers, waiters, retired workers, and garage workers.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-hiv-9-025" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Clinical characteristics of adult HIV patients at Debre–Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2015 (n=377)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Background characteristics</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not anemic, n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anemic, n (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>CD4 count (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><200</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (23.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (66.7)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥200</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222 (76.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (33.3)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>WBC count (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><4000</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (12.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (42.5)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥4000</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">254 (87.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (57.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Platelet count (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><200,000</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (14.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (39.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥200,000</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248 (85.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (60.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Nutritional status (Body mass index)</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222 (76.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (67.8)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Under weight</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (19.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (29.9)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Over weight</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (3.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.3)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obesity</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>WHO clinical stage</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage I</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">169 (58.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (20.7)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage II</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (21.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (5.7)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage III</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (17.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (54.0)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage IV</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (2.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (19.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>ART exposure status</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naïve</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (27.2)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (70.1)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Users</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211 (72.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (29.9)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-hiv-9-025"><p><bold>Note:</bold> Body mass index classification: normal: 18.5–24.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; under weight: <18.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; overweight: 25.0–29.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; obesity ≥30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-hiv-9-025"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ART, antiretroviral therapy; WBC, white blood cell; WHO, World Health Organization.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-hiv-9-025" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Factors associated with anemia among adult HIV patients at Debre–Tabor Hospital, northwest Ethiopia, 2015 (n=377)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th colspan="4" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">Anemia status
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes, n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No, n (%)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Educational status</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unable to read and write</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (15.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94 (84.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Read and write</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (20.8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (79.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46 (0.48, 4.43)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 (1.78, 2.82)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary school (years 1–8)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27(29.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (70.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.29 (1.16, 4.55)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61 (0.65, 4.00)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary school (years 9–12)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (26.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (73.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.97 (0.96, 4.03)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.51 (0.58, 3.92)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">College/university</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (24.3)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (75.7)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77 (0.84, 3.76)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.56 (0.58, 4.18)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>ART regimen</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ZDV-containing</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (41.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66 (58.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.80 (2.30, 6.29)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.14 (1.03, 4.57)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not ZDV-containing</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (15.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224 (84.5)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Anti-TB treatment history</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (62.9)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (37.1)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.21 (3.45, 15.07)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23 (1.20, 8.69)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (19)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">277 (81)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>ART exposure status</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Naïve</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (43.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (56.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.27 (3.70, 10.61)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.24 (1.55, 6.80)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Users</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (11)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211 (89)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>CD4+ T-lymphocytes (Cells/mL)</bold></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><200</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (46)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (54)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.53 (3.87, 11.00)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06 (1.01, 4.19)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥200</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (11.6)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222 (88.4)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-hiv-9-025"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> AOR, adjusted odds ratio; ART, antiretroviral therapy; COR, crude odds ratio; TB, tuberculosis; ZDV, zidovudine.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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