Disease severity, self-reported experience of workplace discrimination and employment loss during the course of chronic HIV disease: differences according to gender and education
Identifieur interne : 002057 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 002056; suivant : 002058Disease severity, self-reported experience of workplace discrimination and employment loss during the course of chronic HIV disease: differences according to gender and education
Auteurs : Rosemary Dray-Spira ; Alice Gueguen ; France LertSource :
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine [ 1351-0711 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
Evidence for the existence of a harmful effect of chronic disease on employment status has been provided. Although this effect of chronic illness on employment has been reported to be higher among the groups with the lowest position on the labour market, the mechanisms of such inequalities are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating social inequalities in the chances of maintaining employment during the course of HIV infection and at examining the correlates of such inequalities.
We used data from a national representative sample of persons living with HIV in France (ANRS-EN12-VESPA survey). Retrospective information on social trajectory and disease characteristics from the time of HIV diagnosis was available. The risk of employment loss associated with indicators of disease severity and HIV-related workplace discrimination was computed over time since HIV diagnosis according to sociodemographic and occupational factors, using Cox proportional hazards models.
Among the 478 working-aged participants diagnosed as being HIV-infected in the era of multitherapies and employed at the time of HIV diagnosis, 149 experienced employment loss. After adjusting for sociodemographic and occupational factors, disease severity and self-reported HIV-related discrimination at work were significantly associated with the risk of employment loss in a socially-differentiated manner: advancement in HIV disease was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among women (HR 4.45, 95% CI [2.10–9.43]) but not among men; self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among individuals with a primary/secondary educational level (HR 8.85, 95%CI [3.68–21.30]) but not among those more educated.
Chronic HIV disease affects the chances of maintaining employment in a socially differentiated manner, resulting in increasing inequalities regarding workforce participation. Disease severity and workplace HIV-related discrimination, by weighing especially on employment status of those with the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position may play a major role.
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DOI: 10.1136/oem.2007.034363
PubMed: 17981911
PubMed Central: 2259228
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Disease severity, self-reported experience of workplace discrimination and employment loss during the course of chronic HIV disease: differences according to gender and education</title><author><name sortKey="Dray Spira, Rosemary" sort="Dray Spira, Rosemary" uniqKey="Dray Spira R" first="Rosemary" last="Dray-Spira">Rosemary Dray-Spira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gueguen, Alice" sort="Gueguen, Alice" uniqKey="Gueguen A" first="Alice" last="Gueguen">Alice Gueguen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lert, France" sort="Lert, France" uniqKey="Lert F" first="France" last="Lert">France Lert</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17981911</idno><idno type="pmc">2259228</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2259228</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:2259228</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/oem.2007.034363</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002058</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002058</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002057</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Disease severity, self-reported experience of workplace discrimination and employment loss during the course of chronic HIV disease: differences according to gender and education</title><author><name sortKey="Dray Spira, Rosemary" sort="Dray Spira, Rosemary" uniqKey="Dray Spira R" first="Rosemary" last="Dray-Spira">Rosemary Dray-Spira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gueguen, Alice" sort="Gueguen, Alice" uniqKey="Gueguen A" first="Alice" last="Gueguen">Alice Gueguen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lert, France" sort="Lert, France" uniqKey="Lert F" first="France" last="Lert">France Lert</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Occupational and Environmental Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1351-0711</idno><idno type="eISSN">1470-7926</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Objectives</title><p>Evidence for the existence of a harmful effect of chronic disease on employment status has been provided. Although this effect of chronic illness on employment has been reported to be higher among the groups with the lowest position on the labour market, the mechanisms of such inequalities are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating social inequalities in the chances of maintaining employment during the course of HIV infection and at examining the correlates of such inequalities.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p>We used data from a national representative sample of persons living with HIV in France (ANRS-EN12-VESPA survey). Retrospective information on social trajectory and disease characteristics from the time of HIV diagnosis was available. The risk of employment loss associated with indicators of disease severity and HIV-related workplace discrimination was computed over time since HIV diagnosis according to sociodemographic and occupational factors, using Cox proportional hazards models.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p>Among the 478 working-aged participants diagnosed as being HIV-infected in the era of multitherapies and employed at the time of HIV diagnosis, 149 experienced employment loss. After adjusting for sociodemographic and occupational factors, disease severity and self-reported HIV-related discrimination at work were significantly associated with the risk of employment loss in a socially-differentiated manner: advancement in HIV disease was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among women (HR 4.45, 95% CI [2.10–9.43]) but not among men; self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among individuals with a primary/secondary educational level (HR 8.85, 95%CI [3.68–21.30]) but not among those more educated.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Chronic HIV disease affects the chances of maintaining employment in a socially differentiated manner, resulting in increasing inequalities regarding workforce participation. Disease severity and workplace HIV-related discrimination, by weighing especially on employment status of those with the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position may play a major role.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Occup Environ Med</journal-id><journal-title>Occupational and Environmental Medicine</journal-title><issn pub-type="ppub">1351-0711</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1470-7926</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17981911</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2259228</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">HALMS222099</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/oem.2007.034363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="subrepository"><subject>INSERM Subrepository</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Disease severity, self-reported experience of workplace discrimination and employment loss during the course of chronic HIV disease: differences according to gender and education</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dray-Spira</surname><given-names>Rosemary</given-names></name><xref rid="FN1" ref-type="author-notes">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gueguen</surname><given-names>Alice</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lert</surname><given-names>France</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>Vespa Study Group</collab></contrib><aff>Santé publique et épidémiologie des déterminants professionnels et sociaux de la santé<institution>INSERM:U687</institution><institution>IFR69</institution><institution>Université Paris Sud - Paris XI</institution><institution>Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines</institution><addr-line>Hopital National de Saint-Maurice 14, Rue du Val D'Osne 94415 ST MAURICE CEDEX, FR</addr-line></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">* Correspondence should be adressed to: Rosemary Dray-Spira <email>Rosemary.Dray-Spira@st-maurice.inserm.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>2</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>11</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>65</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>112</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Objectives</title><p>Evidence for the existence of a harmful effect of chronic disease on employment status has been provided. Although this effect of chronic illness on employment has been reported to be higher among the groups with the lowest position on the labour market, the mechanisms of such inequalities are poorly understood. The present study aimed at investigating social inequalities in the chances of maintaining employment during the course of HIV infection and at examining the correlates of such inequalities.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p>We used data from a national representative sample of persons living with HIV in France (ANRS-EN12-VESPA survey). Retrospective information on social trajectory and disease characteristics from the time of HIV diagnosis was available. The risk of employment loss associated with indicators of disease severity and HIV-related workplace discrimination was computed over time since HIV diagnosis according to sociodemographic and occupational factors, using Cox proportional hazards models.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p>Among the 478 working-aged participants diagnosed as being HIV-infected in the era of multitherapies and employed at the time of HIV diagnosis, 149 experienced employment loss. After adjusting for sociodemographic and occupational factors, disease severity and self-reported HIV-related discrimination at work were significantly associated with the risk of employment loss in a socially-differentiated manner: advancement in HIV disease was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among women (HR 4.45, 95% CI [2.10–9.43]) but not among men; self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work was associated with an increased risk of employment loss among individuals with a primary/secondary educational level (HR 8.85, 95%CI [3.68–21.30]) but not among those more educated.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Chronic HIV disease affects the chances of maintaining employment in a socially differentiated manner, resulting in increasing inequalities regarding workforce participation. Disease severity and workplace HIV-related discrimination, by weighing especially on employment status of those with the most disadvantaged socioeconomic position may play a major role.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="MESH"><kwd>Adult</kwd><kwd>Age Factors</kwd><kwd>Chronic Disease</kwd><kwd>Educational Status</kwd><kwd>Emigration and Immigration</kwd><kwd>Female</kwd><kwd>France</kwd><kwd>HIV Infections</kwd><kwd>psychology</kwd><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>Health Status</kwd><kwd>Health Surveys</kwd><kwd>Humans</kwd><kwd>Male</kwd><kwd>Middle Aged</kwd><kwd>Occupational Diseases</kwd><kwd>psychology</kwd><kwd>Odds Ratio</kwd><kwd>Prejudice</kwd><kwd>Risk</kwd><kwd>Sex Factors</kwd><kwd>Unemployment</kwd><kwd>Workplace</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group kwd-group-type="Author"><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>employment</kwd><kwd>social inequalities</kwd><kwd>workplace discrimination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-wrap><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic and occupational characteristics <xref rid="TFN1" ref-type="table-fn">†</xref> of participants who have and who have not lost their employment during the course of HIV disease. ANRS-EN12-VESPA study, N=478.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Employment loss
<hr></hr></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total sample (N=478)</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes (N=149)</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No (N=329)</th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR of employment loss [95% CI] <xref rid="TFN3" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–29</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (17.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (22.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (15.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.67 [1.67–4.26]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">176 (36.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (26.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136 (41.3)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135 (28.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (23.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (30.4)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 [0.66–1.65]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (17.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (27.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (12.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42 [1.57–3.75]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Males</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">391 (81.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112 (75.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">279 (84.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Females</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (18.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (24.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (15.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.63 [1.12–2.36]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Migrant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">393 (82.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (80.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273 (83.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (17.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (19.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (17.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 [0.74–1.66]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational level</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary/Secondary school</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213 (44.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (52.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135 (41.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.38 [1.00–1.90]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or more</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 (55.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (47.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194 (59.0)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupational position at diagnosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (0.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (0.9)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.70 [0.33–22.02]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craftsmen, traders</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (6.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (7.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (5.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.36 [1.69–11.25]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Managers, executives</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (12.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (4.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (15.8)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administrative associates</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127 (26.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (27.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 (26.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.30 [1.48–7.36]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clerks</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158 (33.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (34.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (32.2)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.27 [1.48–7.20]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manual workers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101 (21.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (24.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (18.5)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.71 [1.65–8.32]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of contract at diagnosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-employed</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (8.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (6.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (9.7)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75 [0.79–3.86]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, public sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102 (21.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (10.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86 (26.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, private sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251 (52.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (55.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168 (51.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.42 [1.42–4.13]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fixed-term contract or casual job</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (17.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (26.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (13.1)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.18 [2.34–7.47]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label>†</label><p>Values are #(%) unless stated otherwise</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><p>HR : Hazard Ratio CI : Confidence Interval</p></fn><fn id="TFN3"><label>*</label><p>Univariate Cox proportional hazard model</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Frequency <xref rid="TFN4" ref-type="table-fn">†</xref> of severe HIV infection and self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work, overall and according to sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. ANRS-EN12-VESPA study, N=478.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">AIDS or CD4 count<200/mm<sup>3</sup> between diagnosis and data collection
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" align="center" rowspan="1">Experience of HIV-related discrimination at work
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No/NA</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p<xref rid="TFN5" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p<xref rid="TFN5" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Overall</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197 (41.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">281 (58.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (4.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">458 (95.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age at diagnosis (years)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–29</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (29.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (70.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (4.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (95.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 (39.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (60.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (5.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167 (94.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (45.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73 (54.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (95.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (50.0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (50.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (98.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Males</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164 (41.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">227 (58.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (4.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">374 (95.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Females</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (37.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54 (62.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (3.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84 (96.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Migrant</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157 (39.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">236 (60.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (4.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">375 (95.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (47.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (52.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (2.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (97.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational level</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary/Secondary school</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (43.7)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (56.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.36</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206 (96.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or more</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (39.2)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (60.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (4.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252 (95.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Occupational position at</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (50.0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (50.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diagnosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craftsmen, traders</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (34.5)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (65.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Managers, executives</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (37.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (62.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (11.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (88.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administrative associates</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (38.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (61.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 (97.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clerks</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71 (44.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (55.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (3.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152 (96.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manual workers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (42.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (57.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (4.0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (96.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Type of contract at</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-employed</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (38.1)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (61.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (2.4)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (97.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">diagnosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, public sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (37.3)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (62.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.9)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97 (95.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, private sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (43.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141 (56.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (3.6)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242 (96.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fixed-term contract or casual job</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (39.8)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (60.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (6.0)</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (94.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4"><label>†</label><p>Values are #(%) unless stated otherwise</p></fn><fn id="TFN5"><label>*</label><p>Likelihood ratio test, adjusted for year of HIV diagnosis</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Estimated risk of employment loss associated with having reached AIDS stage or severe immunodeficiency in the 12 preceding months and with self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work, overall and according to sociodemographic and occupational characteristics. ANRS-EN12-VESPA study, N=478.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"># with employment loss
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">HR [95% CI]<xref rid="TFN7" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">Test for HR heterogeneity p<xref rid="TFN9" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"># with employment loss
<hr></hr></th><th rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">HR [95% CI]<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></th><th rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1">Test for HR heterogeneity p<xref rid="TFN9" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">AIDS or CD4<200/mm<sup>3</sup> in the preceding year</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Self-reported experience of discrimination at work</th></tr><tr><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No/NA</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th><th align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Overall</bold></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37 [0.88–2.14]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.48 [0.78–2.81]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–29</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.44 [0.50–4.11]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.947</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.34 [1.31–14.33]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.360</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 [0.53–3.09]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98 [0.70–5.56]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.27 [0.52–3.14]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 [0.24–4.20]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70 [0.83–3.47]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81 [0.11–5.88]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Males</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 [0.59–1.76]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.003</bold></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45 [0.71–2.98]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.664</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Females</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>4.12 [1.96–8.68]</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09 [0.50–8.71]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Migrant</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 [0.98–2.54]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.135</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47 [0.75–2.91]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.874</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 [0.19–2.16]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 [0.24–12.93]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Educational level</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary/Secondary</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 [0.74–2.44]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.918</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5.20 [2.25–12.02]</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>0.005</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">High school or more</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40 [0.75–2.61]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 [0.28–2.14]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Occupational position at diagnosis</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.708</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.624</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craftsmen, traders</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23 [0.69–15.04]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Managers, executives</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.34 [0.16–11.21]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39 [0.46–12.34]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administrative associates</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 [0.41–2.41]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00 [0.50–8.62]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clerks</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.47 [0.74–2.92]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29 [0.40–4.16]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manual workers</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 [0.64–3.46]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.04 [1.23–13.26]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Type of contract at diagnosis</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-employed</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.14 [0.45–10.19]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.686</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.602</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, public sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.82 [0.51–6.47]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 [0.12–6.74]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, private sector</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 [0.60–1.98]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.79 [0.72–4.41]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fixed-term contract or casual job</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 [0.80–3.86]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94 [0.69–5.45]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN6"><p>NA: Non available HR: Hazard Ratio CI: Confidence Interval</p></fn><fn id="TFN7"><label>1</label><p>Hazard Ratio for employment loss associated with having reached AIDS stage or severe immunodeficiency in the 12 preceding months (compared with neither AIDS nor severe immunodeficiency), estimated for each category of sociodemographic/occupational characteristics by a Cox proportional hazard model including a term of interaction between disease severity and the considered sociodemographic/occupational characteristic</p></fn><fn id="TFN8"><label>2</label><p>Hazard Ratio for employment loss associated with self-reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work (compared with no reported experience of HIV-related discrimination at work), estimated for each category of sociodemographic/occupational characteristics by a Cox proportional hazard model including a term of interaction between self-reported discrimination and the considered sociodemographic/occupational characteristic</p></fn><fn id="TFN9"><label>*</label><p>Likelihood ratio test</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Characteristics associated with the risk of employment loss in multivariate analysis<xref rid="TFN10" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref> (final model). ANRS-EN12-VESPA study, N=478.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted HR of employment loss [95% CI] <xref rid="TFN10" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Updated age</bold> (years)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–29</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.55 [1.56–4.14] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 [0.79–2.02]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–59</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.88 [1.81–4.60] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Occupational position at diagnosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farmers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.85 [0.36–40.78]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Craftsmen, traders</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.76 [1.72–19.29] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Managers, executives</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Administrative associates</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65 [1.16–6.06] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clerks</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.77 [1.18–6.48] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Manual workers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.38 [0.96–5.85]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Type of contract at diagnosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Self-employed</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.23 [0.36–4.15]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, public sector</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Permanent contract, private sector</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.49 [1.42–4.36] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fixed-term contract or casual job</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.58 [2.48–8.45] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Updated HIV disease severity according to gender</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>Males</underline>: AIDS or severe immuno-deficiency in the 12 preceding months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No/Unknown</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 [0.58–1.74]</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>Females</underline>: AIDS or severe immuno-deficiency in the 12 preceding months</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No/Unknown</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.45 [2.10–9.43] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Self-reported experience of workplace discrimination according to educational level</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>Primary/Secondary school</underline>: Experience of HIV-related discrimination at work</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.85 [3.68–21.30] <xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">‡</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><underline>High school or more</underline>: Experience of HIV-related discrimination at work</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 [0.39–3.07]</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN10"><label>*</label><p>Obtained from a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, being a migrant, occupational position at diagnosis, contract type at diagnosis, interaction between gender and updated HIV disease severity, and interaction between educational level and self-reported experience of workplace discrimination</p></fn><fn id="TFN11"><p>HR : Hazard Ratio CI : Confidence Interval</p></fn><fn id="TFN12"><label>‡</label><p>p<0.05</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-wrap></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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