Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria
Identifieur interne : 000F07 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000F06; suivant : 000F08Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria
Auteurs : Moses Temidayo Abiodun [Nigeria] ; Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen [Nigeria] ; Phillip O. Abiodun [Nigeria]Source :
- International Journal of Nephrology [ 2090-214X ] ; 2012.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1155/2012/861296
PubMed: 23213527
PubMed Central: 3507083
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" sort="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" uniqKey="Abiodun M" first="Moses Temidayo" last="Abiodun">Moses Temidayo Abiodun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" sort="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" uniqKey="Iduoriyekemwen N" first="Nosakhare J." last="Iduoriyekemwen">Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Phillip O" sort="Abiodun, Phillip O" uniqKey="Abiodun P" first="Phillip O." last="Abiodun">Phillip O. Abiodun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23213527</idno><idno type="pmc">3507083</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507083</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3507083</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2012/861296</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F08</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F08</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F07</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000F07</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" sort="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" uniqKey="Abiodun M" first="Moses Temidayo" last="Abiodun">Moses Temidayo Abiodun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" sort="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" uniqKey="Iduoriyekemwen N" first="Nosakhare J." last="Iduoriyekemwen">Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Phillip O" sort="Abiodun, Phillip O" uniqKey="Abiodun P" first="Phillip O." last="Abiodun">Phillip O. Abiodun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Nephrology</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-214X</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-2158</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent. <italic>Method</italic>. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children. <italic>Result</italic>. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (<italic>P</italic> = 0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the control group, (<italic>P</italic> = 0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (21.5% versus 5.4%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (<italic>r</italic> = 0.23; <italic>P</italic> = 0.022). <italic>Conclusion</italic>. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strauss, J" uniqKey="Strauss J">J Strauss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abitol, C" uniqKey="Abitol C">C Abitol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zillerrude, G" uniqKey="Zillerrude G">G Zillerrude</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alasia, Dd" uniqKey="Alasia D">DD Alasia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emem Chioma, P" uniqKey="Emem Chioma P">P Emem-Chioma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wokoma, Fs" uniqKey="Wokoma F">FS Wokoma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bamgboye, El" uniqKey="Bamgboye E">EL Bamgboye</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berhane, R" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nephrol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nephrol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJN</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nephrology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-214X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-2158</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23213527</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3507083</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/861296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abiodun</surname><given-names>Moses Temidayo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iduoriyekemwen</surname><given-names>Nosakhare J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abiodun</surname><given-names>Phillip O.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Moses Temidayo Abiodun: <email>biodunmt27@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Michael J. Ross</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>861296</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>7</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>15</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Moses Temidayo Abiodun et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent. <italic>Method</italic>. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children. <italic>Result</italic>. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (<italic>P</italic> = 0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the control group, (<italic>P</italic> = 0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (21.5% versus 5.4%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (<italic>r</italic> = 0.23; <italic>P</italic> = 0.022). <italic>Conclusion</italic>. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Correlation of estimated glomerular filtration rate with CD4 count in HIV-infected children ≥ 5 years old.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJN2012-861296.001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of all study participants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-infected children, <italic>n</italic> = 205 (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls, <break></break><italic>n</italic> = 205 (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test (<italic>χ</italic><sup>2</sup>, <italic>t</italic>, <italic>U</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than 5 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (51.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0098</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (48.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean age </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.68 ± 3.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.39 ± 3.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.401<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SEC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Upper class</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (5.40)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (14.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005<sup>c∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle class</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (40.50)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (38.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lower class</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (54.10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (47.30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (kg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3 ± 7.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5 ± 9.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.327</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.171<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> WAZ </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.015</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.20 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13043.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>d∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (m)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.093 ± 0.197</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.093 ± 0.218</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.991<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HAZ</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.65 </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15159.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>d∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.91 ± 3.54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.68 ± 3.34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.265</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024<sup>b∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> BMI <italic>z </italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17221.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<sup>d∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood pressure</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (mmHg) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.4 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.2 ± 3.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7482</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4548<sup>b</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>WAZ: weight for age <italic>z</italic> score; HAZ: height for age <italic>z</italic> score; BMI <italic>z</italic>: body mass index <italic>z</italic> score; SEC: socioeconomic class; <sup>a</sup>Fishers exact test; <sup>b</sup>student <italic>t</italic> test;<sup> c</sup>Pearson chi-square; <sup>d</sup>Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test; *significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Serum cystatin C levels of all study participants in different age groups.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Serum cystatin C (mg/L)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Age groups(years)</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">HIV-infected</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Controls</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Test (<italic>t</italic>)
</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 ± 0.46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 ± 0.20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 ± 0.43</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69 ± 0.18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.134</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 ± 0.44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 ± 0.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.103</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 ± 0.09</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 ± 0.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.481</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.048*</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>t</italic>: student's <italic>t</italic> test, <italic>df</italic>: degree of freedom, *significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rates of all study participants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eGFR</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-infected children, <italic>n</italic> = 205 (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control <italic>n</italic> = 205 (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.7 ± 31.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126.9 ± 28.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014<sup>a∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Category</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (78.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194 (94.6%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 89–60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (10.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (4.4%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.000<sup>b∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 59–25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (9.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); <sup>a</sup>student <italic>t</italic> test; <sup>b</sup>Fisher's exact = 26.045, <italic>df</italic> = 3; *significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Comparison of characteristics between HIV-infected children with and without chronic kidney disease.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">HIV-infected children</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Test (<italic>t</italic>, <italic>χ</italic>2, <italic>U</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With CKD <italic>n</italic> = 22, (%)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without CKD <italic>n</italic> = 183, (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.77 ± 3.463</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.66 ± 3.407</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.141</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.888<sup>a</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI <italic>z</italic> score</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.155</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1904.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.678<sup>b</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunological stage</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Advanced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (59.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (26.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.721</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031<sup>c∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not advanced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (40.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134 (73.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4 count</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">348.8 ± 297.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">844.8 ± 532.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.153</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<sup>a∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cystatin C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (mg/L)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15 ± 0.48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 ± 0.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.04</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>a∗</sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>CKD: chronic kidney disease. <sup>a</sup>Student's <italic>t</italic>-test;<sup> b</sup>Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test; <sup>c</sup>Fisher's exact test; *significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Estimated GFR of HIV-infected children in different immunological stages.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">eGFR category</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Immunological stages</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic> value</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not advanced</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Advanced</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><5 year old</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (80.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (70.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (76.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.112<sup>a1</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60–89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (15.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (12.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (13.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (9.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (7.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (7.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥5 year old</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (82.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (84.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 (80.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60–89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (9.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (7.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028<sup>a2∗</sup></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (7.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (15.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (12.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (100.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); <sup>a1</sup>Fisher's exact = 5.693; <italic>df</italic> = 3; <sup>a2</sup>Fisher's exact = 6.192; <italic>df</italic> = 2; *significant at <italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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