Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria
Identifieur interne : 000F07 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000F06; suivant : 000F08Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria
Auteurs : Moses Temidayo Abiodun [Nigeria] ; Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen [Nigeria] ; Phillip O. Abiodun [Nigeria]Source :
- International Journal of Nephrology [ 2090-214X ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2012/861296
PubMed: 23213527
PubMed Central: 3507083
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</title>
<author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" sort="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" uniqKey="Abiodun M" first="Moses Temidayo" last="Abiodun">Moses Temidayo Abiodun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" sort="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" uniqKey="Iduoriyekemwen N" first="Nosakhare J." last="Iduoriyekemwen">Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Phillip O" sort="Abiodun, Phillip O" uniqKey="Abiodun P" first="Phillip O." last="Abiodun">Phillip O. Abiodun</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</title>
<author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" sort="Abiodun, Moses Temidayo" uniqKey="Abiodun M" first="Moses Temidayo" last="Abiodun">Moses Temidayo Abiodun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" sort="Iduoriyekemwen, Nosakhare J" uniqKey="Iduoriyekemwen N" first="Nosakhare J." last="Iduoriyekemwen">Nosakhare J. Iduoriyekemwen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Phillip O" sort="Abiodun, Phillip O" uniqKey="Abiodun P" first="Phillip O." last="Abiodun">Phillip O. Abiodun</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001</wicri:regionArea>
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<series><title level="j">International Journal of Nephrology</title>
<idno type="ISSN">2090-214X</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">2090-2158</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>
. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent. <italic>Method</italic>
. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children. <italic>Result</italic>
. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
in the control group, (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
(21.5% versus 5.4%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (<italic>r</italic>
= 0.23; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.022). <italic>Conclusion</italic>
. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method.</p>
</div>
</front>
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<pmc article-type="other"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Nephrol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int J Nephrol</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJN</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Nephrology</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2090-214X</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2090-2158</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23213527</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3507083</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/861296</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Cystatin C-Based Evaluation of Kidney Function of HIV-Infected Children in Benin City, Southern Nigeria</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abiodun</surname>
<given-names>Moses Temidayo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Iduoriyekemwen</surname>
<given-names>Nosakhare J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abiodun</surname>
<given-names>Phillip O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">Department of Child Health, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin 300001, Nigeria</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Moses Temidayo Abiodun: <email>biodunmt27@yahoo.com</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Michael J. Ross</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2012</volume>
<elocation-id>861296</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd"><day>15</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>17</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2012</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Moses Temidayo Abiodun et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>
. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is now a confirmed risk factor for kidney disease with an increased burden in persons of African descent. <italic>Method</italic>
. We measured the serum cystatin C levels of 205 ART-naive, HIV-infected children by an ELISA technique and compared them with the levels of apparently healthy children. <italic>Result</italic>
. The mean ± SD serum cystatin C level of children with HIV infection was 1.01 ± 0.44 mg/L, significantly higher than the mean value in the control group, that is, 0.72 ± 0.20 mg/L (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.000). The mean ± SD cystatin C-based estimated GFR of children with HIV infection was 102.7 ± 31.0 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
, significantly lower than 126.9 ± 28.5 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
in the control group, (<italic>P</italic>
= 0.014). A significantly higher proportion of HIV-infected children compared to controls had eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
(21.5% versus 5.4%; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.00). The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among the HIV-infected children was 10.7%. The cystatin C-based eGFR of the HIV-infected children ≥5 years old correlated positively with their CD4 count (<italic>r</italic>
= 0.23; <italic>P</italic>
= 0.022). <italic>Conclusion</italic>
. There is a high prevalence of CKD among HIV-infected children, requiring regular monitoring of their kidney function using a cystatin C-based method.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Correlation of estimated glomerular filtration rate with CD4 count in HIV-infected children ≥ 5 years old.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="IJN2012-861296.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of all study participants.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-infected children, <italic>n</italic>
= 205 (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Controls, <break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 205 (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Test (<italic>χ</italic>
<sup>2</sup>
, <italic>t</italic>
, <italic>U</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years) </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Less than 5 years</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (51.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0098</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥5 years</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (48.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean age </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.68 ± 3.41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.39 ± 3.41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.401<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (47.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.00</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.000<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107 (52.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SEC</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Upper class</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (5.40)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (14.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.77</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005<sup>c∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Middle class</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (40.50)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (38.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Lower class</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (54.10)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96 (47.30)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (kg)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.3 ± 7.7</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.5 ± 9.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.327</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.171<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> WAZ </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−1.015</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.20 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13043.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>d∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (m)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.093 ± 0.197</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.093 ± 0.218</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.012</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.991<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HAZ</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.65 </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15159.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>d∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (kg/m<sup>2</sup>
)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.91 ± 3.54</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.68 ± 3.34</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.265</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.024<sup>b∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> BMI <italic>z </italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.83</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17221.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<sup>d∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Blood pressure</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (mmHg) </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.4 ± 2.1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.2 ± 3.2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7482</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">408</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4548<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>WAZ: weight for age <italic>z</italic>
score; HAZ: height for age <italic>z</italic>
score; BMI <italic>z</italic>
: body mass index <italic>z</italic>
score; SEC: socioeconomic class; <sup>a</sup>
Fishers exact test; <sup>b</sup>
student <italic>t</italic>
test;<sup> c</sup>
Pearson chi-square; <sup>d</sup>
Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>
test; *significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Serum cystatin C levels of all study participants in different age groups.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Serum cystatin C (mg/L)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Age groups(years)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">HIV-infected</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Controls</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Test (<italic>t</italic>
)
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1–4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 ± 0.46</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">107</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 ± 0.20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.49</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5–9</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 ± 0.43</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69 ± 0.18</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.134</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">144</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10–14</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 ± 0.44</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 ± 0.28</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.103</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.042*</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15–17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 ± 0.09</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 ± 0.17</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.481</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.048*</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>t</italic>
: student's <italic>t</italic>
test, <italic>df</italic>
: degree of freedom, *significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rates of all study participants.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">eGFR</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-infected children, <italic>n</italic>
= 205 (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Control <italic>n</italic>
= 205 (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.7 ± 31.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126.9 ± 28.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014<sup>a∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Category</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (78.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194 (94.6%)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 89–60</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (10.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (4.4%)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.000<sup>b∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 59–25</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (9.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.0%)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
); <sup>a</sup>
student <italic>t</italic>
test; <sup>b</sup>
Fisher's exact = 26.045, <italic>df</italic>
= 3; *significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Comparison of characteristics between HIV-infected children with and without chronic kidney disease.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Characteristics</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">HIV-infected children</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Test (<italic>t</italic>
, <italic>χ</italic>
2, <italic>U</italic>
)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>df</italic>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With CKD <italic>n</italic>
= 22, (%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Without CKD <italic>n</italic>
= 183, (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.77 ± 3.463</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.66 ± 3.407</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.141</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.888<sup>a</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BMI <italic>z</italic>
score</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.155</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.42</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1904.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.678<sup>b</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Immunological stage</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Advanced</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (59.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (26.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.721</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0031<sup>c∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not advanced</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (40.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134 (73.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4 count</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (cells/mm<sup>3</sup>
)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">348.8 ± 297.5</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">844.8 ± 532.0</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−3.153</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002<sup>a∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cystatin C</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mean ± SD (mg/L)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.15 ± 0.48</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 ± 0.13</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.04</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">203</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<sup>a∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>CKD: chronic kidney disease. <sup>a</sup>
Student's <italic>t</italic>
-test;<sup> b</sup>
Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>
test; <sup>c</sup>
Fisher's exact test; *significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Estimated GFR of HIV-infected children in different immunological stages.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">eGFR category</th>
<th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Immunological stages</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Total</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>
value</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not advanced</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Advanced</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><5 year old</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (80.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (70.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (76.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">0.112<sup>a1</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60–89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (15.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (12.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (13.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–59</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (9.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (7.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 15–24</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (7.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥5 year old</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥90</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (82.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (84.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 (80.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 60–89</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (9.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (7.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028<sup>a2∗</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 25–59</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (7.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (15.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (12.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (100.0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>
); <sup>a1</sup>
Fisher's exact = 5.693; <italic>df</italic>
= 3; <sup>a2</sup>
Fisher's exact = 6.192; <italic>df</italic>
= 2; *significant at <italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
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