Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries
Identifieur interne : 000835 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000834; suivant : 000836Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries
Auteurs : Timothy M. Tan [États-Unis] ; Paul Spiegel [États-Unis] ; Christopher Haskew [Suisse] ; P Gregg Greenough [États-Unis]Source :
- Conflict and Health [ 1752-1505 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Numerous simultaneous complex humanitarian emergencies strain the ability of local governments and the international community to respond, underscoring the importance of cost-effective use of limited resources. At the end of 2011, 42.5 million people were forcibly displaced, including 10.4 million refugees under the mandate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). UNHCR spent US$1.65 billion on refugee programs in 2011. We analyze the impact of aggregate-level UNHCR spending on mortality of refugee populations.
Using 2011 budget data, we calculated purchasing power parity adjusted spending, disaggregated by population planning groups (PPGs) and UNHCR Results Framework objectives. Monthly mortality reported to UNHCR’s Health Information System from 2011 to 2012 was used to calculate crude (CMR) and under-5 (U5MR) mortality rates, and expressed as ratios to country of asylum mortality. Log-linear regressions were performed to assess correlation between spending and mortality.
Mortality data for 70 refugee sites representing 1.6 million refugees in 17 countries were matched to 20 PPGs. Median 2011 spending was $623.27 per person (constant 2011 US$). Median CMR was 2.4 deaths per 1,000 persons per year; median U5MR was 18.1 under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births per year. CMR was negatively correlated with total spending (
Increased UNHCR spending on refugee populations is correlated with lower mortality, likely reflecting unique refugee vulnerabilities and dependence on aid. Future analyses using more granular data can further elucidate the health impact of humanitarian sector spending, thereby guiding policy choices.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4
PubMed: 28649272
PubMed Central: 5477838
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Tan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21729.3f</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368729</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>60 Haven Ave, Floor B3, New York, NY 10032 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>60 Haven Ave, Floor B3, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415592.e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404542800</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, Queens Hospital Center Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>82-68 164th Street, Suite 1B-02, Queens, NY 11432 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>82-68 164th Street, Suite 1B-02, Queens</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, Paul" sort="Spiegel, Paul" uniqKey="Spiegel P" first="Paul" last="Spiegel">Paul Spiegel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21107.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121719311</institution-id><institution>Center for Refugee and Disaster Response,</institution><institution>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haskew, Christopher" sort="Haskew, Christopher" uniqKey="Haskew C" first="Christopher" last="Haskew">Christopher Haskew</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.3575.4</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121633745</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>World Health Organisation,</institution></institution-wrap>Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenough, P Gregg" sort="Greenough, P Gregg" uniqKey="Greenough P" first="P Gregg" last="Greenough">P Gregg Greenough</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.62560.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000403788294</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Brigham & Women’s Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>75 Francis Street, Neville House 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>75 Francis Street, Neville House 2nd Floor, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28649272</idno><idno type="pmc">5477838</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477838</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5477838</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000836</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000836</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000835</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000835</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries</title><author><name sortKey="Tan, Timothy M" sort="Tan, Timothy M" uniqKey="Tan T" first="Timothy M" last="Tan">Timothy M. Tan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21729.3f</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368729</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>60 Haven Ave, Floor B3, New York, NY 10032 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>60 Haven Ave, Floor B3, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415592.e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404542800</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, Queens Hospital Center Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>82-68 164th Street, Suite 1B-02, Queens, NY 11432 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>82-68 164th Street, Suite 1B-02, Queens</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, Paul" sort="Spiegel, Paul" uniqKey="Spiegel P" first="Paul" last="Spiegel">Paul Spiegel</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21107.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121719311</institution-id><institution>Center for Refugee and Disaster Response,</institution><institution>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haskew, Christopher" sort="Haskew, Christopher" uniqKey="Haskew C" first="Christopher" last="Haskew">Christopher Haskew</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.3575.4</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121633745</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>World Health Organisation,</institution></institution-wrap>Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Greenough, P Gregg" sort="Greenough, P Gregg" uniqKey="Greenough P" first="P Gregg" last="Greenough">P Gregg Greenough</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.62560.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000403788294</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Brigham & Women’s Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>75 Francis Street, Neville House 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>75 Francis Street, Neville House 2nd Floor, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Conflict and Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1752-1505</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Numerous simultaneous complex humanitarian emergencies strain the ability of local governments and the international community to respond, underscoring the importance of cost-effective use of limited resources. At the end of 2011, 42.5 million people were forcibly displaced, including 10.4 million refugees under the mandate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). UNHCR spent US$1.65 billion on refugee programs in 2011. We analyze the impact of aggregate-level UNHCR spending on mortality of refugee populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Using 2011 budget data, we calculated purchasing power parity adjusted spending, disaggregated by population planning groups (PPGs) and UNHCR Results Framework objectives. Monthly mortality reported to UNHCR’s Health Information System from 2011 to 2012 was used to calculate crude (CMR) and under-5 (U5MR) mortality rates, and expressed as ratios to country of asylum mortality. Log-linear regressions were performed to assess correlation between spending and mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mortality data for 70 refugee sites representing 1.6 million refugees in 17 countries were matched to 20 PPGs. Median 2011 spending was $623.27 per person (constant 2011 US$). Median CMR was 2.4 deaths per 1,000 persons per year; median U5MR was 18.1 under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births per year. CMR was negatively correlated with total spending (<italic>p =</italic> 0.027), and spending for fair protection processes and documentation (<italic>p =</italic> 0.005), external relations (<italic>p =</italic> 0.034), logistics and operations support (<italic>p =</italic> 0.007), and for healthcare (<italic>p =</italic> 0.046). U5MR ratio was negatively correlated with total spending (<italic>p =</italic> 0.015), and spending for favorable protection environment (<italic>p =</italic> 0.024), fair protection processes and documentation (<italic>p =</italic> 0.003), basic needs and essential services (<italic>p =</italic> 0.027), and within basic needs, for healthcare services (<italic>p =</italic> 0.007).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Increased UNHCR spending on refugee populations is correlated with lower mortality, likely reflecting unique refugee vulnerabilities and dependence on aid. Future analyses using more granular data can further elucidate the health impact of humanitarian sector spending, thereby guiding policy choices.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turk, V" uniqKey="Turk V">V Turk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eyster, E" uniqKey="Eyster E">E Eyster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goodman, Ca" uniqKey="Goodman C">CA Goodman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, Pg" uniqKey="Coleman P">PG Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Aj" uniqKey="Mills A">AJ Mills</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sinha, A" uniqKey="Sinha A">A Sinha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, O" uniqKey="Levine O">O Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knoll, Md" uniqKey="Knoll M">MD Knoll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muhib, F" uniqKey="Muhib F">F Muhib</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lieu, Ta" uniqKey="Lieu T">TA Lieu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jamison, Dt" uniqKey="Jamison D">DT Jamison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Breman, Jg" uniqKey="Breman J">JG Breman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Measham, Ar" uniqKey="Measham A">AR Measham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alleyne, G" uniqKey="Alleyne G">G Alleyne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Claeson, M" uniqKey="Claeson M">M Claeson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, Db" uniqKey="Evans D">DB Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jha, P" 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Spiegel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, K" uniqKey="Jacobsen K">K Jacobsen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Filmer, D" uniqKey="Filmer D">D Filmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammer, Js" uniqKey="Hammer J">JS Hammer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pritchett, Lh" uniqKey="Pritchett L">LH Pritchett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Easterly, W" uniqKey="Easterly W">W Easterly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hynes, M" uniqKey="Hynes M">M Hynes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheik, M" uniqKey="Sheik M">M Sheik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Hg" uniqKey="Wilson H">HG 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sortKey="Leach Kemon, K" uniqKey="Leach Kemon K">K Leach-Kemon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamison, D" uniqKey="Jamison D">D Jamison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Cjl" uniqKey="Murray C">CJL Murray</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Evans, Jd" uniqKey="Evans J">JD Evans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Confl Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Confl Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Conflict and Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1752-1505</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28649272</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5477838</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">95</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Timothy M</given-names></name><address><phone>+1-646-515-9322</phone><email>tmt2005@columbia.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spiegel</surname><given-names>Paul</given-names></name><address><email>pbspiegel@jhu.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haskew</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name><address><email>haskewc@who.int</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Greenough</surname><given-names>P Gregg</given-names></name><address><email>ggreenou@hsph.harvard.edu</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21729.3f</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000419368729</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>60 Haven Ave, Floor B3, New York, NY 10032 USA</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.415592.e</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000404542800</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, Queens Hospital Center Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>82-68 164th Street, Suite 1B-02, Queens, NY 11432 USA</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.21107.35</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121719311</institution-id><institution>Center for Refugee and Disaster Response,</institution><institution>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health,</institution></institution-wrap>615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.3575.4</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000121633745</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>World Health Organisation,</institution></institution-wrap>Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, 14 Story St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.62560.37</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000000403788294</institution-id><institution></institution><institution>Brigham & Women’s Hospital Department of Emergency Medicine,</institution></institution-wrap>75 Francis Street, Neville House 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115 USA</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>7</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><elocation-id>28</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>26</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Numerous simultaneous complex humanitarian emergencies strain the ability of local governments and the international community to respond, underscoring the importance of cost-effective use of limited resources. At the end of 2011, 42.5 million people were forcibly displaced, including 10.4 million refugees under the mandate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). UNHCR spent US$1.65 billion on refugee programs in 2011. We analyze the impact of aggregate-level UNHCR spending on mortality of refugee populations.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Using 2011 budget data, we calculated purchasing power parity adjusted spending, disaggregated by population planning groups (PPGs) and UNHCR Results Framework objectives. Monthly mortality reported to UNHCR’s Health Information System from 2011 to 2012 was used to calculate crude (CMR) and under-5 (U5MR) mortality rates, and expressed as ratios to country of asylum mortality. Log-linear regressions were performed to assess correlation between spending and mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mortality data for 70 refugee sites representing 1.6 million refugees in 17 countries were matched to 20 PPGs. Median 2011 spending was $623.27 per person (constant 2011 US$). Median CMR was 2.4 deaths per 1,000 persons per year; median U5MR was 18.1 under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births per year. CMR was negatively correlated with total spending (<italic>p =</italic> 0.027), and spending for fair protection processes and documentation (<italic>p =</italic> 0.005), external relations (<italic>p =</italic> 0.034), logistics and operations support (<italic>p =</italic> 0.007), and for healthcare (<italic>p =</italic> 0.046). U5MR ratio was negatively correlated with total spending (<italic>p =</italic> 0.015), and spending for favorable protection environment (<italic>p =</italic> 0.024), fair protection processes and documentation (<italic>p =</italic> 0.003), basic needs and essential services (<italic>p =</italic> 0.027), and within basic needs, for healthcare services (<italic>p =</italic> 0.007).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Increased UNHCR spending on refugee populations is correlated with lower mortality, likely reflecting unique refugee vulnerabilities and dependence on aid. Future analyses using more granular data can further elucidate the health impact of humanitarian sector spending, thereby guiding policy choices.</p></sec><sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title><p>The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Health spending</kwd><kwd>Refugees</kwd><kwd>Mortality</kwd><kwd>Health information system</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100008552</institution-id><institution>Brigham Research Institute</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>MicroGrant Program</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Timothy M</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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