Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young adults in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia: a population-based cross-sectional study
Identifieur interne : 000616 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000615; suivant : 000617Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young adults in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia: a population-based cross-sectional study
Auteurs : Tatiana Balaeva [Norvège, Russie] ; Andrej M. Grjibovski [Russie, Norvège, Kazakhstan] ; Oleg Sidorenkov [Norvège] ; Olga Samodova [Russie] ; Natalia Firsova [Russie] ; Anatoly Sannikov [Russie] ; Elise Klouman [Norvège]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease (GUD) worldwide. Mother to child transmission causes high morbidity and mortality among infants. Russia is on the brink of a generalized HIV-epidemic, but Arkhangelsk is still a low-prevalence area. HSV-2 infection is associated with a three-fold increased risk of HIV-infection. The evidence on the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in Russia is limited. The aim of this study was to assess HSV-2 seroprevalence and correlates among young adults in the city of Arkhangelsk.
1243 adults aged 18-39 years participated in a cross-sectional population-based study, recruited by a public opinion agency applying a quota sampling method to achieve a data set with similar age- and sex-distribution as the population in Arkhangelsk. All participants completed a standardized, self-administrated questionnaire and were tested for HSV-2. Associations between HSV-2 seropositivity and selected sociodemographic and behavioral factors, and self-reported history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were studied by multivariable logistic regression.
HSV-2 seroprevalence was 18.8 %: 12.2 % (95 % confidence interval, CI 9.7-15.2) among men and 24.0 % (95 % CI 20.1-27.3) among women. Among men, HSV-2 positivity was associated with being divorced/widowed (OR = 2.85, 95 % CI 1.06-7.70), cohabitation (OR = 2.45, 95 % CI 1.07-5.62), and a history of STIs (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI 1.14-3.91). In women, HSV-2 positivity was associated with high income (OR = 3.11, 95 % CI 1.45-6.71) and having a lifetime number of sexual partners between 2 and 5 (OR = 2.72, 95 % CI 1.14-6.51), whereas sexual debut at age 18 years or older was inversely associated with the outcome (OR = 0.47, 95 % CI 0.31-0.72). In both sexes, increasing age was the strongest correlate of HSV-2 seropositivity in multivariable analyses.
The HSV-2 seroprevalence was twice as high in women than in men and increased with age in both sexes, and similar to that reported from high-prevalence countries in Europe and the USA. The high prevalence of HSV-2 among women in childbearing age reveals the potential for HSV-2 transmission from mothers to infants and increased risk of acquisition HIV-infection; it also contributes to the burden GUD among both sexes. This emphasizes the public health implications of the HSV-2 epidemic in an urban population in North-West Russia.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1954-8
PubMed: 27793121
PubMed Central: 5084401
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Andrej M. Grjibovski<affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str, Yakutsk, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kazakhstan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation>Le document en format XML
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Grjibovski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str, Yakutsk, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kazakhstan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidorenkov, Oleg" sort="Sidorenkov, Oleg" uniqKey="Sidorenkov O" first="Oleg" last="Sidorenkov">Oleg Sidorenkov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samodova, Olga" sort="Samodova, Olga" uniqKey="Samodova O" first="Olga" last="Samodova">Olga Samodova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firsova, Natalia" sort="Firsova, Natalia" uniqKey="Firsova N" first="Natalia" last="Firsova">Natalia Firsova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Arkhangelsk Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, Sibiryakovtsev Street 2-1, Arkhangelsk, 163045 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Arkhangelsk Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, Sibiryakovtsev Street 2-1, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sannikov, Anatoly" sort="Sannikov, Anatoly" uniqKey="Sannikov A" first="Anatoly" last="Sannikov">Anatoly Sannikov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klouman, Elise" sort="Klouman, Elise" uniqKey="Klouman E" first="Elise" last="Klouman">Elise Klouman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27793121</idno><idno type="pmc">5084401</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084401</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5084401</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1954-8</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000617</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000617</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000616</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000616</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young adults in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia: a population-based cross-sectional study</title><author><name sortKey="Balaeva, Tatiana" sort="Balaeva, Tatiana" uniqKey="Balaeva T" first="Tatiana" last="Balaeva">Tatiana Balaeva</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Arkhangelsk Region, Troitski Av. 164-1, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Arkhangelsk Region, Troitski Av. 164-1, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grjibovski, Andrej M" sort="Grjibovski, Andrej M" uniqKey="Grjibovski A" first="Andrej M." last="Grjibovski">Andrej M. Grjibovski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4">North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str, Yakutsk, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5">Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kazakhstan</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sidorenkov, Oleg" sort="Sidorenkov, Oleg" uniqKey="Sidorenkov O" first="Oleg" last="Sidorenkov">Oleg Sidorenkov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samodova, Olga" sort="Samodova, Olga" uniqKey="Samodova O" first="Olga" last="Samodova">Olga Samodova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Firsova, Natalia" sort="Firsova, Natalia" uniqKey="Firsova N" first="Natalia" last="Firsova">Natalia Firsova</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Arkhangelsk Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, Sibiryakovtsev Street 2-1, Arkhangelsk, 163045 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Arkhangelsk Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, Sibiryakovtsev Street 2-1, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sannikov, Anatoly" sort="Sannikov, Anatoly" uniqKey="Sannikov A" first="Anatoly" last="Sannikov">Anatoly Sannikov</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Russie</country><wicri:regionArea>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Klouman, Elise" sort="Klouman, Elise" uniqKey="Klouman E" first="Elise" last="Klouman">Elise Klouman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Norvège</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease (GUD) worldwide. Mother to child transmission causes high morbidity and mortality among infants. Russia is on the brink of a generalized HIV-epidemic, but Arkhangelsk is still a low-prevalence area. HSV-2 infection is associated with a three-fold increased risk of HIV-infection. The evidence on the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in Russia is limited. The aim of this study was to assess HSV-2 seroprevalence and correlates among young adults in the city of Arkhangelsk.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>1243 adults aged 18-39 years participated in a cross-sectional population-based study, recruited by a public opinion agency applying a quota sampling method to achieve a data set with similar age- and sex-distribution as the population in Arkhangelsk. All participants completed a standardized, self-administrated questionnaire and were tested for HSV-2. Associations between HSV-2 seropositivity and selected sociodemographic and behavioral factors, and self-reported history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were studied by multivariable logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>HSV-2 seroprevalence was 18.8 %: 12.2 % (95 % confidence interval, CI 9.7-15.2) among men and 24.0 % (95 % CI 20.1-27.3) among women. Among men, HSV-2 positivity was associated with being divorced/widowed (OR = 2.85, 95 % CI 1.06-7.70), cohabitation (OR = 2.45, 95 % CI 1.07-5.62), and a history of STIs (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI 1.14-3.91). In women, HSV-2 positivity was associated with high income (OR = 3.11, 95 % CI 1.45-6.71) and having a lifetime number of sexual partners between 2 and 5 (OR = 2.72, 95 % CI 1.14-6.51), whereas sexual debut at age 18 years or older was inversely associated with the outcome (OR = 0.47, 95 % CI 0.31-0.72). In both sexes, increasing age was the strongest correlate of HSV-2 seropositivity in multivariable analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The HSV-2 seroprevalence was twice as high in women than in men and increased with age in both sexes, and similar to that reported from high-prevalence countries in Europe and the USA. The high prevalence of HSV-2 among women in childbearing age reveals the potential for HSV-2 transmission from mothers to infants and increased risk of acquisition HIV-infection; it also contributes to the burden GUD among both sexes. This emphasizes the public health implications of the HSV-2 epidemic in an urban population in North-West Russia.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Senior, K" uniqKey="Senior K">K Senior</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wald, A" uniqKey="Wald A">A Wald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corey, L" uniqKey="Corey L">L Corey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wald, A" uniqKey="Wald A">A Wald</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Looker, Kj" uniqKey="Looker K">KJ Looker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garnett, Gp" uniqKey="Garnett G">GP Garnett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmid, Gp" uniqKey="Schmid G">GP Schmid</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, J" uniqKey="Smith J">J Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, N" uniqKey="Robinson N">N Robinson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freeman, Ee" uniqKey="Freeman E">EE Freeman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Ha" uniqKey="Weiss H">HA Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Glynn, Jr" uniqKey="Glynn J">JR Glynn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cross, Pl" uniqKey="Cross P">PL Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitworth, Ja" uniqKey="Whitworth J">JA Whitworth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hayes, Rj" uniqKey="Hayes R">RJ Hayes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corey, L" uniqKey="Corey L">L Corey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khryanin, Ak" uniqKey="Khryanin A">AK Khryanin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reshetnikov, Ov" uniqKey="Reshetnikov O">OV 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open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27793121</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5084401</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1954</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1954-8</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among young adults in Arkhangelsk, Northwest Russia: a population-based cross-sectional study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Balaeva</surname><given-names>Tatiana</given-names></name><address><email>arkhangelsk.tatiana@rambler.ru</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grjibovski</surname><given-names>Andrej M.</given-names></name><address><email>andrei.grjibovski@fhi.no</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sidorenkov</surname><given-names>Oleg</given-names></name><address><email>oleg.sidorenkov@uit.no</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samodova</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><address><email>ovsamodova@mail.ru</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Firsova</surname><given-names>Natalia</given-names></name><address><email>firs-natali1@yandex.ru</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sannikov</surname><given-names>Anatoly</given-names></name><address><email>jsannikov@yandex.ru</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5970-5521</contrib-id><name><surname>Klouman</surname><given-names>Elise</given-names></name><address><email>elise.klouman@uit.no</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, PO Box 6050 Langnes, N-9037 Tromso, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>Northern State Medical University, Troitski Av. 51, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Arkhangelsk Region, Troitski Av. 164-1, Arkhangelsk, 163000 Russia</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>North-Eastern Federal University, 58 Belinsky Str, Yakutsk, 677000 Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) Russia</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>Department of International Public Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>Department of Preventive Medicine, International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>Arkhangelsk Regional Dermatovenerologic Dispensary, Sibiryakovtsev Street 2-1, Arkhangelsk, 163045 Russia</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><elocation-id>616</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease (GUD) worldwide. Mother to child transmission causes high morbidity and mortality among infants. Russia is on the brink of a generalized HIV-epidemic, but Arkhangelsk is still a low-prevalence area. HSV-2 infection is associated with a three-fold increased risk of HIV-infection. The evidence on the seroprevalence of HSV-2 in Russia is limited. The aim of this study was to assess HSV-2 seroprevalence and correlates among young adults in the city of Arkhangelsk.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>1243 adults aged 18-39 years participated in a cross-sectional population-based study, recruited by a public opinion agency applying a quota sampling method to achieve a data set with similar age- and sex-distribution as the population in Arkhangelsk. All participants completed a standardized, self-administrated questionnaire and were tested for HSV-2. Associations between HSV-2 seropositivity and selected sociodemographic and behavioral factors, and self-reported history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were studied by multivariable logistic regression.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>HSV-2 seroprevalence was 18.8 %: 12.2 % (95 % confidence interval, CI 9.7-15.2) among men and 24.0 % (95 % CI 20.1-27.3) among women. Among men, HSV-2 positivity was associated with being divorced/widowed (OR = 2.85, 95 % CI 1.06-7.70), cohabitation (OR = 2.45, 95 % CI 1.07-5.62), and a history of STIs (OR = 2.11, 95 % CI 1.14-3.91). In women, HSV-2 positivity was associated with high income (OR = 3.11, 95 % CI 1.45-6.71) and having a lifetime number of sexual partners between 2 and 5 (OR = 2.72, 95 % CI 1.14-6.51), whereas sexual debut at age 18 years or older was inversely associated with the outcome (OR = 0.47, 95 % CI 0.31-0.72). In both sexes, increasing age was the strongest correlate of HSV-2 seropositivity in multivariable analyses.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The HSV-2 seroprevalence was twice as high in women than in men and increased with age in both sexes, and similar to that reported from high-prevalence countries in Europe and the USA. The high prevalence of HSV-2 among women in childbearing age reveals the potential for HSV-2 transmission from mothers to infants and increased risk of acquisition HIV-infection; it also contributes to the burden GUD among both sexes. This emphasizes the public health implications of the HSV-2 epidemic in an urban population in North-West Russia.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Herpes simplex virus type 2</kwd><kwd>HSV-2</kwd><kwd>Correlates of HSV-2</kwd><kwd>Self-reported STIs</kwd><kwd>Seroprevalence</kwd><kwd>Population-based</kwd><kwd>Northwest Russia</kwd><kwd>Eastern Europe</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Research Council of Norway</institution></funding-source><award-id>Project no. 184931/S50</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland</institution></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution>The Russian President’s Stipendium for Study Abroad.</institution></funding-source></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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