Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Identifieur interne : 000613 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000612; suivant : 000614Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Auteurs : Akosua Adom Agyeman [Ghana] ; Richard Ofori-Asenso [Ghana] ; Andy Mprah [Ghana] ; George Ashiagbor [Ghana]Source :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
To fully understand the burden of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in Ghana towards informing appropriate preventive measures, accurate prevalence estimates are needed. In this study, we estimate the prevalence of chronic HCV infection by systematically reviewing primary studies published between 1995 and 2015.
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches for hepatitis C prevalence studies for the years 1995–2015 were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL) and the WHO African Index Medicus databases. We also searched the websites of the ministry of health and Ghana Health service for non-indexed studies or reports on the subject. Further systematic reference screening of published reviews and retrieved studies were also conducted to identify additional publications not captured through the online searches.
Twenty-Four (24) studies from nine regions of Ghana with a combined sample size of 100,782 were analyzed. No study involving participants from Upper West region was retrieved. The national prevalence of chronic HCV was estimated as 3.0 % (95 % CI = 2.6 % to 3.5 %; I2 = 97.61 %,
Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis C infection in Ghana. This highlights the urgent need for stronger commitments from government and all stakeholders within the country to outline efficient preventive and curative measures towards reducing the overall burden of the disease.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1708-7
PubMed: 27507267
PubMed Central: 4977883
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :000614
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4977883Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Agyeman, Akosua Adom" sort="Agyeman, Akosua Adom" uniqKey="Agyeman A" first="Akosua Adom" last="Agyeman">Akosua Adom Agyeman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ofori Asenso, Richard" sort="Ofori Asenso, Richard" uniqKey="Ofori Asenso R" first="Richard" last="Ofori-Asenso">Richard Ofori-Asenso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mprah, Andy" sort="Mprah, Andy" uniqKey="Mprah A" first="Andy" last="Mprah">Andy Mprah</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ashiagbor, George" sort="Ashiagbor, George" uniqKey="Ashiagbor G" first="George" last="Ashiagbor">George Ashiagbor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">27507267</idno>
<idno type="pmc">4977883</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4977883</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:4977883</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1708-7</idno>
<date when="2016">2016</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000614</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000614</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000613</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000613</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis</title>
<author><name sortKey="Agyeman, Akosua Adom" sort="Agyeman, Akosua Adom" uniqKey="Agyeman A" first="Akosua Adom" last="Agyeman">Akosua Adom Agyeman</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ofori Asenso, Richard" sort="Ofori Asenso, Richard" uniqKey="Ofori Asenso R" first="Richard" last="Ofori-Asenso">Richard Ofori-Asenso</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mprah, Andy" sort="Mprah, Andy" uniqKey="Mprah A" first="Andy" last="Mprah">Andy Mprah</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ashiagbor, George" sort="Ashiagbor, George" uniqKey="Ashiagbor G" first="George" last="Ashiagbor">George Ashiagbor</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1471-2334</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>To fully understand the burden of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in Ghana towards informing appropriate preventive measures, accurate prevalence estimates are needed. In this study, we estimate the prevalence of chronic HCV infection by systematically reviewing primary studies published between 1995 and 2015.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches for hepatitis C prevalence studies for the years 1995–2015 were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL) and the WHO African Index Medicus databases. We also searched the websites of the ministry of health and Ghana Health service for non-indexed studies or reports on the subject. Further systematic reference screening of published reviews and retrieved studies were also conducted to identify additional publications not captured through the online searches.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Twenty-Four (24) studies from nine regions of Ghana with a combined sample size of 100,782 were analyzed. No study involving participants from Upper West region was retrieved. The national prevalence of chronic HCV was estimated as 3.0 % (95 % CI = 2.6 % to 3.5 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 97.61 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0. 001). Prevalence rates of chronic HCV infection among blood donors was 2.6 % (95 % CI = 2.1 % to 3.1 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 98.33 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001) with higher prevalence rate estimated for replacement blood donors (RBDs) than voluntary blood donors (RBDs). Among pregnant women and parturients, anti-HCV seroprevalence was estimated as 4.6 % (95 % CI = 1.8 % to 7.5 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 75.74 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.016). The national prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection was also estimated as 2.8 % (95 % CI = 0.4-6 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 65.86 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.0053). Regional prevalence of chronic HCV infection were determined for Ashanti (1.5 %, 95 % CI = 1.2 % to 1.9 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 96.24 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001) and Greater Accra (6.4 %, 95 % CI = 4.2 % to 8.6 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= I<sup>2</sup>
= 88.5 %, <italic>P</italic>
< 0. 001) regions but no estimates were available for the other eight regions. The ascending order of HCV prevalence rates according to years in which studies were conducted was 2006–2010 < 2011–2015 < 1995–2002 < 2001–2005. Higher prevalence of chronic HCV infection was estimated for rural (5.7; 95 % CI 5.0–6.3 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 0, p = 0.804) than urban (2.6 %, 95 % CI = 2.1 % to 3.0 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 97.3 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.0001) settings.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis C infection in Ghana. This highlights the urgent need for stronger commitments from government and all stakeholders within the country to outline efficient preventive and curative measures towards reducing the overall burden of the disease.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lavanchy, D" uniqKey="Lavanchy D">D Lavanchy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Messina, Jp" uniqKey="Messina J">JP Messina</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Humphreys, I" uniqKey="Humphreys I">I Humphreys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flaxman, A" uniqKey="Flaxman A">A Flaxman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, A" uniqKey="Brown A">A Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooke, Gs" uniqKey="Cooke G">GS Cooke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pybus, Og" uniqKey="Pybus O">OG Pybus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barnes, E" uniqKey="Barnes E">E Barnes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gower, E" uniqKey="Gower E">E Gower</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Estes, C" uniqKey="Estes C">C Estes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blach, S" uniqKey="Blach S">S Blach</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razavi Shearer, K" uniqKey="Razavi Shearer K">K Razavi-Shearer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razavi, H" uniqKey="Razavi H">H Razavi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Di Bisceglie, Am" uniqKey="Di Bisceglie A">AM Di Bisceglie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Order, Se" uniqKey="Order S">SE Order</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klein, Jl" uniqKey="Klein J">JL Klein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Perz, Jf" uniqKey="Perz J">JF Perz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armstrong, Gl" uniqKey="Armstrong G">GL Armstrong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Farrington, La" uniqKey="Farrington L">LA Farrington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hutin, Yj" uniqKey="Hutin Y">YJ Hutin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bell, Bp" uniqKey="Bell B">BP Bell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Averhoff, Fm" uniqKey="Averhoff F">FM Averhoff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Glass, N" uniqKey="Glass N">N Glass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holtzman, D" uniqKey="Holtzman D">D Holtzman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madhava, V" uniqKey="Madhava V">V Madhava</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burgess, C" uniqKey="Burgess C">C Burgess</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Drucker, E" uniqKey="Drucker E">E Drucker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rao, Vb" uniqKey="Rao V">VB Rao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johari, N" uniqKey="Johari N">N Johari</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Du Cros, P" uniqKey="Du Cros P">P du Cros</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Messina, J" uniqKey="Messina J">J Messina</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ford, N" uniqKey="Ford N">N Ford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooke, Gs" uniqKey="Cooke G">GS Cooke</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Layden, Je" uniqKey="Layden J">JE Layden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Phillips, R" uniqKey="Phillips R">R Phillips</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opare Sem, O" uniqKey="Opare Sem O">O Opare-Sem</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Akere, A" uniqKey="Akere A">A Akere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luke, A" uniqKey="Luke A">A Luke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tayo, Bo" uniqKey="Tayo B">BO Tayo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooper, Rs" uniqKey="Cooper R">RS Cooper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alter, Mj" uniqKey="Alter M">MJ Alter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mohd Hanafiah, K" uniqKey="Mohd Hanafiah K">K Mohd Hanafiah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Groeger, J" uniqKey="Groeger J">J Groeger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flaxman, Ad" uniqKey="Flaxman A">AD Flaxman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiersma, St" uniqKey="Wiersma S">ST Wiersma</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adler, M" uniqKey="Adler M">M Adler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goubau, P" uniqKey="Goubau P">P Goubau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nevens, F" uniqKey="Nevens F">F Nevens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Vlierberghe, H" uniqKey="Van Vlierberghe H">H Van Vlierberghe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Razavi, H" uniqKey="Razavi H">H Razavi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elkhoury, Ac" uniqKey="Elkhoury A">AC ElKhoury</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elbasha, E" uniqKey="Elbasha E">E Elbasha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Estes, C" uniqKey="Estes C">C Estes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pasini, K" uniqKey="Pasini K">K Pasini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poynard, T" uniqKey="Poynard T">T Poynard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, R" uniqKey="Kumar R">R Kumar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Myers, Rp" uniqKey="Myers R">RP Myers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Krajden, M" uniqKey="Krajden M">M Krajden</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bilodeau, M" uniqKey="Bilodeau M">M Bilodeau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kaita, K" uniqKey="Kaita K">K Kaita</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marotta, P" uniqKey="Marotta P">P Marotta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peltekian, K" uniqKey="Peltekian K">K Peltekian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramji, A" uniqKey="Ramji A">A Ramji</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Estes, C" uniqKey="Estes C">C Estes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razavi, H" uniqKey="Razavi H">H Razavi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sherman, M" uniqKey="Sherman M">M Sherman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ampofo, W" uniqKey="Ampofo W">W Ampofo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nii Trebi, N" uniqKey="Nii Trebi N">N Nii-Trebi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ansah, J" uniqKey="Ansah J">J Ansah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Abe, K" uniqKey="Abe K">K Abe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Naito, H" uniqKey="Naito H">H Naito</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Aidoo, S" uniqKey="Aidoo S">S Aidoo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nuvor, V" uniqKey="Nuvor V">V Nuvor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brandful, J" uniqKey="Brandful J">J Brandful</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, N" uniqKey="Yamamoto N">N Yamamoto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ofori Adjei, D" uniqKey="Ofori Adjei D">D Ofori-Adjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ishikawa, K" uniqKey="Ishikawa K">K Ishikawa</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Riou, J" uniqKey="Riou J">J Riou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ait Ahmed, M" uniqKey="Ait Ahmed M">M Aït Ahmed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Blake, A" uniqKey="Blake A">A Blake</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vozlinsky, S" uniqKey="Vozlinsky S">S Vozlinsky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brichler, S" uniqKey="Brichler S">S Brichler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eholie, S" uniqKey="Eholie S">S Eholié</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boelle, Py" uniqKey="Boelle P">PY Boëlle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fontanet, A" uniqKey="Fontanet A">A Fontanet</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moher, D" uniqKey="Moher D">D Moher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Liberati, A" uniqKey="Liberati A">A Liberati</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tetzlaff, J" uniqKey="Tetzlaff J">J Tetzlaff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altman, Dg" uniqKey="Altman D">DG Altman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gretch, Dr" uniqKey="Gretch D">DR Gretch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Musa, B" uniqKey="Musa B">B Musa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bussell, S" uniqKey="Bussell S">S Bussell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borodo, Mm" uniqKey="Borodo M">MM Borodo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Samaila, Aa" uniqKey="Samaila A">AA Samaila</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Femi, Ol" uniqKey="Femi O">OL Femi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Downs, Sh" uniqKey="Downs S">SH Downs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Black, N" uniqKey="Black N">N Black</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wallace, Bc" uniqKey="Wallace B">BC Wallace</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dahabreh, Ij" uniqKey="Dahabreh I">IJ Dahabreh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trikalinos, Ta" uniqKey="Trikalinos T">TA Trikalinos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lau, J" uniqKey="Lau J">J Lau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Trow, P" uniqKey="Trow P">P Trow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmid, Ch" uniqKey="Schmid C">CH Schmid</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Higgins, Jpt" uniqKey="Higgins J">JPT Higgins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thompson, Sg" uniqKey="Thompson S">SG Thompson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deeks, Jj" uniqKey="Deeks J">JJ Deeks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Altman, Dg" uniqKey="Altman D">DG Altman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Egger, M" uniqKey="Egger M">M Egger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Davey Smith, G" uniqKey="Davey Smith G">G Davey Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schneider, M" uniqKey="Schneider M">M Schneider</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Minder, C" uniqKey="Minder C">C Minder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harbord, Rm" uniqKey="Harbord R">RM Harbord</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Egger, M" uniqKey="Egger M">M Egger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sterne, Ja" uniqKey="Sterne J">JA Sterne</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Higgins, Jp" uniqKey="Higgins J">JP Higgins</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Acquaye, Jk" uniqKey="Acquaye J">JK Acquaye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tettey Donkor, D" uniqKey="Tettey Donkor D">D Tettey-Donkor</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adoba, P" uniqKey="Adoba P">P Adoba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boadu, Sk" uniqKey="Boadu S">SK Boadu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agbodzakey, H" uniqKey="Agbodzakey H">H Agbodzakey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Somuah, D" uniqKey="Somuah D">D Somuah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ephraim, Rk" uniqKey="Ephraim R">RK Ephraim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odame, Ea" uniqKey="Odame E">EA Odame</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adjei, Aa" uniqKey="Adjei A">AA Adjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armah, Hb" uniqKey="Armah H">HB Armah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gbagbo, F" uniqKey="Gbagbo F">F Gbagbo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ampofo, Wk" uniqKey="Ampofo W">WK Ampofo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quaye, Ik" uniqKey="Quaye I">IK Quaye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hesse, If" uniqKey="Hesse I">IF Hesse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mensah, G" uniqKey="Mensah G">G Mensah</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adjei, Aa" uniqKey="Adjei A">AA Adjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Armah, Hb" uniqKey="Armah H">HB Armah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gbagbo, F" uniqKey="Gbagbo F">F Gbagbo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ampofo, Wk" uniqKey="Ampofo W">WK Ampofo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boamah, I" uniqKey="Boamah I">I Boamah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adu Gyamfi, C" uniqKey="Adu Gyamfi C">C Adu-Gyamfi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asare, I" uniqKey="Asare I">I Asare</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hesse, If" uniqKey="Hesse I">IF Hesse</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mensah, G" uniqKey="Mensah G">G Mensah</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allain, Jp" uniqKey="Allain J">JP Allain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opare Sem, O" uniqKey="Opare Sem O">O Opare-Sem</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rahman, R" uniqKey="Rahman R">R Rahman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owusu Ofori, S" uniqKey="Owusu Ofori S">S Owusu-Ofori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allain, Jp" uniqKey="Allain J">JP Allain</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Asenso Mensah, K" uniqKey="Asenso Mensah K">K Asenso-Mensah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owusu Ofori, S" uniqKey="Owusu Ofori S">S Owusu-Ofori</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Amidu, N" uniqKey="Amidu N">N Amidu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owiredu, Wb" uniqKey="Owiredu W">WB Owiredu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Addai Mensah, O" uniqKey="Addai Mensah O">O Addai-Mensah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alhassan, A" uniqKey="Alhassan A">A Alhassan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quaye, L" uniqKey="Quaye L">L Quaye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Batong, B" uniqKey="Batong B">B Batong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Apea Kubi, Ka" uniqKey="Apea Kubi K">KA Apea-Kubi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamaguchi, S" uniqKey="Yamaguchi S">S Yamaguchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakyi, B" uniqKey="Sakyi B">B Sakyi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ofori Adjei, D" uniqKey="Ofori Adjei D">D Ofori-Adjei</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blankson, A" uniqKey="Blankson A">A Blankson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiredu, Ek" uniqKey="Wiredu E">EK Wiredu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adjei, A" uniqKey="Adjei A">A Adjei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tettey, Y" uniqKey="Tettey Y">Y Tettey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Candotti, D" uniqKey="Candotti D">D Candotti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allain, Jp" uniqKey="Allain J">JP Allain</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Candotti, D" uniqKey="Candotti D">D Candotti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Temple, J" uniqKey="Temple J">J Temple</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allain, Jp" uniqKey="Allain J">JP Allain</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ephraim, R" uniqKey="Ephraim R">R Ephraim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nsiah, P" uniqKey="Nsiah P">P Nsiah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osakunor, D" uniqKey="Osakunor D">D Osakunor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adoba, P" uniqKey="Adoba P">P Adoba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakyi, S" uniqKey="Sakyi S">S Sakyi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anto, E" uniqKey="Anto E">E Anto</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ephraim, R" uniqKey="Ephraim R">R Ephraim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donkor, I" uniqKey="Donkor I">I Donkor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sakyi, Sa" uniqKey="Sakyi S">SA Sakyi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ampong, J" uniqKey="Ampong J">J Ampong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agbodjakey, H" uniqKey="Agbodjakey H">H Agbodjakey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="King, S" uniqKey="King S">S King</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adjei Asante, K" uniqKey="Adjei Asante K">K Adjei-Asante</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Appiah, L" uniqKey="Appiah L">L Appiah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adinku, D" uniqKey="Adinku D">D Adinku</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beloukas, A" uniqKey="Beloukas A">A Beloukas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atkins, M" uniqKey="Atkins M">M Atkins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarfo, Sf" uniqKey="Sarfo S">SF Sarfo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chadwick, D" uniqKey="Chadwick D">D Chadwick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Phillips, Ro" uniqKey="Phillips R">RO Phillips</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Geretti, Am" uniqKey="Geretti A">AM Geretti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kubio, C" uniqKey="Kubio C">C Kubio</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tierney, G" uniqKey="Tierney G">G Tierney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quaye, T" uniqKey="Quaye T">T Quaye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nabilisi, Jw" uniqKey="Nabilisi J">JW Nabilisi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziemah, C" uniqKey="Ziemah C">C Ziemah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zagbeeb, Sm" uniqKey="Zagbeeb S">SM Zagbeeb</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shaw, S" uniqKey="Shaw S">S Shaw</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murphy, Wg" uniqKey="Murphy W">WG Murphy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lassey, At" uniqKey="Lassey A">AT Lassey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Damale, Nk" uniqKey="Damale N">NK Damale</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bekoe, V" uniqKey="Bekoe V">V Bekoe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Klufio, Ca" uniqKey="Klufio C">CA Klufio</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Fe" uniqKey="Martinson F">FE Martinson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weigle, Ka" uniqKey="Weigle K">KA Weigle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mushahwar, Ik" uniqKey="Mushahwar I">IK Mushahwar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weber, Dj" uniqKey="Weber D">DJ Weber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Royce, R" uniqKey="Royce R">R Royce</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lemon, Sm" uniqKey="Lemon S">SM Lemon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nkrumah, B" uniqKey="Nkrumah B">B Nkrumah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Owusu, M" uniqKey="Owusu M">M Owusu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frempong, Ho" uniqKey="Frempong H">HO Frempong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Averu, P" uniqKey="Averu P">P Averu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Owusu Ofori, S" uniqKey="Owusu Ofori S">S Owusu-Ofori</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Temple, J" uniqKey="Temple J">J Temple</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anokwa, M" uniqKey="Anokwa M">M Anokwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Candotti, D" uniqKey="Candotti D">D Candotti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allain, Jp" uniqKey="Allain J">JP Allain</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sagoe, Kw" uniqKey="Sagoe K">KW Sagoe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agyei, Aa" uniqKey="Agyei A">AA Agyei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziga, F" uniqKey="Ziga F">F Ziga</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lartey, M" uniqKey="Lartey M">M Lartey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adiku, Tk" uniqKey="Adiku T">TK Adiku</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seshi, M" uniqKey="Seshi M">M Seshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arens, Mq" uniqKey="Arens M">MQ Arens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mingle, Ja" uniqKey="Mingle J">JA Mingle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sarkodie, F" uniqKey="Sarkodie F">F Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adarkwa, M" uniqKey="Adarkwa M">M Adarkwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adu Sarkodie, Y" uniqKey="Adu Sarkodie Y">Y Adu-Sarkodie</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Candotti, D" uniqKey="Candotti D">D Candotti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Acheampong, Jw" uniqKey="Acheampong J">JW Acheampong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Walana, W" uniqKey="Walana W">W Walana</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahiaba, S" uniqKey="Ahiaba S">S Ahiaba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hokey, P" uniqKey="Hokey P">P Hokey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vicar, Ek" uniqKey="Vicar E">EK Vicar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Acuqah, Sek" uniqKey="Acuqah S">SEK Acuqah</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Der, Em" uniqKey="Der E">EM Der</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziem, Tb" uniqKey="Ziem T">TB Ziem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wansbrough Jones, Mh" uniqKey="Wansbrough Jones M">MH Wansbrough-Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frimpong, E" uniqKey="Frimpong E">E Frimpong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cant, B" uniqKey="Cant B">B Cant</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, K" uniqKey="Harris K">K Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans, Mr" uniqKey="Evans M">MR Evans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Teo, Cg" uniqKey="Teo C">CG Teo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sandesh, K" uniqKey="Sandesh K">K Sandesh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Varghese, T" uniqKey="Varghese T">T Varghese</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harikumar, R" uniqKey="Harikumar R">R Harikumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beena, P" uniqKey="Beena P">P Beena</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sasidharan, Vp" uniqKey="Sasidharan V">VP Sasidharan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bindu, Cs" uniqKey="Bindu C">CS Bindu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tony, J" uniqKey="Tony J">J Tony</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harish, K" uniqKey="Harish K">K Harish</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sunilkumar, K" uniqKey="Sunilkumar K">K Sunilkumar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramachandran, Tm" uniqKey="Ramachandran T">TM Ramachandran</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, Cs" uniqKey="Wang C">CS Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Tt" uniqKey="Chang T">TT Chang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yao, Wj" uniqKey="Yao W">WJ Yao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chou, P" uniqKey="Chou P">P Chou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edgren, G" uniqKey="Edgren G">G Edgren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tran, Tn" uniqKey="Tran T">TN Tran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hjalgrim, H" uniqKey="Hjalgrim H">H Hjalgrim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rostgaard, K" uniqKey="Rostgaard K">K Rostgaard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shanwell, A" uniqKey="Shanwell A">A Shanwell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Titlestad, K" uniqKey="Titlestad K">K Titlestad</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wikman, A" uniqKey="Wikman A">A Wikman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Norda, R" uniqKey="Norda R">R Norda</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jersild, C" uniqKey="Jersild C">C Jersild</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wideroff, L" uniqKey="Wideroff L">L Wideroff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gridley, G" uniqKey="Gridley G">G Gridley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Adami, J" uniqKey="Adami J">J Adami</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Melbye, M" uniqKey="Melbye M">M Melbye</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyren, O" uniqKey="Nyren O">O Nyrén</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reilly, M" uniqKey="Reilly M">M Reilly</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ofori Asenso, R" uniqKey="Ofori Asenso R">R Ofori-Asenso</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agyeman, A" uniqKey="Agyeman A">A Agyeman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yeung, Cy" uniqKey="Yeung C">CY Yeung</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Hc" uniqKey="Lee H">HC Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, Wt" uniqKey="Chan W">WT Chan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reddick, Kl" uniqKey="Reddick K">KL Reddick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jhaveri, R" uniqKey="Jhaveri R">R Jhaveri</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gandhi, M" uniqKey="Gandhi M">M Gandhi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="James, Ah" uniqKey="James A">AH James</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swamy, Gk" uniqKey="Swamy G">GK Swamy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pergam, Sa" uniqKey="Pergam S">SA Pergam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Cc" uniqKey="Wang C">CC Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gardella, Cm" uniqKey="Gardella C">CM Gardella</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sandison, Tg" uniqKey="Sandison T">TG Sandison</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Phipps, Wt" uniqKey="Phipps W">WT Phipps</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hawes, Se" uniqKey="Hawes S">SE Hawes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mutocheluh, M" uniqKey="Mutocheluh M">M Mutocheluh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwarteng, K" uniqKey="Kwarteng K">K Kwarteng</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheng, A" uniqKey="Cheng A">A Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jose, J" uniqKey="Jose J">J Jose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larsen Reindorf, R" uniqKey="Larsen Reindorf R">R Larsen-Reindorf</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Small, C" uniqKey="Small C">C Small</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nde, H" uniqKey="Nde H">H Nde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dugas, L" uniqKey="Dugas L">L Dugas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ehrhardt, S" uniqKey="Ehrhardt S">S Ehrhardt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nelson, K" uniqKey="Nelson K">K Nelson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ezeanolue, E" uniqKey="Ezeanolue E">E Ezeanolue</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Layden, J" uniqKey="Layden J">J Layden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lemoine, M" uniqKey="Lemoine M">M Lemoine</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eholie, S" uniqKey="Eholie S">S Eholié</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lacombe, K" uniqKey="Lacombe K">K Lacombe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gelberg, L" uniqKey="Gelberg L">L Gelberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Robertson, Mj" uniqKey="Robertson M">MJ Robertson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arangua, L" uniqKey="Arangua L">L Arangua</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leake, Bd" uniqKey="Leake B">BD Leake</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sumner, G" uniqKey="Sumner G">G Sumner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moe, A" uniqKey="Moe A">A Moe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andersen, Rm" uniqKey="Andersen R">RM Andersen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morgenstern, H" uniqKey="Morgenstern H">H Morgenstern</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nyamathi, A" uniqKey="Nyamathi A">A Nyamathi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Infect. Dis</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27507267</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4977883</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1708</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12879-016-1708-7</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Agyeman</surname>
<given-names>Akosua Adom</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>akosuaadom@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Ofori-Asenso</surname>
<given-names>Richard</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+233-546-228-756</phone>
<email>asensox215@gmail.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mprah</surname>
<given-names>Andy</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>mprand2000@yahoo.co.uk</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ashiagbor</surname>
<given-names>George</given-names>
</name>
<address><email>gashiagbor@yahoo.com</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
Research Unit, Health Policy Consult, P. O. Box WJ 537, Weija-Accra, Ghana</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>9</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>9</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>16</volume>
<elocation-id>391</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2016</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>To fully understand the burden of hepatitis C (HCV) infection in Ghana towards informing appropriate preventive measures, accurate prevalence estimates are needed. In this study, we estimate the prevalence of chronic HCV infection by systematically reviewing primary studies published between 1995 and 2015.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p>A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted as per the PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive searches for hepatitis C prevalence studies for the years 1995–2015 were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Africa Journals Online (AJOL) and the WHO African Index Medicus databases. We also searched the websites of the ministry of health and Ghana Health service for non-indexed studies or reports on the subject. Further systematic reference screening of published reviews and retrieved studies were also conducted to identify additional publications not captured through the online searches.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>Twenty-Four (24) studies from nine regions of Ghana with a combined sample size of 100,782 were analyzed. No study involving participants from Upper West region was retrieved. The national prevalence of chronic HCV was estimated as 3.0 % (95 % CI = 2.6 % to 3.5 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 97.61 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0. 001). Prevalence rates of chronic HCV infection among blood donors was 2.6 % (95 % CI = 2.1 % to 3.1 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 98.33 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001) with higher prevalence rate estimated for replacement blood donors (RBDs) than voluntary blood donors (RBDs). Among pregnant women and parturients, anti-HCV seroprevalence was estimated as 4.6 % (95 % CI = 1.8 % to 7.5 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 75.74 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.016). The national prevalence of HIV/HCV co-infection was also estimated as 2.8 % (95 % CI = 0.4-6 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 65.86 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.0053). Regional prevalence of chronic HCV infection were determined for Ashanti (1.5 %, 95 % CI = 1.2 % to 1.9 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 96.24 %, <italic>p</italic>
< 0.001) and Greater Accra (6.4 %, 95 % CI = 4.2 % to 8.6 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= I<sup>2</sup>
= 88.5 %, <italic>P</italic>
< 0. 001) regions but no estimates were available for the other eight regions. The ascending order of HCV prevalence rates according to years in which studies were conducted was 2006–2010 < 2011–2015 < 1995–2002 < 2001–2005. Higher prevalence of chronic HCV infection was estimated for rural (5.7; 95 % CI 5.0–6.3 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 0, p = 0.804) than urban (2.6 %, 95 % CI = 2.1 % to 3.0 %; I<sup>2</sup>
= 97.3 %, <italic>p</italic>
= 0.0001) settings.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusion</title>
<p>Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis C infection in Ghana. This highlights the urgent need for stronger commitments from government and all stakeholders within the country to outline efficient preventive and curative measures towards reducing the overall burden of the disease.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Hepatitis C</kwd>
<kwd>HCV</kwd>
<kwd>Viral infections</kwd>
<kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
<kwd>Ghana</kwd>
<kwd>Systematic reviews</kwd>
<kwd>Meta-analysis</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000613 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000613 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Sante |area= SidaSubSaharaV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Curation |type= RBID |clé= PMC:4977883 |texte= Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:27507267" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. | ![]() |