Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence
Identifieur interne : 002E85 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002E84; suivant : 002E86Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence
Auteurs : Mona R. Loutfy ; Lorraine Sherr ; Ulrike Sonnenberg-Schwan ; Sharon L. Walmsley ; Margaret Johnson ; Antonella D'Arminio MonforteSource :
- Journal of the International AIDS Society [ 1758-2652 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
In the management of HIV, women and men generally undergo the same treatment pathway, with gender differences being given limited consideration. This is in spite of accumulating evidence that there are a number of potential differences between women and men which may affect response to treatment, pharmacokinetics, toxicities and coping. There are also notable psychological, behavioural, social and structural factors that may have a unique impact on women living with HIV (WLWH). Despite our increasing knowledge of HIV and advances in treatment, there are significant gaps in the data relating specifically to women. One of the factors contributing to this situation is the under-representation of women in all aspects of HIV clinical research. Furthermore, there are clinical issues unique to women, including gynaecologic and breast diseases, menopause-related factors, contraception and other topics related to women's and sexual health.
Using scoping review methodology, articles from the literature from 1980 to 2012 were identified using appropriate MeSH headings reflecting the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. Titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether they were relevant to non-reproductive health in WLWH, and papers meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed.
This review summarizes our current knowledge of the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. It suggests that there are a number of gender differences in disease and treatment outcomes, and distinct women-specific issues, such as menopause and co-morbidities, that pose significant challenges to the care of WLWH.
Based on a review of this evidence, outstanding questions and areas where further studies are required to determine gender differences in the efficacy and safety of treatment and other clinical and psychological issues specifically affecting WLWH have been identified. Well-controlled and adequately powered clinical studies are essential to help provide answers to these questions and to contribute to activities aimed at improving the health and wellbeing of WLWH.
Url:
DOI: 10.7448/IAS.16.1.18509
PubMed: 24088395
PubMed Central: 3789211
Links to Exploration step
PMC:3789211Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence</title><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mona R" sort="Loutfy, Mona R" uniqKey="Loutfy M" first="Mona R" last="Loutfy">Mona R. Loutfy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, Lorraine" sort="Sherr, Lorraine" uniqKey="Sherr L" first="Lorraine" last="Sherr">Lorraine Sherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0002">Royal Free University College Medical School, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenberg Schwan, Ulrike" sort="Sonnenberg Schwan, Ulrike" uniqKey="Sonnenberg Schwan U" first="Ulrike" last="Sonnenberg-Schwan">Ulrike Sonnenberg-Schwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0003">German AIDS Society, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, Sharon L" sort="Walmsley, Sharon L" uniqKey="Walmsley S" first="Sharon L" last="Walmsley">Sharon L. Walmsley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0004">Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Margaret" sort="Johnson, Margaret" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Margaret" last="Johnson">Margaret Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0005">Royal Free Hospital, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Arminio Monforte, Antonella" sort="D Arminio Monforte, Antonella" uniqKey="D Arminio Monforte A" first="Antonella" last="D'Arminio Monforte">Antonella D'Arminio Monforte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0006">San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24088395</idno><idno type="pmc">3789211</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789211</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3789211</idno><idno type="doi">10.7448/IAS.16.1.18509</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002E85</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002E85</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence</title><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mona R" sort="Loutfy, Mona R" uniqKey="Loutfy M" first="Mona R" last="Loutfy">Mona R. Loutfy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, Lorraine" sort="Sherr, Lorraine" uniqKey="Sherr L" first="Lorraine" last="Sherr">Lorraine Sherr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0002">Royal Free University College Medical School, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenberg Schwan, Ulrike" sort="Sonnenberg Schwan, Ulrike" uniqKey="Sonnenberg Schwan U" first="Ulrike" last="Sonnenberg-Schwan">Ulrike Sonnenberg-Schwan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0003">German AIDS Society, Munich, Germany</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, Sharon L" sort="Walmsley, Sharon L" uniqKey="Walmsley S" first="Sharon L" last="Walmsley">Sharon L. Walmsley</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0004">Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Margaret" sort="Johnson, Margaret" uniqKey="Johnson M" first="Margaret" last="Johnson">Margaret Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0005">Royal Free Hospital, London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Arminio Monforte, Antonella" sort="D Arminio Monforte, Antonella" uniqKey="D Arminio Monforte A" first="Antonella" last="D'Arminio Monforte">Antonella D'Arminio Monforte</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AF0006">San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of the International AIDS Society</title><idno type="eISSN">1758-2652</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction</title><p>In the management of HIV, women and men generally undergo the same treatment pathway, with gender differences being given limited consideration. This is in spite of accumulating evidence that there are a number of potential differences between women and men which may affect response to treatment, pharmacokinetics, toxicities and coping. There are also notable psychological, behavioural, social and structural factors that may have a unique impact on women living with HIV (WLWH). Despite our increasing knowledge of HIV and advances in treatment, there are significant gaps in the data relating specifically to women. One of the factors contributing to this situation is the under-representation of women in all aspects of HIV clinical research. Furthermore, there are clinical issues unique to women, including gynaecologic and breast diseases, menopause-related factors, contraception and other topics related to women's and sexual health.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>Using scoping review methodology, articles from the literature from 1980 to 2012 were identified using appropriate MeSH headings reflecting the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. Titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether they were relevant to non-reproductive health in WLWH, and papers meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>This review summarizes our current knowledge of the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. It suggests that there are a number of gender differences in disease and treatment outcomes, and distinct women-specific issues, such as menopause and co-morbidities, that pose significant challenges to the care of WLWH.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Based on a review of this evidence, outstanding questions and areas where further studies are required to determine gender differences in the efficacy and safety of treatment and other clinical and psychological issues specifically affecting WLWH have been identified. Well-controlled and adequately powered clinical studies are essential to help provide answers to these questions and to contribute to activities aimed at improving the health and wellbeing of WLWH.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jensen, Se" uniqKey="Jensen S">SE Jensen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pereira, Db" uniqKey="Pereira D">DB Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whitehead, N" uniqKey="Whitehead N">N Whitehead</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buscher, I" uniqKey="Buscher I">I Buscher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccalla, J" uniqKey="Mccalla J">J McCalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andrasik, M" uniqKey="Andrasik M">M Andrasik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nicastri, E" uniqKey="Nicastri E">E Nicastri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leone, S" uniqKey="Leone S">S Leone</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angeletti, C" uniqKey="Angeletti C">C Angeletti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmisano, L" uniqKey="Palmisano L">L Palmisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sarmati, L" uniqKey="Sarmati L">L Sarmati</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiesi, A" uniqKey="Chiesi A">A Chiesi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="D Arminio Monforte, A" uniqKey="D Arminio Monforte A">A d'Arminio Monforte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, L" uniqKey="Gonzalez L">L Gonzalez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haberl, A" uniqKey="Haberl A">A Haberl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ssanyu Sseruma, W" uniqKey="Ssanyu Sseruma W">W Ssanyu-Sseruma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, Sl" uniqKey="Walmsley S">SL Walmsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arksey, H" uniqKey="Arksey H">H Arksey</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Malley, L" uniqKey="O Malley L">L O'Malley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sayles, Jn" uniqKey="Sayles J">JN Sayles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, Md" uniqKey="Wong M">MD Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinsler, Jj" uniqKey="Kinsler J">JJ Kinsler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martins, D" uniqKey="Martins D">D Martins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cunningham, We" uniqKey="Cunningham W">WE Cunningham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Merkatz, Rb" uniqKey="Merkatz R">RB Merkatz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Temple, R" uniqKey="Temple R">R Temple</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subel, S" uniqKey="Subel S">S Subel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feiden, K" uniqKey="Feiden K">K Feiden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kessler, Da" uniqKey="Kessler D">DA Kessler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heidari, S" uniqKey="Heidari S">S Heidari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckert, Mj" uniqKey="Eckert M">MJ Eckert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kippax, S" uniqKey="Kippax S">S Kippax</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karim, Qa" uniqKey="Karim Q">QA Karim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sow, Ps" uniqKey="Sow P">PS Sow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wainberg, Ma" uniqKey="Wainberg M">MA Wainberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawlor, Da" uniqKey="Lawlor D">DA Lawlor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bedford, C" uniqKey="Bedford C">C Bedford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, M" uniqKey="Taylor M">M Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ebrahim, S" uniqKey="Ebrahim S">S Ebrahim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shaper, Ag" uniqKey="Shaper A">AG Shaper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pocock, Sj" uniqKey="Pocock S">SJ Pocock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, M" uniqKey="Walker M">M Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Nm" uniqKey="Cohen N">NM Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wale, Cj" uniqKey="Wale C">CJ Wale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thomson, Ag" uniqKey="Thomson A">AG Thomson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heidari, S" uniqKey="Heidari S">S Heidari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abdool Karim, Q" uniqKey="Abdool Karim Q">Q Abdool Karim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Auerbach, Jd" uniqKey="Auerbach J">JD Auerbach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buitendijk, Se" uniqKey="Buitendijk S">SE Buitendijk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cahn, P" uniqKey="Cahn P">P Cahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curno, Mj" uniqKey="Curno M">MJ Curno</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, R" uniqKey="Clark R">R Clark</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Floridia, M" uniqKey="Floridia M">M Floridia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliano, M" uniqKey="Giuliano M">M Giuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmisano, L" uniqKey="Palmisano L">L Palmisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vella, S" uniqKey="Vella S">S Vella</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ofotokun, I" uniqKey="Ofotokun I">I Ofotokun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chuck, Sk" uniqKey="Chuck S">SK Chuck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hitti, Je" uniqKey="Hitti J">JE Hitti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sori, At" uniqKey="Sori A">AT Sori</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raboud, J" uniqKey="Raboud J">J Raboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blitz, S" uniqKey="Blitz S">S Blitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antoniou, T" uniqKey="Antoniou T">T Antoniou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, M" uniqKey="Loutfy M">M Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, S" uniqKey="Walmsley S">S Walmsley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gandhi, M" uniqKey="Gandhi M">M Gandhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacchetti, P" uniqKey="Bacchetti P">P Bacchetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miotti, P" uniqKey="Miotti P">P Miotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, Tc" uniqKey="Quinn T">TC Quinn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veronese, F" uniqKey="Veronese F">F Veronese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenblatt, Rm" uniqKey="Greenblatt R">RM Greenblatt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuyper, Lm" uniqKey="Kuyper L">LM Kuyper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wood, E" uniqKey="Wood E">E Wood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Montaner, Js" uniqKey="Montaner J">JS Montaner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yip, B" uniqKey="Yip B">B Yip</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Connell, J M" uniqKey="O Connell J">J M O'Connell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hogg, Rs" uniqKey="Hogg R">RS Hogg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Collazos, J" uniqKey="Collazos J">J Collazos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asensi, V" uniqKey="Asensi V">V Asensi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carton, Ja" uniqKey="Carton J">JA Carton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jarrin, I" uniqKey="Jarrin I">I Jarrin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geskus, R" uniqKey="Geskus R">R Geskus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhaskaran, K" uniqKey="Bhaskaran K">K Bhaskaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prins, M" uniqKey="Prins M">M Prins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perez Hoyos, S" uniqKey="Perez Hoyos S">S Perez-Hoyos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muga, R" uniqKey="Muga R">R Muga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soon, Gg" uniqKey="Soon G">GG Soon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Min, M" uniqKey="Min M">M Min</name></author><author><name sortKey="Struble, Ka" uniqKey="Struble K">KA Struble</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan Tack, Km" uniqKey="Chan Tack K">KM Chan-Tack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hammerstrom, T" uniqKey="Hammerstrom T">T Hammerstrom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qi, K" uniqKey="Qi K">K Qi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kwakwa, H" uniqKey="Kwakwa H">H Kwakwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spencer, D" uniqKey="Spencer D">D Spencer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Evans, C" uniqKey="Evans C">C Evans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garner, W" uniqKey="Garner W">W Garner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, I" uniqKey="Walker I">I Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Temme, L" uniqKey="Temme L">L Temme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burger, D" uniqKey="Burger D">D Burger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Heiden, I" uniqKey="Van Der Heiden I">I van der Heiden</name></author><author><name sortKey="La Porte, C" uniqKey="La Porte C">C la Porte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Ende, M" uniqKey="Van Der Ende M">M van der Ende</name></author><author><name sortKey="Groeneveld, P" uniqKey="Groeneveld P">P Groeneveld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richter, C" uniqKey="Richter C">C Richter</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hodder, S" uniqKey="Hodder S">S Hodder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arasteh, K" uniqKey="Arasteh K">K Arasteh</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Wet, J" uniqKey="De Wet J">J De Wet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gathe, J" uniqKey="Gathe J">J Gathe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gold, J" uniqKey="Gold J">J Gold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, P" uniqKey="Kumar P">P Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kakuda, T" uniqKey="Kakuda T">T Kakuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sekar, V" uniqKey="Sekar V">V Sekar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vis, P" uniqKey="Vis P">P Vis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coate, B" uniqKey="Coate B">B Coate</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, R" uniqKey="Ryan R">R Ryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, D" uniqKey="Anderson D">D Anderson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, M" uniqKey="Loutfy M">M Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="La Porte, C" uniqKey="La Porte C">C la Porte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walmsley, S" uniqKey="Walmsley S">S Walmsley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tseng, A" uniqKey="Tseng A">A Tseng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, M" uniqKey="Klein M">M Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Angel, J" uniqKey="Angel J">J Angel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Umeh, Oc" uniqKey="Umeh O">OC Umeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Currier, Js" uniqKey="Currier J">JS Currier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jg" uniqKey="Park J">JG Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cramer, Y" uniqKey="Cramer Y">Y Cramer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hermes, Ae" uniqKey="Hermes A">AE Hermes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Cv" uniqKey="Fletcher C">CV Fletcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Csajka, C" uniqKey="Csajka C">C Csajka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marzolini, C" uniqKey="Marzolini C">C Marzolini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fattinger, K" uniqKey="Fattinger K">K Fattinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Decosterd, La" uniqKey="Decosterd L">LA Decosterd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Telenti, A" uniqKey="Telenti A">A Telenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biollaz, J" uniqKey="Biollaz J">J Biollaz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Cv" uniqKey="Fletcher C">CV Fletcher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jiang, H" uniqKey="Jiang H">H Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brundage, Rc" uniqKey="Brundage R">RC Brundage</name></author><author><name sortKey="Acosta, Ep" uniqKey="Acosta E">EP Acosta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haubrich, R" uniqKey="Haubrich R">R Haubrich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenstein, D" uniqKey="Katzenstein D">D Katzenstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pai, Mp" uniqKey="Pai M">MP Pai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schriever, Ca" uniqKey="Schriever C">CA Schriever</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Linares, M" uniqKey="Diaz Linares M">M Diaz-Linares</name></author><author><name sortKey="Novak, Rm" uniqKey="Novak R">RM Novak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodvold, Ka" uniqKey="Rodvold K">KA Rodvold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ribera, E" uniqKey="Ribera E">E Ribera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lopez, Rm" uniqKey="Lopez R">RM Lopez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz, M" uniqKey="Diaz M">M Diaz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pou, L" uniqKey="Pou L">L Pou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz, L" uniqKey="Ruiz L">L Ruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falco, V" uniqKey="Falco V">V Falco</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Trout, H" uniqKey="Trout H">H Trout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mentre, F" uniqKey="Mentre F">F Mentre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Panhard, X" uniqKey="Panhard X">X Panhard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kodjo, A" uniqKey="Kodjo A">A Kodjo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escaut, L" uniqKey="Escaut L">L Escaut</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pernet, P" uniqKey="Pernet P">P Pernet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Burger, Dm" uniqKey="Burger D">DM Burger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Siebers, Mc" uniqKey="Siebers M">MC Siebers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hugen, Pw" uniqKey="Hugen P">PW Hugen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aarnoutse, Re" uniqKey="Aarnoutse R">RE Aarnoutse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hekster, Ya" uniqKey="Hekster Y">YA Hekster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Pp" uniqKey="Koopmans P">PP Koopmans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Hentig, N" uniqKey="Von Hentig N">N von Hentig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Babacan, E" uniqKey="Babacan E">E Babacan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lennemann, T" uniqKey="Lennemann T">T Lennemann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knecht, G" uniqKey="Knecht G">G Knecht</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlebach, A" uniqKey="Carlebach A">A Carlebach</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harder, S" uniqKey="Harder S">S Harder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Rm" uniqKey="Hoffman R">RM Hoffman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umeh, Oc" uniqKey="Umeh O">OC Umeh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garris, C" uniqKey="Garris C">C Garris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Givens, N" uniqKey="Givens N">N Givens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Currier, Js" uniqKey="Currier J">JS Currier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Regazzi, M" uniqKey="Regazzi M">M Regazzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villani, P" uniqKey="Villani P">P Villani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seminari, E" uniqKey="Seminari E">E Seminari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravasi, G" uniqKey="Ravasi G">G Ravasi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cusato, M" uniqKey="Cusato M">M Cusato</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marubbi, F" uniqKey="Marubbi F">F Marubbi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Xj" uniqKey="Zhou X">XJ Zhou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheiner, Lb" uniqKey="Sheiner L">LB Sheiner</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Aquila, Rt" uniqKey="D Aquila R">RT D'Aquila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, Md" uniqKey="Hughes M">MD Hughes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, Ms" uniqKey="Hirsch M">MS Hirsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischl, Ma" uniqKey="Fischl M">MA Fischl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Maat, Mm" uniqKey="De Maat M">MM de Maat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huitema, Ad" uniqKey="Huitema A">AD Huitema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulder, Jw" uniqKey="Mulder J">JW Mulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meenhorst, Pl" uniqKey="Meenhorst P">PL Meenhorst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gorp, Ec" uniqKey="Van Gorp E">EC van Gorp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beijnen, Jh" uniqKey="Beijnen J">JH Beijnen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Pf" uniqKey="Smith P">PF Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dicenzo, R" uniqKey="Dicenzo R">R Dicenzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Forrest, A" uniqKey="Forrest A">A Forrest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shelton, M" uniqKey="Shelton M">M Shelton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friedland, G" uniqKey="Friedland G">G Friedland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Para, M" uniqKey="Para M">M Para</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kakuda, Tn" uniqKey="Kakuda T">TN Kakuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wade, Jr" uniqKey="Wade J">JR Wade</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snoeck, E" uniqKey="Snoeck E">E Snoeck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vis, P" uniqKey="Vis P">P Vis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholler Gyure, M" uniqKey="Scholler Gyure M">M Scholler-Gyure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, Mp" uniqKey="Peeters M">MP Peeters</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Pl" uniqKey="Anderson P">PL Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kakuda, Tn" uniqKey="Kakuda T">TN Kakuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawle, S" uniqKey="Kawle S">S Kawle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fletcher, Cv" uniqKey="Fletcher C">CV Fletcher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bayon, C" uniqKey="Bayon C">C Bayon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robertson, K" uniqKey="Robertson K">K Robertson</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Alvaro, C" uniqKey="De Alvaro C">C de Alvaro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burgos, A" uniqKey="Burgos A">A Burgos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabrero, E" uniqKey="Cabrero E">E Cabrero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norton, M" uniqKey="Norton M">M Norton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moore, Rd" uniqKey="Moore R">RD Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fortgang, I" uniqKey="Fortgang I">I Fortgang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keruly, J" uniqKey="Keruly J">J Keruly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaisson, Re" uniqKey="Chaisson R">RE Chaisson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, R" uniqKey="Clark R">R Clark</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonfanti, P" uniqKey="Bonfanti P">P Bonfanti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulisano, C" uniqKey="Gulisano C">C Gulisano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ricci, E" uniqKey="Ricci E">E Ricci</name></author><author><name sortKey="Timillero, L" uniqKey="Timillero L">L Timillero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Valsecchi, L" uniqKey="Valsecchi L">L Valsecchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carradori, S" uniqKey="Carradori S">S Carradori</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mazhude, C" uniqKey="Mazhude C">C Mazhude</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, S" uniqKey="Jones S">S Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murad, S" uniqKey="Murad S">S Murad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, C" uniqKey="Taylor C">C Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Easterbrook, P" uniqKey="Easterbrook P">P Easterbrook</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pernerstorfer Schoen, H" uniqKey="Pernerstorfer Schoen H">H Pernerstorfer-Schoen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jilma, B" uniqKey="Jilma B">B Jilma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perschler, A" uniqKey="Perschler A">A Perschler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wichlas, S" uniqKey="Wichlas S">S Wichlas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schindler, K" uniqKey="Schindler K">K Schindler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schindl, A" uniqKey="Schindl A">A Schindl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Currier, Js" uniqKey="Currier J">JS Currier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spino, C" uniqKey="Spino C">C Spino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grimes, J" uniqKey="Grimes J">J Grimes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wofsy, Cb" uniqKey="Wofsy C">CB Wofsy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenstein, Da" uniqKey="Katzenstein D">DA Katzenstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, Md" uniqKey="Hughes M">MD Hughes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carr, A" uniqKey="Carr A">A Carr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Emery, S" uniqKey="Emery S">S Emery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Law, M" uniqKey="Law M">M Law</name></author><author><name sortKey="Puls, R" uniqKey="Puls R">R Puls</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lundgren, Jd" uniqKey="Lundgren J">JD Lundgren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powderly, Wg" uniqKey="Powderly W">WG Powderly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Galli, M" uniqKey="Galli M">M Galli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ridolfo, Al" uniqKey="Ridolfo A">AL Ridolfo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adorni, F" uniqKey="Adorni F">F Adorni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gervasoni, C" uniqKey="Gervasoni C">C Gervasoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ravasio, L" uniqKey="Ravasio L">L Ravasio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corsico, L" uniqKey="Corsico L">L Corsico</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, D" uniqKey="Agarwal D">D Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakravarty, J" uniqKey="Chakravarty J">J Chakravarty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaube, L" uniqKey="Chaube L">L Chaube</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rai, M" uniqKey="Rai M">M Rai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, Nr" uniqKey="Agrawal N">NR Agrawal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sundar, S" uniqKey="Sundar S">S Sundar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bersoff Matcha, Sj" uniqKey="Bersoff Matcha S">SJ Bersoff-Matcha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, Wc" uniqKey="Miller W">WC Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aberg, Ja" uniqKey="Aberg J">JA Aberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Horst, C" uniqKey="Van Der Horst C">C van Der Horst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hamrick, Hj" uniqKey="Hamrick H">HJ Hamrick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Powderly, Wg" uniqKey="Powderly W">WG Powderly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wamoyi, J" uniqKey="Wamoyi J">J Wamoyi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mbonye, M" uniqKey="Mbonye M">M Mbonye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seeley, J" uniqKey="Seeley J">J Seeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birungi, J" uniqKey="Birungi J">J Birungi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaffar, S" uniqKey="Jaffar S">S Jaffar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spire, B" uniqKey="Spire B">B Spire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carrieri, P" uniqKey="Carrieri P">P Carrieri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garzot, Ma" uniqKey="Garzot M">MA Garzot</name></author><author><name sortKey="L Henaff, M" uniqKey="L Henaff M">M L'Henaff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obadia, Y" uniqKey="Obadia Y">Y Obadia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Group, Trt" uniqKey="Group T">TRT Group</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lucas, Gm" uniqKey="Lucas G">GM Lucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chaisson, Re" uniqKey="Chaisson R">RE Chaisson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moore, Rd" uniqKey="Moore R">RD Moore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Currier, J" uniqKey="Currier J">J Currier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Averitt Bridge, D" uniqKey="Averitt Bridge D">D Averitt Bridge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hagins, D" uniqKey="Hagins D">D Hagins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zorrilla, Cd" uniqKey="Zorrilla C">CD Zorrilla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feinberg, J" uniqKey="Feinberg J">J Feinberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, R" uniqKey="Ryan R">R Ryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Squires, Ke" uniqKey="Squires K">KE Squires</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, M" uniqKey="Johnson M">M Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yang, R" uniqKey="Yang R">R Yang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uy, J" uniqKey="Uy J">J Uy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheppard, L" uniqKey="Sheppard L">L Sheppard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Absalon, J" uniqKey="Absalon J">J Absalon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Spira, S" uniqKey="Spira S">S Spira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wainberg, Ma" uniqKey="Wainberg M">MA Wainberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loemba, H" uniqKey="Loemba H">H Loemba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turner, D" uniqKey="Turner D">D Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenner, Bg" uniqKey="Brenner B">BG Brenner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Sd" uniqKey="Lawn S">SD Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butera, St" uniqKey="Butera S">ST Butera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Folks, Tm" uniqKey="Folks T">TM Folks</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meier, A" uniqKey="Meier A">A Meier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Jj" uniqKey="Chang J">JJ Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Es" uniqKey="Chan E">ES Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pollard, Rb" uniqKey="Pollard R">RB Pollard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidhu, Hk" uniqKey="Sidhu H">HK Sidhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulkarni, S" uniqKey="Kulkarni S">S Kulkarni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Poveda, E" uniqKey="Poveda E">E Poveda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Briz, V" uniqKey="Briz V">V Briz</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Mendoza, C" uniqKey="De Mendoza C">C de Mendoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benito, Jm" uniqKey="Benito J">JM Benito</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corral, A" uniqKey="Corral A">A Corral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zahonero, N" uniqKey="Zahonero N">N Zahonero</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fantry, Le" uniqKey="Fantry L">LE Fantry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhan, M" uniqKey="Zhan M">M Zhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Gh" uniqKey="Taylor G">GH Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sill, Am" uniqKey="Sill A">AM Sill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flaws, Ja" uniqKey="Flaws J">JA Flaws</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tirado, G" uniqKey="Tirado G">G Tirado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jove, G" uniqKey="Jove G">G Jove</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, R" uniqKey="Kumar R">R Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noel, Rj" uniqKey="Noel R">RJ Noel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reyes, E" uniqKey="Reyes E">E Reyes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sepulveda, G" uniqKey="Sepulveda G">G Sepulveda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, S" uniqKey="Taylor S">S Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davies, S" uniqKey="Davies S">S Davies</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schouten, J" uniqKey="Schouten J">J Schouten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wit, Fw" uniqKey="Wit F">FW Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stolte, Ig" uniqKey="Stolte I">IG Stolte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Der Valk, M" uniqKey="Van Der Valk M">M van der Valk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geerlings, Se" uniqKey="Geerlings S">SE Geerlings</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Wolf, F" uniqKey="De Wolf F">F de Wolf</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guaraldi, G" uniqKey="Guaraldi G">G Guaraldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orlando, G" uniqKey="Orlando G">G Orlando</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zona, S" uniqKey="Zona S">S Zona</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menozzi, M" uniqKey="Menozzi M">M Menozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carli, F" uniqKey="Carli F">F Carli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garlassi, E" uniqKey="Garlassi E">E Garlassi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sherman, Ke" uniqKey="Sherman K">KE Sherman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rouster, Sd" uniqKey="Rouster S">SD Rouster</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chung, Rt" uniqKey="Chung R">RT Chung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajicic, N" uniqKey="Rajicic N">N Rajicic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shiels, Ms" uniqKey="Shiels M">MS Shiels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cole, Sr" uniqKey="Cole S">SR Cole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirk, Gd" uniqKey="Kirk G">GD Kirk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole, C" uniqKey="Poole C">C Poole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fordyce, Ej" uniqKey="Fordyce E">EJ Fordyce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Z" uniqKey="Wang Z">Z Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Ar" uniqKey="Kahn A">AR Kahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallagher, Bk" uniqKey="Gallagher B">BK Gallagher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merlos, I" uniqKey="Merlos I">I Merlos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ly, S" uniqKey="Ly S">S Ly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dauby, N" uniqKey="Dauby N">N Dauby</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, S" uniqKey="De Wit S">S De Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delforge, M" uniqKey="Delforge M">M Delforge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Necsoi, Vc" uniqKey="Necsoi V">VC Necsoi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clumeck, N" uniqKey="Clumeck N">N Clumeck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goedert, Jj" uniqKey="Goedert J">JJ Goedert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schairer, C" uniqKey="Schairer C">C Schairer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcneel, Ts" uniqKey="Mcneel T">TS McNeel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hessol, Na" uniqKey="Hessol N">NA Hessol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rabkin, Cs" uniqKey="Rabkin C">CS Rabkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engels, Ea" uniqKey="Engels E">EA Engels</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Intra, M" uniqKey="Intra M">M Intra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gentilini, O" uniqKey="Gentilini O">O Gentilini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brenelli, F" uniqKey="Brenelli F">F Brenelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chagas, Em" uniqKey="Chagas E">EM Chagas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Veronesi, U" uniqKey="Veronesi U">U Veronesi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandri, Mt" uniqKey="Sandri M">MT Sandri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shiels, Ms" uniqKey="Shiels M">MS Shiels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeiffer, Rm" uniqKey="Pfeiffer R">RM Pfeiffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Engels, Ea" uniqKey="Engels E">EA Engels</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Palefsky, J" uniqKey="Palefsky J">J Palefsky</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahdieh Grant, L" uniqKey="Ahdieh Grant L">L Ahdieh-Grant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, R" uniqKey="Li R">R Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Am" uniqKey="Levine A">AM Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Massad, Ls" uniqKey="Massad L">LS Massad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strickler, Hd" uniqKey="Strickler H">HD Strickler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Minkoff, H" uniqKey="Minkoff H">H Minkoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Paramsothy, P" uniqKey="Paramsothy P">P Paramsothy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamieson, Dj" uniqKey="Jamieson D">DJ Jamieson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heilig, Cm" uniqKey="Heilig C">CM Heilig</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schuman, Pc" uniqKey="Schuman P">PC Schuman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, Rs" uniqKey="Klein R">RS Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, Kv" uniqKey="Shah K">KV Shah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frisch, M" uniqKey="Frisch M">M Frisch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biggar, Rj" uniqKey="Biggar R">RJ Biggar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goedert, Jj" uniqKey="Goedert J">JJ Goedert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heard, I" uniqKey="Heard I">I Heard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kojic, Em" uniqKey="Kojic E">EM Kojic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cespedes, M" uniqKey="Cespedes M">M Cespedes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Umbleja, T" uniqKey="Umbleja T">T Umbleja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, M" uniqKey="Kang M">M Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aberg, J" uniqKey="Aberg J">J Aberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, R" uniqKey="Allen R">R Allen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stern, Y" uniqKey="Stern Y">Y Stern</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdermott, Mp" uniqKey="Mcdermott M">MP McDermott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, S" uniqKey="Albert S">S Albert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palumbo, D" uniqKey="Palumbo D">D Palumbo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selnes, Oa" uniqKey="Selnes O">OA Selnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcarthur, J" uniqKey="Mcarthur J">J McArthur</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcarthur, Jc" uniqKey="Mcarthur J">JC McArthur</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hestad, Ka" uniqKey="Hestad K">KA Hestad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menon, Ja" uniqKey="Menon J">JA Menon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silalukey Ngoma, M" uniqKey="Silalukey Ngoma M">M Silalukey-Ngoma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franklin, Dr" uniqKey="Franklin D">DR Franklin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imasiku, Ml" uniqKey="Imasiku M">ML Imasiku</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalima, K" uniqKey="Kalima K">K Kalima</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maki, Pm" uniqKey="Maki P">PM Maki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin Thormeyer, E" uniqKey="Martin Thormeyer E">E Martin-Thormeyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ettenhofer, Ml" uniqKey="Ettenhofer M">ML Ettenhofer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinkin, Ch" uniqKey="Hinkin C">CH Hinkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castellon, Sa" uniqKey="Castellon S">SA Castellon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Durvasula, R" uniqKey="Durvasula R">R Durvasula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ullman, J" uniqKey="Ullman J">J Ullman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, M" uniqKey="Lam M">M Lam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hinkin, Ch" uniqKey="Hinkin C">CH Hinkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Castellon, Sa" uniqKey="Castellon S">SA Castellon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levine, Aj" uniqKey="Levine A">AJ Levine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barclay, Tr" uniqKey="Barclay T">TR Barclay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singer, Ej" uniqKey="Singer E">EJ Singer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crystal, H" uniqKey="Crystal H">H Crystal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kleyman, I" uniqKey="Kleyman I">I Kleyman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anastos, K" uniqKey="Anastos K">K Anastos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lazar, J" uniqKey="Lazar J">J Lazar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, M" uniqKey="Cohen M">M Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, C" uniqKey="Liu C">C Liu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Pommerol, M" uniqKey="De Pommerol M">M de Pommerol</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hessamfar, M" uniqKey="Hessamfar M">M Hessamfar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawson Ayayi, S" uniqKey="Lawson Ayayi S">S Lawson-Ayayi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Neau, D" uniqKey="Neau D">D Neau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geffard, S" uniqKey="Geffard S">S Geffard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farbos, S" uniqKey="Farbos S">S Farbos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cejtin, He" uniqKey="Cejtin H">HE Cejtin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalinowski, A" uniqKey="Kalinowski A">A Kalinowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bacchetti, P" uniqKey="Bacchetti P">P Bacchetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Rn" uniqKey="Taylor R">RN Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watts, Dh" uniqKey="Watts D">DH Watts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schoenbaum, Ee" uniqKey="Schoenbaum E">EE Schoenbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartel, D" uniqKey="Hartel D">D Hartel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Y" uniqKey="Lo Y">Y Lo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, Aa" uniqKey="Howard A">AA Howard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Floris Moore, M" uniqKey="Floris Moore M">M Floris-Moore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnsten, Jh" uniqKey="Arnsten J">JH Arnsten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yin, Mt" uniqKey="Yin M">MT Yin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ca" uniqKey="Zhang C">CA Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Dj" uniqKey="Mcmahon D">DJ McMahon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferris, Dc" uniqKey="Ferris D">DC Ferris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irani, D" uniqKey="Irani D">D Irani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colon, I" uniqKey="Colon I">I Colon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, Sa" uniqKey="Miller S">SA Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santoro, N" uniqKey="Santoro N">N Santoro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lo, Y" uniqKey="Lo Y">Y Lo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howard, Aa" uniqKey="Howard A">AA Howard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arnsten, Jh" uniqKey="Arnsten J">JH Arnsten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Floris Moore, M" uniqKey="Floris Moore M">M Floris-Moore</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Ce" uniqKey="Ferreira C">CE Ferreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinto Neto, Am" uniqKey="Pinto Neto A">AM Pinto-Neto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conde, Dm" uniqKey="Conde D">DM Conde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costa Paiva, L" uniqKey="Costa Paiva L">L Costa-Paiva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morais, Ss" uniqKey="Morais S">SS Morais</name></author><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, J" uniqKey="Magalhaes J">J Magalhaes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clark, Ra" uniqKey="Clark R">RA Clark</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulligan, K" uniqKey="Mulligan K">K Mulligan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stamenovic, E" uniqKey="Stamenovic E">E Stamenovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, B" uniqKey="Chang B">B Chang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watts, H" uniqKey="Watts H">H Watts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, J" uniqKey="Andersen J">J Andersen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Kb" uniqKey="Patterson K">KB Patterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohn, Se" uniqKey="Cohn S">SE Cohn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uyanik, J" uniqKey="Uyanik J">J Uyanik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, M" uniqKey="Hughes M">M Hughes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smurzynski, M" uniqKey="Smurzynski M">M Smurzynski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eron, Jj" uniqKey="Eron J">JJ Eron</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seeley, J" uniqKey="Seeley J">J Seeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Russell, S" uniqKey="Russell S">S Russell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khana, K" uniqKey="Khana K">K Khana</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ezati, E" uniqKey="Ezati E">E Ezati</name></author><author><name sortKey="King, R" uniqKey="King R">R King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bunnell, R" uniqKey="Bunnell R">R Bunnell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Te" uniqKey="Wilson T">TE Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jean Louis, G" uniqKey="Jean Louis G">G Jean-Louis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schwartz, R" uniqKey="Schwartz R">R Schwartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golub, Et" uniqKey="Golub E">ET Golub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Mh" uniqKey="Cohen M">MH Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maki, P" uniqKey="Maki P">P Maki</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Siegel, K" uniqKey="Siegel K">K Siegel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schrimshaw, Ew" uniqKey="Schrimshaw E">EW Schrimshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lekas, Hm" uniqKey="Lekas H">HM Lekas</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Florence, E" uniqKey="Florence E">E Florence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schrooten, W" uniqKey="Schrooten W">W Schrooten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dreezen, C" uniqKey="Dreezen C">C Dreezen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gordillo, V" uniqKey="Gordillo V">V Gordillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nilsson Schonnesson, L" uniqKey="Nilsson Schonnesson L">L Nilsson Schonnesson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asboe, D" uniqKey="Asboe D">D Asboe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Csete, J" uniqKey="Csete J">J Csete</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pearshouse, R" uniqKey="Pearshouse R">R Pearshouse</name></author><author><name sortKey="Symington, A" uniqKey="Symington A">A Symington</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jurgens, R" uniqKey="Jurgens R">R Jurgens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, J" uniqKey="Cohen J">J Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, E" uniqKey="Cameron E">E Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burris, S" uniqKey="Burris S">S Burris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clayton, M" uniqKey="Clayton M">M Clayton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliott, R" uniqKey="Elliott R">R Elliott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, A" uniqKey="Ahmed A">A Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hanssens, C" uniqKey="Hanssens C">C Hanssens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, B" uniqKey="Kelly B">B Kelly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenberg Schwan, U" uniqKey="Sonnenberg Schwan U">U Sonnenberg-Schwan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margolese, S" uniqKey="Margolese S">S Margolese</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagra, N" uniqKey="Nagra N">N Nagra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kulubya, G" uniqKey="Kulubya G">G Kulubya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catalan, J" uniqKey="Catalan J">J Catalan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clucas, C" uniqKey="Clucas C">C Clucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, R" uniqKey="Harding R">R Harding</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clucas, C" uniqKey="Clucas C">C Clucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, R" uniqKey="Harding R">R Harding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, E" uniqKey="Sibley E">E Sibley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catalan, J" uniqKey="Catalan J">J Catalan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Clucas, C" uniqKey="Clucas C">C Clucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, E" uniqKey="Sibley E">E Sibley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, R" uniqKey="Harding R">R Harding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, L" uniqKey="Liu L">L Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catalan, J" uniqKey="Catalan J">J Catalan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Catalan, J" uniqKey="Catalan J">J Catalan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, R" uniqKey="Harding R">R Harding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sibley, E" uniqKey="Sibley E">E Sibley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clucas, C" uniqKey="Clucas C">C Clucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Croome, N" uniqKey="Croome N">N Croome</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Machtinger, El" uniqKey="Machtinger E">EL Machtinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, Tc" uniqKey="Wilson T">TC Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haberer, Je" uniqKey="Haberer J">JE Haberer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weiss, Ds" uniqKey="Weiss D">DS Weiss</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clucas, C" uniqKey="Clucas C">C Clucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lampe, F" uniqKey="Lampe F">F Lampe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Harding, R" uniqKey="Harding R">R Harding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, M" uniqKey="Johnson M">M Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, M" uniqKey="Fisher M">M Fisher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vanable, Pa" uniqKey="Vanable P">PA Vanable</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carey, Mp" uniqKey="Carey M">MP Carey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blair, Dc" uniqKey="Blair D">DC Blair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Littlewood, Ra" uniqKey="Littlewood R">RA Littlewood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Te Vaarwerk, Mj" uniqKey="Te Vaarwerk M">MJ te Vaarwerk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaal, Ea" uniqKey="Gaal E">EA Gaal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joseph, Eb" uniqKey="Joseph E">EB Joseph</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhatti, Rs" uniqKey="Bhatti R">RS Bhatti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ickovics, Jr" uniqKey="Ickovics J">JR Ickovics</name></author><author><name sortKey="Milan, S" uniqKey="Milan S">S Milan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boland, R" uniqKey="Boland R">R Boland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schoenbaum, E" uniqKey="Schoenbaum E">E Schoenbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schuman, P" uniqKey="Schuman P">P Schuman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vlahov, D" uniqKey="Vlahov D">D Vlahov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Whetten, K" uniqKey="Whetten K">K Whetten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reif, S" uniqKey="Reif S">S Reif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whetten, R" uniqKey="Whetten R">R Whetten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy Mcmillan, Lk" uniqKey="Murphy Mcmillan L">LK Murphy-McMillan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lechner, Sc" uniqKey="Lechner S">SC Lechner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Antoni, Mh" uniqKey="Antoni M">MH Antoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lydston, D" uniqKey="Lydston D">D Lydston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laperriere, A" uniqKey="Laperriere A">A LaPerriere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ishii, M" uniqKey="Ishii M">M Ishii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Devieux, J" uniqKey="Devieux J">J Devieux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lima, Vd" uniqKey="Lima V">VD Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Geller, J" uniqKey="Geller J">J Geller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bangsberg, Dr" uniqKey="Bangsberg D">DR Bangsberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patterson, Tl" uniqKey="Patterson T">TL Patterson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniel, M" uniqKey="Daniel M">M Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerr, T" uniqKey="Kerr T">T Kerr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turner, Bj" uniqKey="Turner B">BJ Turner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laine, C" uniqKey="Laine C">C Laine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cosler, L" uniqKey="Cosler L">L Cosler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hauck, Ww" uniqKey="Hauck W">WW Hauck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Logie, Ch" uniqKey="Logie C">CH Logie</name></author><author><name sortKey="James, L" uniqKey="James L">L James</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tharao, W" uniqKey="Tharao W">W Tharao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bradford, Jb" uniqKey="Bradford J">JB Bradford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, S" uniqKey="Coleman S">S Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cunningham, W" uniqKey="Cunningham W">W Cunningham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Naar King, S" uniqKey="Naar King S">S Naar-King</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bradford, J" uniqKey="Bradford J">J Bradford</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coleman, S" uniqKey="Coleman S">S Coleman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Green Jones, M" uniqKey="Green Jones M">M Green-Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cabral, H" uniqKey="Cabral H">H Cabral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tobias, C" uniqKey="Tobias C">C Tobias</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, Rc" uniqKey="White R">RC White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carr, R" uniqKey="Carr R">R Carr</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carosi, G" uniqKey="Carosi G">G Carosi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nasta, P" uniqKey="Nasta P">P Nasta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fiore, S" uniqKey="Fiore S">S Fiore</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matteelli, A" uniqKey="Matteelli A">A Matteelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cauda, R" uniqKey="Cauda R">R Cauda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrazzi, E" uniqKey="Ferrazzi E">E Ferrazzi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wiener, Ls" uniqKey="Wiener L">LS Wiener</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zobel, M" uniqKey="Zobel M">M Zobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Battles, H" uniqKey="Battles H">H Battles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryder, C" uniqKey="Ryder C">C Ryder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Int AIDS Soc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Int AIDS Soc</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JIAS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of the International AIDS Society</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1758-2652</issn><publisher><publisher-name>International AIDS Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24088395</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3789211</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7448/IAS.16.1.18509</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>Mona R</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">§</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>Lorraine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sonnenberg-Schwan</surname><given-names>Ulrike</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Walmsley</surname><given-names>Sharon L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>Margaret</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0005">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>d'Arminio Monforte</surname><given-names>Antonella</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0006">6</xref></contrib><on-behalf-of>on behalf of Women for Positive Action</on-behalf-of><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="FN0001">*</xref></contrib-group><aff id="AF0001"><label>1</label>Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</aff><aff id="AF0002"><label>2</label>Royal Free University College Medical School, London, UK</aff><aff id="AF0003"><label>3</label>German AIDS Society, Munich, Germany</aff><aff id="AF0004"><label>4</label>Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada</aff><aff id="AF0005"><label>5</label>Royal Free Hospital, London, UK</aff><aff id="AF0006"><label>6</label>San Paolo University Hospital, Milan, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>§</label><bold>Corresponding author</bold>: Mona R Loutfy, Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, 7th Floor, 790 Bay Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, M5G 1N8. Tel: 001-416-351-3732, ext 2324. (<email xlink:href="mona.loutfy@wchospital.ca">mona.loutfy@wchospital.ca</email>)
</corresp><fn id="FN0001"><label>*</label><p>Women for Positive Action faculty who contributed to this manuscript: Larissa Afonina (Russia), Adriana Ammassari (Italy), Jane Anderson (UK), Teresa Branco (Portugal), Elisabeth Crafer (UK), Antonella d'Arminio Monforte (Italy), Annette Haberl (Germany), Margaret Johnson (UK), Karine Lacombe (France), Anne-Mette Lebech (Denmark), Laurette Lévy (Canada), Mona R Loutfy (Canada), Mariana Mărdărescu (Romania), Fiona Mulcahy (Ireland), Angelina Namiba (UK), Ophelia Haanyama Ørum (Sweden), Maria Jesús Pérez Elías (Spain), Annette Piecha (Germany), Lorraine Sherr (UK), Ulrike Sonnenberg-Schwan (Germany), Winnie Ssanyu-Sseruma (UK), Sharon L Walmsley (Canada). We also acknowledge Litmus MME (Louise Brady, PhD) who provided medical writing support to the Women for Positive Action faculty. Women for Positive Action is an educational program funded and initiated by Abbvie.</p><p>Women for Positive Action is a global initiative established in response to the need to address specific concerns of women living and working with HIV. For further information on this initiative please visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.womenforpositiveaction.org">www.womenforpositiveaction.org</ext-link>.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><elocation-id content-type="doi">18509</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>8</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Loutfy MR et al; licensee International AIDS Society</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction</title><p>In the management of HIV, women and men generally undergo the same treatment pathway, with gender differences being given limited consideration. This is in spite of accumulating evidence that there are a number of potential differences between women and men which may affect response to treatment, pharmacokinetics, toxicities and coping. There are also notable psychological, behavioural, social and structural factors that may have a unique impact on women living with HIV (WLWH). Despite our increasing knowledge of HIV and advances in treatment, there are significant gaps in the data relating specifically to women. One of the factors contributing to this situation is the under-representation of women in all aspects of HIV clinical research. Furthermore, there are clinical issues unique to women, including gynaecologic and breast diseases, menopause-related factors, contraception and other topics related to women's and sexual health.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>Using scoping review methodology, articles from the literature from 1980 to 2012 were identified using appropriate MeSH headings reflecting the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. Titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether they were relevant to non-reproductive health in WLWH, and papers meeting inclusion criteria were reviewed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>This review summarizes our current knowledge of the clinical status of WLWH, particularly in the areas of clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access. It suggests that there are a number of gender differences in disease and treatment outcomes, and distinct women-specific issues, such as menopause and co-morbidities, that pose significant challenges to the care of WLWH.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Based on a review of this evidence, outstanding questions and areas where further studies are required to determine gender differences in the efficacy and safety of treatment and other clinical and psychological issues specifically affecting WLWH have been identified. Well-controlled and adequately powered clinical studies are essential to help provide answers to these questions and to contribute to activities aimed at improving the health and wellbeing of WLWH.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>gender</kwd><kwd>women</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>safety</kwd><kwd>pharmacokinetics</kwd><kwd>stigma</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="S0001"><title>Introduction</title><p>It is often overlooked that more than 50% of adults living with HIV globally are women and, as women make up a higher proportion of new diagnoses than men, the number of infections among this group is increasing in many countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0001">1</xref>]. Regardless of the epidemiology, women have always been under-represented and even excluded in many areas of HIV clinical research. Numerous barriers have prevented women from being included in clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Even when they are involved, the studies are often flawed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">2</xref>], underpowered to provide gender analysis or simply not analyzed by gender to provide women-specific evidence. Where studies of women do exist, these are most often confined to the issue of pregnancy, a vital area of interest in relation to women, but not representing the totality of female experience. Overcoming these barriers is crucial to increase female participation in clinical research [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">3</xref>] and to provide gender-specific knowledge.</p><p>To critically assess the existing guidance and data relevant to women living with HIV (WLWH), the literature was reviewed to identify both the current consensus and areas for further study with regard to clinical management, sexual health, emotional wellbeing and treatment access as it relates to WLWH and research using a gender-based analysis. Issues around HIV and pregnancy were not included in this review. Based on the available evidence and current clinical practice, a social justice framework was used to propose a call to action to address key areas of direct concern to WLWH.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S0002"><title>Methods</title><p>This article was written using scoping review methodology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">4</xref>] to provide a narrative account of available research in gender differences in HIV-related non-reproductive clinical factors, including ageing, emotional and sexual wellbeing, and other challenges faced by WLWH. A scoping review aims to achieve in-depth and broad results. During the process of identifying relevant studies and on-going literature review, search terms can be redefined to undertake more specific searches. The following five steps were used in scoping review methodology and repeated as necessary to ensure the literature was fully investigated: 1) identifying the research question; 2) identifying relevant studies; 3) study selection; 4) reviewing the data; and 5) collating, summarizing and reporting the results of the literature review.</p><p>In this study, MEDLINE was searched for article titles from 1980 to 2012. At the time of the review there were 331,546 papers mentioning the terms “HIV” or “AIDS.” Of these, only 112,474 mentioned the word “female” or “women,” whereas 120,896 mentioned the word “male” or “men.” The papers were divided into four sections – clinical management, emotional health, sexual health and treatment access – based on the use of diverse MeSH headings for each section, including “HIV”; “women” or “gender”; “antiretroviral response,” “antiretroviral toxicity,” “ageing,” “co-morbidities,” “sexual health,” “menopause,” “depression” or “emotional wellbeing”; and “treatment access.” Titles of papers were searched electronically to allocate potentially relevant articles for inclusion in a scoping review process [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">4</xref>]. The abstracts of the papers allocated to each section were scanned for relevance and subsequently a full review of the identified papers was conducted. The full review of papers was an iterative process in line with scoping review methodology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0004">4</xref>] with articles being included based on relevance to the identified gap in the literature and author opinion of suitability for inclusion.</p><p>Relevant bibliographies, existing networks and HIV organizations, guidelines and abstracts were also reviewed from conferences, including Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS), International AIDS Conference (IAC), Canadian Association for HIV Research (CAHR), European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) and the International Workshop on HIV and Women from Adolescence through Menopause. Experts in the field were consulted regarding missing publications. Before the full articles were reviewed abstracts were scanned to determine whether they were relevant to the aims of the review and to eliminate those focusing on reproductive health, including preconception, contraception, maternal health and postpartum issues in WLWH. These reproductive health issues have been reviewed in detail elsewhere [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">5</xref>].</p><p>A social justice framework provides plans and strategies for how equal opportunities can be realized for vulnerable or under-represented population groups. This article provides a social justice framework for improving the care of WLWH. The non-reproductive challenges faced by WLWH and gaps in the literature are discussed so that researchers in this area can work towards improving the care of this population group. As this is a review article, the results and discussion are presented together. In addition, a summary of the gaps in the literature around the challenges faced by WLWH are included at the end of each of the sections on clinical management, sexual health, emotional health and treatment access.</p></sec><sec id="S0003"><title>Inclusion of women in HIV clinical research</title><p>Women have been under-represented and excluded in many areas of HIV clinical research often to minimize the risk of harming the unborn child. However, clinical trials need to reflect the general population living with HIV and thus include an appropriate proportion of women, rather than simply extrapolating from predominantly male data [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0006">6</xref>]. Although more and more pharmaceutical companies are conducting meta-analyses of specific ARTs by gender, and should be congratulated for doing so, many clinical studies involving women are still cohort or observational, rather than randomized, as well as being under-powered for gender comparisons [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">2</xref>]. While it is costly to conduct large trials to investigate gender differences, it is important that appropriately designed studies be conducted to help inform guidelines and treatment recommendations for these specific populations including women. This group faces social, historical, clinical, structural and practical barriers to their inclusion in HIV clinical research [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">7</xref>]. Understanding these barriers and implementing strategies will help to establish equality of access and women's participation in research. Such strategies could include revising guidance on a woman becoming pregnant during a clinical trial to ensure that as much data as possible is analyzed prior to her withdrawal, and the provision of options for follow-up or even continuing in a trial if she remains on the same regimen. d'Arminio Monforte <italic>et al</italic>.
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">3</xref>] also advocates reviewing contraceptive requirements during a trial (so as to not place an unfair burden on the woman), having after-hours clinics and offering childcare provision (<xref ref-type="table" rid="T0001">Table 1</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T0001" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Strategies to improve involvement of women in HIV clinical trials</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Target group</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suggested strategy for increasing involvement of women</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical researchers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Ensure equal representation of men and women in earlier clinical studies (e.g. in Phase II)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Women-only trials conducted at Phase III</p></list-item><list-item><p>Protocols should be statistically powered to provide meaningful data on gender differences</p></list-item><list-item><p>Protocols should be designed to remove unfair barriers to the involvement of women</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physicians</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Work with clinical trial investigators to develop ways to improve appropriate recruitment of women into trials</p></list-item><list-item><p>Put strategies into place to address barriers by catering to the specific needs of women (e.g. through providing childcare options)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical trial sponsors</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Collaborate with women investigators and centres responsible for the treatment of a high proportion of WLWH</p></list-item><list-item><p>Provide specific tools to enable recruitment of more women</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regulatory authorities and ethical committees</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Recommend that pharmaceutical companies, trial sponsors, and clinical trial investigators recognize and address the gender imbalance in HIV trials</p></list-item><list-item><p>Recommend pharmaceutical companies and trial sponsors use female investigators</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Journal editors</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Encourage the reporting and publication of results for female participants in HIV clinical studies</p></list-item><list-item><p>Incorporate a recommendation in the CONSORT guidelines<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TF0001">*</xref> to include women in clinical trials of HIV treatment and to report female sub-analyses</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ensure that publications represent and discuss women where possible and that the use of women-specific endpoints is investigated</p></list-item><list-item><p>Encourage inclusion of a discussion of any evident differences between men and women that emerge from studies</p></list-item><list-item><p>Include a women's health specialist on journal editorial boards</p></list-item><list-item><p>Highlight where further research is required</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medical societies and congress organizers</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Encourage the submission of study data on women in the congress call for abstracts</p></list-item><list-item><p>Give priority to data on women when allocating scientific sessions and symposia</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ensure scientific sessions and symposia address gender-specific issues related to treatment</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ensure female investigators are part of congress organizing committees</p></list-item><list-item><p>Give priority for oral presentation to high quality abstracts that address gender issues</p></list-item><list-item><p>Monitor the numbers of female investigators and presenters attending congresses</p></list-item><list-item><p>Monitor the proportion of women in studies that are reported at congresses</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Advocacy groups</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Raise awareness and highlight gaps in the reporting of data on women during scientific symposia</p></list-item><list-item><p>Include articles in patient advocacy publications on the importance of the adequate representation of women in trials</p></list-item><list-item><p>Provide peer education and support</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TF0001"><label>*</label><p>Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.consort-statement.org/">http://www.consort-statement.org/</ext-link></p></fn><fn><p>Adapted from d'Arminio Monforte <italic>et al</italic>. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0003">3</xref>] with permission.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Furthermore, there have been few women investigators involved as key participants in the pivotal ART trials. This is despite the fact that in many clinics female physicians look after a high proportion of female patients and efforts should be made to select a range of investigators. Gender issues in employment, promotion and glass ceiling effects may continually filter down into individual research areas and may need a conscious effort to rectify. This same phenomenon was seen in cardiac risk factor prevention research where over-inclusion of male subjects and of male investigators was only redressed after specific attention was drawn to the phenomenon, with resultant recruitment of a female only study arm [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0008">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0009">9</xref>].</p><p>In addition to providing equal opportunities and the required support for the participation of women in HIV clinical studies it is important that the significance of reporting these data is recognized. A number of editorials have been published to encourage the representation of women and the investigation of women-specific endpoints where possible [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0007">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0010">10</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0011">11</xref>]. Furthermore, while journal articles are often limited by length, which may mean that gender-specific analyses are compromised, a number of journals do offer the opportunity for publication of supplementary material online, and this opportunity is often under-utilized.</p></sec><sec id="S0004"><title>Gender differences and women-specific issues in HIV and its clinical management</title><p>Women and men differ in terms of susceptibility to HIV infection, the course of the infection, response to treatment, drug pharmacokinetics and toxicity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0002">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0012">12</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">14</xref>]. Poverty, immigration, isolation, socio-cultural norms and lack of education may also have a unique impact on WLWH and impact clinical outcomes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0015">15</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0016">16</xref>]. Clinical studies that define the impact of these factors will help inform therapeutic decisions in routine clinical practice.</p><sec id="S0004-S20001"><title>Virological and immunological response</title><p>Gender differences exist in susceptibility to HIV infection as well as virological and immunological parameters [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">13</xref>]. A meta-analysis has concluded that women have lower baseline viral load than men, particularly early in the infection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0001">Figure 1</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">17</xref>]. Higher, lower and equivalent CD4 cell counts have been reported in various studies when women are compared with men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0018">18</xref>] and likely reflect confounding variables in addition to gender. These differences appear to have little bearing on the progression of the disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">13</xref>]. One cohort study showed that women had higher CD4 cell counts (<italic>p</italic><0.001), lower viral loads (<italic>p</italic><0.001) and a more favourable clinical profile (<italic>p</italic><0.001) than men at baseline [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0019">19</xref>]. Women also had superior clinical (<italic>p</italic><0.01), virological (<italic>p</italic><0.01) and immunological (<italic>p</italic><0.006) responses to ART in multivariate analyses after adjustment for other variables [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0019">19</xref>]. These gender differences could not be explained by factors such as adherence to therapy. In another cohort study, women were shown to survive longer and to experience a lower risk of both progression to AIDS and non-AIDS mortality following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0020">20</xref>]. These benefits occurred despite a slightly lower proportion of women on HAART compared with their male counterparts. A recent meta-analysis by Soon and colleagues (2012) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0021">21</xref>], including 20,328 HIV-positive individuals from 40 randomized controlled trials, reported no overall difference in virological outcome at 48 weeks in those who were treatment naïve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F0002">Figure 2</xref>) or treatment experienced. Kwakwa and colleagues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0022">22</xref>], however, conducted a meta-analysis of seven randomized controlled trials in treatment-naïve patients reporting virologic suppression or failure rates in both men and women and reported that women were 28% less likely to achieve virologic suppression compared to men (<italic>p</italic><0.0001). In summary, given the inconclusive nature of the findings around the influence of gender on HIV disease progression further studies are required here.</p><fig id="F0001" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis of estimated differences in mean log<sub>10</sub> HIV RNA levels between women and men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0017">17</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIAS-16-18509-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F0002" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Gender-related efficacy differences in women and men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0021">21</xref>]. The publisher for this copyrighted material is Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. publishers.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JIAS-16-18509-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S0004-S20002"><title>Drug pharmacokinetics and interactions</title><p>Women differ in their metabolic processes and renal and hepatic function compared with men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">13</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0014">14</xref>] and these differences may be accentuated by pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and ethnicity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0023">23</xref>]. These factors should be considered when planning ART for women. Many current dosing guidelines and recommendations for ART initiation and monitoring highlight that women of reproductive age or those planning pregnancy may require different ART than men, however experience of adverse events potentially related to pharmacokinetics may also impact ART choice in women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0024">24</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">26</xref>]. One would think that since gender differences exist in body size and composition, the differences in antiretroviral drug levels between women and men would be due to weight, however, it has been reported that there is no difference in pharmacokinetics according to body weight [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0027">27</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0028">28</xref>] A number of studies suggest that females achieve higher plasma drug concentrations than males receiving the same doses, although this is not a consistent finding. A summary of these results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0002">Table 2</xref>. Further research is required in this area, including the interactions between ART and other therapies commonly used in women, such as HRT, antidepressants, statins, antidiabetic agents and chemotherapeutic medications.</p><table-wrap id="T0002" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Gender differences in antiretroviral pharmacokinetic parameters</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Treatment</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender difference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nature of difference in women versus men</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clinical implications</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>Protease inhibitors</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ritonavir (SCG formulation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31% ↑ median AUC<sub>0–12 h</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.026)<break></break>↑ median C<sub>max</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.032)<break></break>24% ↓ CL/F (<italic>p=</italic>0.026)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gender differences in RTV concentrations might have a significant influence in settings where RTV is used to boost other protease inhibitors or in the magnitude and perhaps clinical significance of RTV drug-drug interactions [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">29</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ritonavir (Tablet)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35% ↑ median AUC<sub>0–12 h</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.012)<break></break>↑ median C<sub>max</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.006)<break></break>26% ↓ CL/F (<italic>p=</italic>0.012)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indinavir/r</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30% ↓ clearance (<italic>p</italic><0.05)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Initial dosage should be decided according to ritonavir intake and gender, prior to plasma concentration measurements [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0030">30</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saquinavir/r</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25% ↑ AUC<sub>0–12 h</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.004)<break></break>3-fold ↑ C<sub>min</sub> (<italic>p</italic><0.001)<break></break>↑ C<sub>max</sub> (<italic>p</italic><0.05)<break></break>↑ Inhibitory quotient</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">A greater proportion of females than males had HIV RNA values ≤500 at week 16 of the study period [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0031">31</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0033">33</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir/r</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">29</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Saquinavir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0034">34</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indinavir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0035">35</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atazanavir/r</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0036">36</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fosamprenavir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">37</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fosamprenavir/r</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">37</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left" rowspan="1"><bold>NRTIs and NNRTIs</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nevirapine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44% ↑ C<sub>max</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.042)<break></break>1.5-fold ↑ ΔC (<italic>p=</italic>0.02)<break></break>0-22% ↑ random concentration<break></break>25% ↓ weight-adjusted clearance</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Evidence suggests particular sensitivity of females to nevirapine toxicity, including rash and hepatotoxicity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0038">38</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0040">40</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Efavirenz</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ mean plasma concentration (<italic>p</italic><0.001)<break></break>25% ↓ AUC<sub>0–24h</sub> (<italic>p=</italic>0.05)<break></break>Slight ↑ clearance (L/h)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physicians should be aware of a higher risk for drug-induced toxicity in females [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0023">23</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delavirdine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↓ mean intrinsic clearance (<italic>p=</italic>0.05)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0041">41</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Etravirine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0042">42</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rilpivarine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">26</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lamivudine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6-fold ↑ in intracellular nucleoside triphosphates (<italic>p=</italic>0.002)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Physicians should be aware of a higher risk for drug-induced toxicity in females [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0043">43</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zidovudine</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3-fold ↑ in intracellular nucleoside triphosphates (<italic>p=</italic>0.002)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Other agents</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Enfuvirtide</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35% ↓ clearance</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Changes in exposure do not appear to affect efficacy or safety [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0041">41</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maraviroc</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Raltegravir</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0044">44</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elvitegravir/Cobisistat</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ND</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>SGC=soft gel capsules; CL/F=apparent oral clearance; AUC=area under the curve; C<sub>min</sub>=minimum plasma concentration; C<sub>max</sub>=maximum plasma concentration; ΔC=difference between maximum and minimum concentrations (C<sub>max</sub>−C<sub>min</sub>); C<sub>trough</sub>=plasma concentration just before the next dose; ND=no data available.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="S0004-S20003"><title>Antiretroviral drug toxicity</title><p>In general, women have been found to be more susceptible than men to developing ART-associated toxicities. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are related to an increased risk of rash and hepatotoxicity in women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0013">13</xref>]. The thymidine analogues, DDI and DT4, are associated with lactic acidosis, especially in obese women, and have been reported to have fatal consequences in pregnant women when used in combination. This combination is no longer recommended in treatment guidelines and should be avoided in women, particularly pregnant women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0045">45</xref>]. ART is also commonly associated with lipodystrophy and blood lipid abnormalities and ART-related toxicities have been found to occur at a higher frequency among women compared with men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">46</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0051">51</xref>]. <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0003">Table 3</xref> provides an overview of gender differences in ART-associated toxicities. Further data in this area is required to help inform treatment decisions for women.</p><table-wrap id="T0003" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Gender differences in antiretroviral toxicity</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regimen</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nature of difference in women versus men</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>NRTIs and NNRTIs</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NRTIs</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ risk of developing body habitus changes (<italic>p</italic><0.0001) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0052">52</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zidovudine (AZT), zalcitabine,</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ likelihood of reducing dose or stopping didanosine-containing regimen [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0050">50</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> didanosine</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3-fold ↑ in risk for AEs because of didanosine (<italic>p=</italic>0.03) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0045">45</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ likelihood of developing anaemia with AZT (<italic>p=</italic>0.026) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0053">53</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nevirapine</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7-fold ↑ in risk of rash (<italic>p=</italic>0.003) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">54</xref>]
<break></break>3 to 5 times ↑ likelihood of discontinuation due to rash (<italic>p=</italic>0.005) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0054">54</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2-fold ↑ in grade 4 elevations of liver enzymes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">55</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Efavirenz</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Potential risk of ↑ AEs due to ↑ plasma concentration [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0023">23</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 times ↑ risk of discontinuing treatment, in part due to psychiatric AEs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0056">56</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Protease inhibitors</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ritonavir</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ frequency of AEs (<italic>p=</italic>0.008) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">57</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fosamprenavir (± ritonavir)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0037">37</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Darunavir/r</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nausea and vomiting more common (NS) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0058">58</xref>]
<break></break>Trend of higher discontinuation rates due to AEs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0058">58</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Atazanavir/r</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">59</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lopinavir/r</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimal – slight ↑ in nausea and ↓ in diarrhea [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0059">59</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Protease inhibitor-containing ART</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">↑ mean TG (<italic>p</italic> <0.02)<break></break>↑ mean LDL (<italic>p</italic> <0.0001)<break></break>↑ mean Leptin (<italic>p</italic> <0.02)<break></break>↑ fasting insulin levels and LDL/HDL ratio (<italic>p=</italic>0.02) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0049">49</xref>]
</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5-fold ↑ in risk of development of lipodystrophy syndrome [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0047">47</xref>]
</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>NRTIs=nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; ART=antiretroviral therapy; AE=adverse event; TG=triglycerides; LDL=low-density lipoproteins; HDL=high-density lipoprotein, NS=non-significant.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="S0004-S20004"><title>Other gender differences in HIV</title><sec><title>HIV clades</title><p>Globally, most WLWH are from resource-poor countries where non-B HIV clades are more common, with implications for the mode of HIV transmission. For example, clades A, C, D and E are transmitted primarily via heterosexual sex in Asia and Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0060">60</xref>]. Inter-clade genetic variation may be an important factor in the development of drug resistance [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0060">60</xref>]. Most studies of ART have been conducted in patients with clade B virus and future studies should include an appropriate distribution of viral subtypes. Studies in pregnant and non-pregnant WLWH are needed to confirm if drug resistance is clade-specific and also to determine if there are any gender differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Immune activation</title><p>Immune activation is strongly associated with disease progression in HIV [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0061">61</xref>]. Gender differences in the activity of Toll-like receptors may account for higher immune activation in women compared with men at a given HIV-1 viral load. The higher level of T-cell activation may provide a mechanism by which the same level of viral replication might result in faster HIV-1 disease progression in women compared with men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0062">62</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Tropism</title><p>HIV infection of macrophages and T-helper lymphocytes is essential to HIV pathogenesis. The viral tropism has been shown to affect disease progression rate but no association between HIV tropism and gender has been reported [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0063">63</xref>]. An HIV co-receptor switch can occur during pregnancy in a manner indistinguishable from that seen in non-pregnant patients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">64</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Viral reservoirs</title><p>Several HIV reservoirs exist in the body, for example, blood plasma and the genital tract, where the virus may continue to replicate even in those receiving ART. It appears that there can be drug-resistant mutations and non-drug resistant mutations in the female genital tract which are not present in the plasma [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0065">65</xref>]. Thus treatments that can achieve therapeutic concentrations within this compartment may have important implications for disease transmission and controlling local viral replication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">66</xref>]. Development of advanced techniques for measuring viral load in the female genital tract means that more data are becoming available in this area. A recent review has summarized differences in ART deposition and highlights that male and female data are inconsistent and further research is required to elucidate the differences [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0066">66</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec id="S0004-S20005"><title>Women, HIV, ageing, co-morbidities and menopause</title><p>In Western Europe, the proportion of women aged ≥50 years accounting for new HIV cases rose from approximately 6 to 9% between 2002 and 2006 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0046">46</xref>]. Consequently, HIV is now managed alongside the typical co-morbidities of ageing, for example, renal, metabolic and cardiovascular disease; osteoporosis; and neurocognitive changes. Co-morbidities are more common among those with HIV than in the general population. The prevalence of co-morbidities in those with HIV is similar to that observed among persons in the general population who are 10 years older [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0067">67</xref>]. HIV-specific co-factors (lower nadir CD4 cell count and more prolonged ART exposure) have been identified as risk factors [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0068">68</xref>]. Hepatitis C virus co-infection is a major source of morbidity and mortality in people with HIV, since it accelerates the progression to symptomatic liver disease and cirrhosis, as well as impacting the use of ART [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0069">69</xref>]. However, we know little about gender differences. The data support the need for earlier screening for non-AIDS-related co-morbidities in those with HIV. Furthermore as these conditions require their own treatments, an awareness of potential drug-drug interactions is also important to ensure that care is appropriate for each individual person. There have been limited studies to date assessing such co-morbidities in women or their gender differences in HIV.</p><p>WLWH may have an increased risk of many forms of cancer compared with men, classified as AIDS-defining (those indicative of severe immunosuppression) and non-AIDS defining [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0070">70</xref>]. The former category includes Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas and invasive cervical cancer [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0029">29</xref>]; the prevalences of which are relatively high among WLWH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0071">71</xref>]. Although HIV infection directly and indirectly affects breast tissue, the incidence of breast cancer appears not to be increased in WLWH. Indeed, several large studies have reported a slightly lower incidence of breast cancer compared to the general population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0072">72</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0074">74</xref>]. The age at breast cancer diagnosis is similar in WLWH and the general population, after age adjustment for at-risk populations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0075">75</xref>], and screening for breast cancer should follow standard, age-appropriate screening recommendations that apply to the general population. However, the interaction between ART and chemotherapy needs to be assessed further. Also, further research in this area will determine whether better supportive care is required for this population in the future. WLWH are more likely to have human papillomavirus (HPV) than HIV-negative women and the incidence of the cellular changes that precede cervical cancer are 4 to 5 times higher among WLWH than HIV-negative women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">76</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0078">78</xref>]. Notably, the incidence of cervical cancer has not decreased since the introduction of ART, highlighting the importance of regular screening [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">76</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0079">79</xref>]. Furthermore, some strains of HPV are associated with anal and oropharyngeal cancers in WLWH, [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0080">80</xref>] necessitating anal pap smears. Evidence suggests that HPV-related anal cancer will not decline among those living with HIV and anal pap smears will help identify cases [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">76</xref>]. The effectiveness of HPV vaccination in WLWH is currently under investigation. It is thought that, as most women coinfected with HIV/HPV do not have all the HPV types included in the vaccine, they are likely to receive some benefit [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0069">69</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0081">81</xref>].</p><p>In earlier studies, neurocognitive impairment is more common among WLWH compared with their male counterparts [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0082">82</xref>] and women are reported to have a more rapid progression of neurologic signs and symptoms compared with men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0083">83</xref>]. A recent study in Zambia [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0084">84</xref>] showed a neuropsychological deficit effect for HIV-positive versus HIV-negative groups and noted that it was only the female seropositive participants who showed this HIV effect. Not taking ART, increasing age and depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of neuropsychological impairment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0085">85</xref>]. Neurocognitive impairment and depression can lead to reduced ART adherence which, in turn, further impairs neurocognitive health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0086">86</xref>]. Consideration of these factors in the care of WLWH is important. Some studies show that dual infection with HIV and Hepatitis C may affect cognition [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0087">87</xref>], yet the largest women only study (<italic>n =</italic>1338) recently found no such effect [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0088">88</xref>] showing the importance of on-going evidence gathering and specific data on women.</p><p>As HIV mortality rates have decreased since the introduction of ART, more WLWH are reaching menopause. A summary of the key literature on HIV and menopause is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="T0004">Table 4</xref>. Studies report that WLWH may experience menopause at an earlier age [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">89</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">91</xref>], with a greater degree of symptoms and with a different reproductive hormone profile than HIV-negative women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0092">92</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0094">94</xref>]. Some menopausal characteristics are similar to symptoms of HIV infection or to side effects of HIV medication such as menstrual cycle irregularities, skin and hair changes, emotional changes or night sweats. Menopausal WLWH have multiple, potentially additive factors that predispose them to metabolic complications, including osteoporosis, and lipid and glucose disturbances. These factors include the consequences of HIV itself, impact of ART, loss of the protective effects of estrogen which are found in menopausal women and adverse effects of HRT. Studies are needed to confirm whether these factors are clinically significant, and whether they do indeed translate into increased bone fractures and cardiovascular events. In addition, clinicians require a clear understanding of the possible interactions between HIV and hormones and how these influence disease progression and treatment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0012">12</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T0004" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Summary of key menopause studies in WLWH</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Objective</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Study Population</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Findings</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Natural history</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To study prevalence and factors associated with early menopause in women from the DIDI Study [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0030">30</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">352 HIV+ women aged≤46 years</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The prevalence of early menopause (7.7%) was comparable with that reported in the Italian general population (7.1%); a higher proportion of menopause was observed in women≤40 years (5.2% vs. 1.8%)</p></list-item><list-item><p>Advanced stage of HIV was the main predictor of early menopause</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To describe the characteristics of postmenopausal WLWH and to investigate the factors associated with an earlier onset of menopause [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0089">89</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">404 HIV+ women (69 naturally postmenopausal at time of study)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Earlier onset of menopause was associated with IDU, ethnicity and CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To characterize prolonged amenorrhea from ovarian failure and other causes and to estimate if HIV serostatus is a risk factor for amenorrhea in HIV+ and HIV− women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0090">90</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1431 women (1139 HIV+ and 292 HIV−)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>HIV infection is associated with amenorrhea in WLWH and may be positively associated with ovarian failure in women with amenorrhea</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To study the relationship of HIV infection with the onset of natural menopause [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0091">91</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">571 (53% HIV+)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>HIV infection and immunosuppression were associated with an earlier age at onset of menopause (46 years vs. 47 years)</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To obtain information on the prevalence of anovulation and early menopause and on pituitary-gonadal function among WLWH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0095">95</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stored serum samples from 52 WLWH aged 20 to 42 years who participated in selected ACTG protocols</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Study demonstrated a relatively high frequency of anovulation in WLWH with trends suggesting a relationship between lower CD4 T-cell counts and anovulation</p></list-item><list-item><p>8% of the subjects had presumed early menopause – compatible with the frequency in the general population</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To examine the median age of menopause, factors associated with postmenopausal status, and the prevalence of menopausal symptoms in WLWH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0064">64</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 HIV+ women aged 40 to 57 years</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Median age of menopause was 50 years</p></list-item><list-item><p>80% prevalence of hot flashes observed in WLWH compared to 38–69% in the general population</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Menopausal symptoms</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To assess the effects of HIV infection and ART on change in BMD in postmenopausal women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0092">92</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Prospective cohort study of 128 (73 HIV+, 55 HIV−) postmenopausal Hispanic and African-American women</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>HIV+ postmenopausal women had lower BMD, increased bone turnover, and higher rates of bone loss than HIV− women</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To examine the association of HIV infection, drug use, and psychosocial stressors with type and frequency of menopausal symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0093">93</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">536 women not on hormone therapy (54% HIV+)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>WLWH reported more menopause symptoms than HIV− women; symptoms were less frequent in women with more advanced HIV disease</p></list-item><list-item><p>Depressive symptoms and negative life events were also independently associated with symptoms</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with menopause symptoms in WLWH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0094">94</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">251 women (96 HIV+; 155 HIV−) aged=40 years</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Menopausal symptoms were common in WLWH, particularly psychological and vasomotor symptoms</p></list-item><list-item><p>HIV infection was independently associated with menopause symptoms</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Treatment response</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">To study initial treatment responses to ART in postmenopausal WLWH [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0096">96</xref>]
</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">267 WLWH (220 pre-menopausal and 47 post-menopausal)</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>No significant difference in changes in CD4 cell counts or HIV type 1 RNA levels between groups</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ACTG=Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group; IDU=intravenous drug user; BMD=bone mineral density.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec></sec><sec id="S0005"><title>Summary of knowledge gaps and research needs related to gender differences and women-specific issues in HIV and its clinical management</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Additional clinical trials of HIV therapies which incorporate endpoints to investigate gender differences, such as:<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Immunological, virological and clinical response to ART</p></list-item><list-item><p>Effects of different ARTs on various body systems</p></list-item></list></p></list-item><list-item><p>Reporting of HIV research findings disaggregated by gender to identify differences and impact in women, either in the main body of the paper or as an online supplement</p></list-item><list-item><p>Impact of gender differences on routine clinical management</p></list-item><list-item><p>Further meta-analyses of multiple, drug specific trials to better assess potential differences in response, adherence, side effects and long-term toxicity</p></list-item><list-item><p>How different ARTs interact with
<list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Endogenous and exogenous sex hormones</p></list-item><list-item><p>Other drugs commonly used in women</p></list-item></list></p></list-item><list-item><p>Management of co-morbidities and diseases of ageing in WLWH</p></list-item><list-item><p>Definitive research on the natural history and management of menopause for WLWH</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="S0006"><title>Sexual health in WLWH</title><p>The World Health Organization defines sexual health as: “a state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences; free of coercion, discrimination, and violence” [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0097">97</xref>]. Sexual health in WLWH encompasses a broad range of topics [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0098">98</xref>], including the impact of HIV on sexual desire or satisfaction, a negative association of sex with HIV, feelings of guilt and shame, resentment towards a sexual partner, and infertility. However, research in this area is limited and what has been conducted has tended to focus on the more physical issues, such as the effect of HIV infection on the natural history of reproductive illnesses. The psychosocial issues of women's sexual health, such as the impact of HIV on sexual desire and satisfaction, have received relatively little attention [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">55</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0099">99</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0102">102</xref>]. From the available data, it appears that WLWH experience significantly lower sexual satisfaction than do their HIV negative counterparts [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0100">100</xref>]. Furthermore, researchers report that sexual desires change over time, with patients reporting diminished sexual desire in the early stages of ART treatment compared with later on in their treatment, when their health has improved [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">55</xref>]. Reasons for this reduced desire include misconceptions and fears of the consequences of engaging in sex on health, fear of transmitting the virus to a HIV-negative partner, insufficient energy, fear of superinfection, lack of trust in partners, feelings of unattractiveness and no longer considering sex an important part of life [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0055">55</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0101">101</xref>]. Sexual health is also related to the decision to disclose and the impact of this on relationships, as well as the potential fear of stigma and discrimination as well as criminalization. Different jurisdictions have different laws related to the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure and transmission. Many criminal laws are broadly written such that they may enable criminal prosecution of vertical transmission [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0103">103</xref>]. Such laws may in fact harm women rather than assist them and have a negative impact on public health and human rights [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0104">104</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0105">105</xref>]. Reproductive health for WLWH is another important topic that we have reviewed in a separate publication [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0106">106</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="S0007"><title>Summary of knowledge gaps and research needs related to sexual health for WLWH</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Research efforts should focus on the sexual health of WLWH to support healthy sexuality in this population</p></list-item><list-item><p>Significant work is required in the area of HIV disclosure and criminalization and how it is related to healthy sexuality for WLWH</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="S0008"><title>Emotional health in WLWH</title><p>The term emotional health encompasses a state of emotional and psychological wellbeing in which an individual is able to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities to function in society and meet the normal demands of everyday life. All people with HIV face numerous emotional health challenges, which include, but are not limited to, coming to terms with their diagnosis, the impact of the disease on family and friends, and fear of disclosure. These issues can also have a negative impact on treatment-seeking behaviour, quality of life (QoL), adherence to medication and clinical outcomes.</p><p>Emotional health challenges range from mild-to-moderate depression, post-traumatic stress disorder [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0107">107</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">108</xref>] and anxiety [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0109">109</xref>] to severe mood and psychotic disorders, as well as suicidal challenges [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0110">110</xref>]. The rates of such emotional challenges are elevated in the presence of HIV, with recent reviews reporting prevalence rates for depression between 0 and 80%, depending on the diagnosis tool used [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0108">108</xref>]. In addition, a large epidemiological study (<italic>n=</italic>2890; 38.5% women) reported that the prevalence of depression in those with HIV was nearly double what has previously been reported in the general population in Europe when using similar screening tools (approximately 8.6%) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0019">19</xref>]. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorders are frequent in WLWH, and may even predict poor HIV-related health outcomes and sexual behaviours with a high transmission risk [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">111</xref>]. Unfortunately, we know little of the gender differences in these issues. However, WLWH appear to be susceptible to depressive symptoms and depression is more prevalent in this group compared with HIV-positive men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">25</xref>]. When compared to men, women show higher levels of global distress and psychological adjustment challenges [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0112">112</xref>]. In addition, the rate of stigma and discrimination reported among WLWH is higher than men [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">5</xref>]. This can have a strong impact across several areas of a woman's life, including health and wellbeing, and psychological and social effects [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">113</xref>]. Stigma may also then create a barrier to access supportive and adaptive pathways such as reliable relationships or supportive social groups. Furthermore, a high prevalence of domestic violence against women with HIV, which can have an impact on emotional wellbeing, has been reported. One study observed that the estimated rate of intimate partner violence among women was 55.3%, which is more than twice the US national rate [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0111">111</xref>].</p><p>Early assessment of psychiatric symptoms and appropriate reaction and treatment provision in people living with HIV might improve overall wellbeing. High levels of psychological distress, low health-related QoL, unwillingness to seek help and financial support, sexual problems and childcare issues have been reported among women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0114">114</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0115">115</xref>]. Counselling and cognitive-behavioural interventions can reduce stress, increase overall QoL [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0001">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">25</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0116">116</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">118</xref>] and promote positive emotional health and wellbeing as well as reducing HIV risk behaviours. Peer support and mentoring are useful when cultural and social barriers preclude professional counselling.</p><p>Some ART regimens are associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0025">25</xref>] with implications for treatment adherence and ultimately clinical outcomes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0119">119</xref>]. Compared with men living with HIV and suffering from depression or experiencing stigma, women are less adherent to drug therapy, which may be improved with psychiatric care and antidepressant therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">113</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0120">120</xref>]. In fact, HIV-related stigma and discrimination is thought to have a negative impact on emotional, psychological and social wellbeing [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0113">113</xref>] and women with HIV are shown to experience gender-based stigma [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0121">121</xref>]. This may be linked to sub-standard treatment and can also present a barrier to accessing and retaining healthcare services and social supports [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0122">122</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">124</xref>] for those living with HIV. The authors conclude that reducing HIV-related stigma is therefore key to promoting the health of people with HIV and further research is required in this area to determine why women may experience higher rates of stigma [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">5</xref>].</p><p>Healthcare professionals need to recognize and provide appropriate and individualized intervention to maintain emotional wellbeing and help improve overall outcomes in WLWH.</p><p>Positive emotional health and wellbeing among WLWH enhances the ability to cope with a diagnosis of HIV, to adjust their lifestyle to suit treatment, and to improve resilience to any stigma and discrimination. A range of interventions, both pharmacological and behavioural, may be required to help WLWH cope with their lives and plan for the future.</p></sec><sec id="S0009"><title>Summary of knowledge gaps and research needs related to emotional health for WLWH</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Assessment of emotional wellbeing of WLWH and strategies for the optimal management of emotional health problems in WLWH alongside ART</p></list-item><list-item><p>Programmes that address violence against women</p></list-item><list-item><p>Improved understanding of the psychosocial factors that influence medication adherence in women</p></list-item><list-item><p>Innovative approaches to addressing the stigma and discrimination faced by WLWH</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec id="S0010"><title>Treatment access</title><p>In Europe, Canada and the United States, up to 30, 27 and 20%, respectively, of HIV cases remain undiagnosed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0043">43</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0095">95</xref>]. Late diagnosis may cause a 10-fold increase in mortality and makes it more likely that the virus will be transmitted to others [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0057">57</xref>]. For women, the entry points for testing, diagnosis and treatment of HIV are regular health clinics and during antenatal care. Commonly, women seek routine healthcare for contraception, cervical cancer screening, pregnancy, menopause, fertility treatment and sexually transmitted infections. They may also seek help for depression and anxiety. These points of entry into the healthcare system make good opportunities to engage women in testing and care. Many of these facilities however do not routinely offer or recommend HIV testing, representing serious missed opportunities. However, healthcare inequalities are common, and women who are homeless, migrant or from ethnic minorities, generally have poor access to healthcare. Improvements are also needed in the access women have to the appropriate gender-specific information enabling them to make informed care-related choices [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0118">118</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0125">125</xref>].</p><p>Factors such as community perception; religious beliefs; financial issues; language; competing health, family and childcare commitments; and continuity of care can prevent or motivate women in seeking access to HIV treatment. These need to be considered since they may affect the survival and QoL of those living with HIV. In the United States, high levels of stigma are associated with poor access to care and low medication adherence [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0005">5</xref>]. Race and ethnicity are also important as people from racial and ethnic minorities lose 1.5 years more of life than Caucasians due to late initiation and premature discontinuation of HIV therapy. These racial and ethnic disparities are even more pronounced among women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0076">76</xref>]. Furthermore, the transition from paediatric to adult care services has implications for a young woman's psychosocial and educational needs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0126">126</xref>]. However, little information on transitioning paediatric HIV patients is available.</p><sec id="S0010-S20001"><title>Treatment access in the developing and developed world</title><p>Of those requiring access to treatment only 31% of those in low- and middle-income countries were on treatment by 2007 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">124</xref>]. As of 2009 there was still a discrepancy between the developed and developing world, with only 42% of people having access to treatment in the latter [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">124</xref>]. However, in some areas, great improvements in treatment access have been made with 2 million life years saved in sub-Saharan Africa between 2002 and 2008 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0124">124</xref>].</p><p>Supply chain issues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0117">117</xref>], insufficient finances and lack of healthcare infrastructures for testing, treatment, appropriate patient education and training of healthcare professionals are all barriers to universal treatment access. Women, in particular, are often less able to travel and are more economically vulnerable than men, compounding the above issues. Achieving global equality of access to HIV treatment requires investment and commitment from all stakeholders.</p></sec></sec><sec id="S0011"><title>Summary of knowledge gaps and research needs related to treatment access for WLWH</title><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Develop effective and supportive policy environments to address the specific needs of women to support their HIV testing and care</p></list-item><list-item><p>Ensure healthcare systems have the structure and tools to enable enhanced responsiveness to the specific needs of WLWH</p></list-item><list-item><p>Develop programmes aimed at overcoming obstacles and allowing equitable and improved access to care for women and that offer services addressing women's needs</p></list-item></list></p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="S0012"><title>Conclusions</title><p>The impact of gender on HIV undoubtedly requires further research. Women and men potentially differ in the course of their HIV infection, their response to treatment and drug pharmacokinetics, all of which are compounded by social and behavioural factors. Data on the effects of ART on women are limited and require continued evaluation. Furthermore, an enhanced understanding of what this group needs in terms of sexual health issues and the management of co-morbidities associated with ageing is also required. Regarding psychological care, the emotional wellbeing of women can be affected by issues of stigma, discrimination, violence, self-resilience and post-traumatic stress. These factors can impair QoL and potentially HIV drug adherence, ultimately affecting clinical outcomes; therefore more research is required. Furthermore, all WLWH are entitled to equitable access to HIV, sexual, reproductive and general healthcare. To achieve this we have to identify what changes are required in healthcare policy and the tools and programmes necessary to implement these changes. The answers to these important questions will help inform the necessary changes to the treatment guidelines for the effective care of WLWH.</p></sec></body><back><sec id="S0013"><title>Competing interests</title><p>ML has received unrestricted research funds from Abbott Canada Inc., Merck Canada Inc. and ViiV Healthcare and has acted as a consultant receiving a reimbursement fee for Abbott Canada Inc., Merck Canada Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare. AM has received unrestricted research funds from Abbott and MSD and has acted as a consultant receiving a reimbursement fee for Abbott, MSD, Bristol-Meyer-Squibb, Gilead Sciences and ViiV Healthcare. SW has served on advisory boards and spoken at CME events for Abbott, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck, Tibotec, Janssen and ViiV. LS has received unrestricted research funds from Abbott UK and has acted as a consultant and spoken at events with a reimbursement fee for Abbott, Bristol-Meyer Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline and ViiV. MJ has acted as a consultant receiving a reimbursement fee from Gilead, Janssen, ViiV Healthcare, Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer, GlaxoSmithKline and Pfizer.</p></sec><sec id="S0014"><title>Authors' contributions</title><p>Manuscript development was led by ML with contributions from all authors. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.</p></sec><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="CIT0001"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jensen</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name><name><surname>Whitehead</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Buscher</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>McCalla</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Andrasik</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Cognitive-behavioral stress management and psychological well-being in HIV+ racial/ethnic minority women with human papillomavirus</article-title><source>Health Psychol</source><year>2013</year><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22545977</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0002"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nicastri</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Leone</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Angeletti</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmisano</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Sarmati</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Chiesi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex issues in HIV-1-infected persons during highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review</article-title><source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source><year>2007</year><volume>60</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>724</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17715125</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0003"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>d'Arminio Monforte</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Gonzalez</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Haberl</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ssanyu-Sseruma</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Walmsley</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Better mind the gap: addressing the shortage of HIV-positive women in clinical trials</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>24</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1091</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20386426</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0004"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Arksey</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Malley</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework</article-title><source>Int J Soc Res Methodol</source><year>2005</year><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>32</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0005"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sayles</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name><name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinsler</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Martins</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>WE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The association of stigma with self-reported access to medical care and antiretroviral therapy adherence in persons living with HIV/AIDS</article-title><source>J Gen Intern Med</source><year>2009</year><volume>24</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1101</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19653047</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0006"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Merkatz</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Temple</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Subel</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Feiden</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Kessler</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Women in clinical trials of new drugs. A change in Food and Drug Administration policy. The Working Group on Women in Clinical Trials</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>1993</year><volume>329</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>292</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8305004</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0007"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heidari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Eckert</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Kippax</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Karim</surname><given-names>QA</given-names></name><name><surname>Sow</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></name><name><surname>Wainberg</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Time for gender mainstreaming in editorial policies</article-title><source>J Int AIDS Soc</source><year>2011</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>11</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21385405</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0008"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lawlor</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bedford</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ebrahim</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Geographical variation in cardiovascular disease, risk factors, and their control in older women: British women's heart and health study</article-title><source>J Epidemiol Community Health</source><year>2003</year><volume>57</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>134</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12540690</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0009"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shaper</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><name><surname>Pocock</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name><name><surname>Wale</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Thomson</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>British Regional Heart Study: cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged men in 24 towns</article-title><source>Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)</source><year>1981</year><volume>283</volume><issue>6285</issue><fpage>179</fpage><lpage>86</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0010"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heidari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Abdool Karim</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Auerbach</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Buitendijk</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Cahn</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Curno</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Gender-sensitive reporting in medical research</article-title><source>J Int AIDS Soc</source><year>2012</year><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>11</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22400977</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0011"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>Editorial</collab><article-title>Taking sex into account in medicine</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2011</year><volume>378</volume><issue>9806</issue><fpage>1826</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0012"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Considerations for the antiretroviral management of women in 2008</article-title><source>Womens Health (Lond Engl)</source><year>2008</year><volume>4</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>465</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19072486</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0013"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Floridia</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Giuliano</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Palmisano</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Vella</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gender differences in the treatment of HIV infection</article-title><source>Pharmacol Res</source><year>2008</year><volume>58</volume><issue>3–4</issue><fpage>173</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18708144</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0014"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ofotokun</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Chuck</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Hitti</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antiretroviral pharmacokinetic profile: a review of sex differences</article-title><source>Gend Med</source><year>2007</year><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>106</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17707845</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0015"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sori</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Poverty, sexual experience and HIV vulnerability risks: evidence from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</article-title><source>J Biosoc Sci</source><year>2012</year><volume>44</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>677</fpage><lpage>701</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22591828</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0016"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raboud</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Blitz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Antoniou</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Walmsley</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recent immigrants show improved clinical outcomes at a tertiary care HIV clinic</article-title><source>Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol</source><year>2012</year><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23449134</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0017"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gandhi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bacchetti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Miotti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Quinn</surname><given-names>TC</given-names></name><name><surname>Veronese</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Greenblatt</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Does patient sex affect human immunodeficiency virus levels?</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2002</year><volume>35</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>313</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12115098</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0018"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kuyper</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></name><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Montaner</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Yip</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Connell</surname><given-names>J M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hogg</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gender differences in HIV-1 RNA rebound attributed to incomplete antiretroviral adherence among HIV-infected patients in a population-based cohort</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2004</year><volume>37</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>1470</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15602125</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0019"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Collazos</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Asensi</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Carton</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in the clinical, immunological and virological parameters of HIV-infected patients treated with HAART</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>835</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17415038</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0020"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jarrin</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Geskus</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhaskaran</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Prins</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Perez-Hoyos</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Muga</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Gender differences in HIV progression to AIDS and death in industrialized countries: slower disease progression following HIV seroconversion in women</article-title><source>Am J Epidemiol</source><year>2008</year><volume>168</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>532</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18663213</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0021"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Soon</surname><given-names>GG</given-names></name><name><surname>Min</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Struble</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan-Tack</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Hammerstrom</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Qi</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Meta-analysis of gender differences in efficacy outcomes for HIV-positive subjects in randomized controlled clinical trials of antiretroviral therapy (2000–2008)</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2012</year><volume>26</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>444</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22734949</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0022"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="confproc"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kwakwa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Spencer</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Garner</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Temme</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Gender differences in virologic outcomes in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials in HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy</article-title><conf-name>XIX International AIDS Conference</conf-name><conf-date>2012 Jul 22–27</conf-date><conf-loc>Washington DC</conf-loc><comment>Abstract THPE041</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0023"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burger</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Heiden</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>la Porte</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Ende</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Groeneveld</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Richter</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of the HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz: the effect of gender, race, and CYP2B6 polymorphism</article-title><source>Br J Clin Pharmacol</source><year>2006</year><volume>61</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16433869</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0024"><label>24</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>Food and Drug Administration</collab><article-title>Safety Alert</article-title><source>Videx (didanosine) and Zerit (stavudine) Dear Healthcare Professional Letter [Internet]</source><year>2001</year><comment>[cited 2013
Feb 1]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm173947.htm">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm173947.htm</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0025"><label>25</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents</collab><article-title>Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents</article-title><source>Department of Health and Human Services [Internet]</source><year>2012</year><comment>[cited 2013 Feb 1].
Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf">http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0026"><label>26</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hodder</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Arasteh</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>De Wet</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Gathe</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Gold</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effect of gender and race on the week 48 findings in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected patients enrolled in the randomized, phase III trials ECHO and THRIVE</article-title><source>HIV Med</source><year>2012</year><volume>13</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>406</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22416849</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0027"><label>27</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kakuda</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Sekar</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Vis</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Coate</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of darunavir and etravirine in HIV-1-infected, treatment-experienced patients in the gender, race, and clinical experience (GRACE) trial</article-title><source>AIDS Res Treat</source><year>2012</year><volume>2012</volume><fpage>186987</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22536495</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0028"><label>28</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>la Porte</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Walmsley</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tseng</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Angel</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in HIV-positive women with full virologic suppression on current regimens</article-title><source>1st International Workshop on HIV & Women, from Adolesence through Menopause</source><year>2011</year><month>1</month><day>10–11</day><publisher-loc>Washington, DC</publisher-loc><comment>Abstract O_22</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0029"><label>29</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Umeh</surname><given-names>OC</given-names></name><name><surname>Currier</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Cramer</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Hermes</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></name><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in lopinavir and ritonavir pharmacokinetics among HIV-infected women and men</article-title><source>J Clin Pharmacol</source><year>2011</year><volume>51</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1665</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21233301</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0030"><label>30</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Csajka</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Marzolini</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fattinger</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Decosterd</surname><given-names>LA</given-names></name><name><surname>Telenti</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Biollaz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Population pharmacokinetics of indinavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus</article-title><source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source><year>2004</year><volume>48</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>3226</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15328077</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0031"><label>31</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Brundage</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name><name><surname>Acosta</surname><given-names>EP</given-names></name><name><surname>Haubrich</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Katzenstein</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex-based differences in saquinavir pharmacology and virologic response in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study 359</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2004</year><volume>189</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1176</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15031785</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0032"><label>32</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pai</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Schriever</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>Diaz-Linares</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Novak</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Rodvold</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of once-daily saquinavir soft-gelatin capsules boosted with low-dose ritonavir in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1</article-title><source>Pharmacotherapy</source><year>2004</year><volume>24</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>592</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15162893</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0033"><label>33</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ribera</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Diaz</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Pou</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruiz</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Falco</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Steady-state pharmacokinetics of a double-boosting regimen of saquinavir soft gel plus lopinavir plus minidose ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults</article-title><source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source><year>2004</year><volume>48</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>4256</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15504850</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0034"><label>34</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Trout</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Mentre</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Panhard</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name><name><surname>Kodjo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Escaut</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Pernet</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Enhanced saquinavir exposure in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients with diarrhea and/or wasting syndrome</article-title><source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source><year>2004</year><volume>48</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>538</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14742207</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0035"><label>35</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Burger</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Siebers</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Hugen</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></name><name><surname>Aarnoutse</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hekster</surname><given-names>YA</given-names></name><name><surname>Koopmans</surname><given-names>PP</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pharmacokinetic variability caused by gender: do women have higher indinavir exposure than men?</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2002</year><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>2</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11782597</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0036"><label>36</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>von Hentig</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Babacan</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Lennemann</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Knecht</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlebach</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Harder</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir in HIV-1-infected adult outpatients is not affected by gender-related co-factors</article-title><source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source><year>2008</year><volume>62</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>579</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18477709</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0037"><label>37</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hoffman</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Umeh</surname><given-names>OC</given-names></name><name><surname>Garris</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Givens</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Currier</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Evaluation of sex differences of fosamprenavir (with and without ritonavir) in HIV-infected men and women</article-title><source>HIV Clin Trials</source><year>2007</year><volume>8</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>371</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18042502</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0038"><label>38</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Regazzi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Villani</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Seminari</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Ravasi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Cusato</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Marubbi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in nevirapine disposition in HIV-infected patients</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2003</year><volume>17</volume><issue>16</issue><fpage>2399</fpage><lpage>400</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14571195</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0039"><label>39</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>XJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheiner</surname><given-names>LB</given-names></name><name><surname>D'Aquila</surname><given-names>RT</given-names></name><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name><name><surname>Hirsch</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Fischl</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Population pharmacokinetics of nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 241 Investigators</article-title><source>Antimicrob Agents Chemother</source><year>1999</year><volume>43</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>121</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9869576</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0040"><label>40</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Maat</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name><name><surname>Huitema</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Mulder</surname><given-names>JW</given-names></name><name><surname>Meenhorst</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></name><name><surname>van Gorp</surname><given-names>EC</given-names></name><name><surname>Beijnen</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Population pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in an unselected cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals</article-title><source>Br J Clin Pharmacol</source><year>2002</year><volume>54</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>378</fpage><lpage>85</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12392585</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0041"><label>41</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name><name><surname>Dicenzo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Forrest</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Shelton</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Friedland</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Para</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals</article-title><source>Clin Pharmacokinet</source><year>2005</year><volume>44</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15634033</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0042"><label>42</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kakuda</surname><given-names>TN</given-names></name><name><surname>Wade</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Snoeck</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Vis</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Scholler-Gyure</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Peeters</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor etravirine in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients</article-title><source>Clin Pharmacol Ther</source><year>2010</year><volume>88</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>695</fpage><lpage>703</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20881958</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0043"><label>43</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>PL</given-names></name><name><surname>Kakuda</surname><given-names>TN</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawle</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Fletcher</surname><given-names>CV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antiviral dynamics and sex differences of zidovudine and lamivudine triphosphate concentrations in HIV-infected individuals</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2003</year><volume>17</volume><issue>15</issue><fpage>2159</fpage><lpage>68</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14523272</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0044"><label>44</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bayon</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Robertson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>de Alvaro</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Burgos</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabrero</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Norton</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The prevalence of a positive screen for anxiety and/or depressive symptoms in HIV-1+ patients across Western Europe and Canada: the CRANIum Study</article-title><source>19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections</source><year>2012</year><month>3</month><day>5–8</day><publisher-loc>Seattle, WA</publisher-loc><comment>Abstract #503</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0045"><label>45</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name><name><surname>Fortgang</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Keruly</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaisson</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Adverse events from drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease</article-title><source>Am J Med</source><year>1996</year><volume>101</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8686712</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0046"><label>46</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in antiretroviral therapy-associated intolerance and adverse events</article-title><source>Drug Saf</source><year>2005</year><volume>28</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1075</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16329711</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0047"><label>47</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bonfanti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Gulisano</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Ricci</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Timillero</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Valsecchi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Carradori</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk factors for lipodystrophy in the CISAI cohort</article-title><source>Biomed Pharmacother</source><year>2003</year><volume>57</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>422</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14652168</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0048"><label>48</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mazhude</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Murad</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Easterbrook</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Female sex but not ethnicity is a strong predictor of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced rash</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2002</year><volume>16</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1566</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12131201</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0049"><label>49</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pernerstorfer-Schoen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Jilma</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Perschler</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Wichlas</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Schindler</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Schindl</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in HAART-associated dyslipidaemia</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2001</year><volume>15</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>725</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11371687</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0050"><label>50</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Currier</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Spino</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Grimes</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wofsy</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name><name><surname>Katzenstein</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></name><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>MD</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Differences between women and men in adverse events and CD4+ responses to nucleoside analogue therapy for HIV infection. The Aids Clinical Trials Group 175 Team</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2000</year><volume>24</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>316</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11015147</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0051"><label>51</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Emery</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Law</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Puls</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lundgren</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name><name><surname>Powderly</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>An objective case definition of lipodystrophy in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2003</year><volume>361</volume><issue>9359</issue><fpage>726</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12620736</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0052"><label>52</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Galli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ridolfo</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></name><name><surname>Adorni</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Gervasoni</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Ravasio</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Corsico</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Body habitus changes and metabolic alterations in protease inhibitor-naive HIV-1-infected patients treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2002</year><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11782586</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0053"><label>53</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Chakravarty</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaube</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Rai</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Agrawal</surname><given-names>NR</given-names></name><name><surname>Sundar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>High incidence of zidovudine induced anaemia in HIV infected patients in eastern India</article-title><source>Indian J Med Res</source><year>2010</year><volume>132</volume><fpage>386</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20966515</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0054"><label>54</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bersoff-Matcha</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>WC</given-names></name><name><surname>Aberg</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>van Der Horst</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Hamrick</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Powderly</surname><given-names>WG</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in nevirapine rash</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2001</year><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11118391</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0055"><label>55</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wamoyi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Mbonye</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Seeley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Birungi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaffar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Changes in sexual desires and behaviours of people living with HIV after initiation of ART: implications for HIV prevention and health promotion</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>633</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21824410</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0056"><label>56</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Spire</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Carrieri</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Garzot</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>L'Henaff</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Obadia</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Group</surname><given-names>TRT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Factors associated with efavirenz discontinuation in a large community-based sample of patients</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2004</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>558</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15223524</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0057"><label>57</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lucas</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Chaisson</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>RD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>1999</year><volume>131</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10419445</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0058"><label>58</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Currier</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Averitt Bridge</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Hagins</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Zorrilla</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name><name><surname>Feinberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex-based outcomes of darunavir-ritonavir therapy: a single-group trial</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>153</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20855799</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0059"><label>59</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Squires</surname><given-names>KE</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Uy</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheppard</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Absalon</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comparative gender analysis of the efficacy and safety of atazanavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir at 96 weeks in the CASTLE study</article-title><source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source><year>2011</year><volume>66</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>363</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21148235</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0060"><label>60</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Spira</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Wainberg</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Loemba</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Brenner</surname><given-names>BG</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of clade diversity on HIV-1 virulence, antiretroviral drug sensitivity and drug resistance</article-title><source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source><year>2003</year><volume>51</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>229</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12562686</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0061"><label>61</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Butera</surname><given-names>ST</given-names></name><name><surname>Folks</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection</article-title><source>Clin Microbiol Rev</source><year>2001</year><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>753</fpage><lpage>77</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11585784</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0062"><label>62</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Meier</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></name><name><surname>Pollard</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Sidhu</surname><given-names>HK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kulkarni</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in the toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1</article-title><source>Nat Med</source><year>2009</year><volume>15</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>955</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19597505</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0063"><label>63</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Poveda</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Briz</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>de Mendoza</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Benito</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Corral</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Zahonero</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Prevalence of X4 tropic HIV-1 variants in patients with differences in disease stage and exposure to antiretroviral therapy</article-title><source>J Med Virol</source><year>2007</year><volume>79</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1040</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17596837</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0064"><label>64</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fantry</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhan</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>GH</given-names></name><name><surname>Sill</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Flaws</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Age of menopause and menopausal symptoms in HIV-infected women</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2005</year><volume>19</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>703</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16283830</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0065"><label>65</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tirado</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Jove</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Noel</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Reyes</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Sepulveda</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Differential virus evolution in blood and genital tract of HIV-infected females: evidence for the involvement of drug and non-drug resistance-associated mutations</article-title><source>Virology</source><year>2004</year><volume>324</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>577</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15207642</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0066"><label>66</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Davies</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Antiretroviral drug concentrations in the male and female genital tract: implications for the sexual transmission of HIV</article-title><source>Curr Opin HIV AIDS</source><year>2010</year><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>335</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20543610</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0067"><label>67</label><element-citation publication-type="confproc"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schouten</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wit</surname><given-names>FW</given-names></name><name><surname>Stolte</surname><given-names>IG</given-names></name><name><surname>van der Valk</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Geerlings</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>de Wolf</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Comorbidity and ageing in HIV-1 infection: the AGEhIV Cohort Study</article-title><conf-name>XIX International AIDS Conference</conf-name><conf-date>2012 Jul 22–27</conf-date><conf-loc>Washington DC</conf-loc><comment>Abstract THAB0205</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0068"><label>68</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Guaraldi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Orlando</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Zona</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Menozzi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Carli</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Garlassi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2011</year><volume>53</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1120</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21998278</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0069"><label>69</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sherman</surname><given-names>KE</given-names></name><name><surname>Rouster</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name><name><surname>Chung</surname><given-names>RT</given-names></name><name><surname>Rajicic</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hepatitis C Virus prevalence among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a cross-sectional analysis of the US adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2002</year><volume>34</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>831</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11833007</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0070"><label>70</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiels</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Cole</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirk</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2009</year><volume>52</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>611</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19770804</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0071"><label>71</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fordyce</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Kahn</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallagher</surname><given-names>BK</given-names></name><name><surname>Merlos</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Ly</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of cancer among women with AIDS in New York City</article-title><source>AIDS Public Policy J</source><year>2000</year><volume>15</volume><issue>3–4</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>104</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12189715</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0072"><label>72</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dauby</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>De Wit</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Delforge</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Necsoi</surname><given-names>VC</given-names></name><name><surname>Clumeck</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Characteristics of non-AIDS-defining malignancies in the HAART era: a clinico-epidemiological study</article-title><source>J Int AIDS Soc</source><year>2011</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>16</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21443771</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0073"><label>73</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Goedert</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Schairer</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>McNeel</surname><given-names>TS</given-names></name><name><surname>Hessol</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name><name><surname>Rabkin</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Engels</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of breast, ovary, and uterine corpus cancers among 85,268 women with AIDS</article-title><source>Br J Cancer</source><year>2006</year><volume>95</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>642</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16868538</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0074"><label>74</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Intra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Gentilini</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Brenelli</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Chagas</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Veronesi</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Sandri</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Breast cancer among HIV-infected patients: The experience of the European Institute of Oncology</article-title><source>J Surg Oncol</source><year>2005</year><volume>91</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>2</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16028288</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0075"><label>75</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Shiels</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Pfeiffer</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Engels</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Age at cancer diagnosis among persons with AIDS in the United States</article-title><source>Ann Intern Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>153</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>452</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20921544</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0076"><label>76</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Palefsky</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human papillomavirus-related disease in people with HIV</article-title><source>Curr Opin HIV AIDS</source><year>2009</year><volume>4</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19339939</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0077"><label>77</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahdieh-Grant</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Levine</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Massad</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><name><surname>Strickler</surname><given-names>HD</given-names></name><name><surname>Minkoff</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive women</article-title><source>J Natl Cancer Inst</source><year>2004</year><volume>96</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>1070</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15265968</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0078"><label>78</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Paramsothy</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Jamieson</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Heilig</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></name><name><surname>Schuman</surname><given-names>PC</given-names></name><name><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>KV</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on human papillomavirus clearance and cervical cytology</article-title><source>Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2009</year><volume>113</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19104356</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0079"><label>79</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Frisch</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Biggar</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Goedert</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome</article-title><source>J Natl Cancer Inst</source><year>2000</year><volume>92</volume><issue>18</issue><fpage>1500</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10995805</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0080"><label>80</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Heard</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human papillomavirus, cancer and vaccination</article-title><source>Curr Opin HIV AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>6</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>297</fpage><lpage>302</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21519247</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0081"><label>81</label><element-citation publication-type="confproc"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Kojic</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Cespedes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Umbleja</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Aberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Allen</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-positive women</article-title><conf-name>XIX International AIDS Conference</conf-name><conf-date>2012 Jun 22–27</conf-date><conf-loc>Washington DC</conf-loc><comment>Abstract WEAB0203</comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0082"><label>82</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stern</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>McDermott</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Albert</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Palumbo</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Selnes</surname><given-names>OA</given-names></name><name><surname>McArthur</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Factors associated with incident human immunodeficiency virus-dementia</article-title><source>Arch Neurol</source><year>2001</year><volume>58</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11255452</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0083"><label>83</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McArthur</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV dementia: an evolving disease</article-title><source>J Neuroimmunol</source><year>2004</year><volume>157</volume><issue>1–2</issue><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15579274</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0084"><label>84</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hestad</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name><name><surname>Menon</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name><name><surname>Silalukey-Ngoma</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Franklin</surname><given-names>DR</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name><name><surname>Imasiku</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalima</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Sex differences in neuropsychological performance as an effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a pilot study in Zambia, Africa</article-title><source>J Nerv Ment Dis</source><year>2012</year><volume>200</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>336</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22456588</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0085"><label>85</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maki</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Martin-Thormeyer</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV, cognition and women</article-title><source>Neuropsychol Rev</source><year>2009</year><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>204</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19430907</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0086"><label>86</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ettenhofer</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></name><name><surname>Hinkin</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>Castellon</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Durvasula</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ullman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Aging, neurocognition, and medication adherence in HIV infection</article-title><source>Am J Geriatr Psychiatry</source><year>2009</year><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>281</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19307857</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0087"><label>87</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hinkin</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>Castellon</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Levine</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Barclay</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></name><name><surname>Singer</surname><given-names>EJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Neurocognition in individuals co-infected with HIV and hepatitis C</article-title><source>J Addict Dis</source><year>2008</year><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18681187</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0088"><label>88</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Crystal</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kleyman</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Anastos</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lazar</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of hepatitis C and HIV on cognition in women: data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2012</year><volume>59</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>149</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22107817</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0089"><label>89</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Pommerol</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hessamfar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawson-Ayayi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Neau</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Geffard</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Farbos</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Menopause and HIV infection: age at onset and associated factors, ANRS CO3 Aquitaine cohort</article-title><source>Int J STD AIDS</source><year>2011</year><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21427426</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0090"><label>90</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cejtin</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></name><name><surname>Kalinowski</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bacchetti</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name><name><surname>Watts</surname><given-names>DH</given-names></name><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on protracted amenorrhea and ovarian dysfunction</article-title><source>Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2006</year><volume>108</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>1423</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17138776</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0091"><label>91</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schoenbaum</surname><given-names>EE</given-names></name><name><surname>Hartel</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Howard</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Floris-Moore</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Arnsten</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>HIV infection, drug use, and onset of natural menopause</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2005</year><volume>41</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1517</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16231267</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0092"><label>92</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yin</surname><given-names>MT</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></name><name><surname>McMahon</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferris</surname><given-names>DC</given-names></name><name><surname>Irani</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Colon</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Higher rates of bone loss in postmenopausal HIV-infected women: a longitudinal study</article-title><source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source><year>2012</year><volume>97</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>554</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22090266</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0093"><label>93</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Santoro</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Lo</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Howard</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Arnsten</surname><given-names>JH</given-names></name><name><surname>Floris-Moore</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Menopause symptoms in HIV-infected and drug-using women</article-title><source>Menopause</source><year>2005</year><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>348</fpage><lpage>56</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15879925</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0094"><label>94</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ferreira</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><name><surname>Pinto-Neto</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Conde</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></name><name><surname>Costa-Paiva</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Morais</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Magalhaes</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Menopause symptoms in women infected with HIV: prevalence and associated factors</article-title><source>Gynecol Endocrinol</source><year>2007</year><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>198</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17505939</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0095"><label>95</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Mulligan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Stamenovic</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Watts</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Frequency of anovulation and early menopause among women enrolled in selected adult AIDS clinical trials group studies</article-title><source>J Infect Dis</source><year>2001</year><volume>184</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>1325</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11679923</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0096"><label>96</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>KB</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohn</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Uyanik</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Smurzynski</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Eron</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Treatment responses in antiretroviral treatment-naive premenopausal and postmenopausal HIV-1-infected women: an analysis from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Studies</article-title><source>Clin Infect Dis</source><year>2009</year><volume>49</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19555288</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0097"><label>97</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>WHO</collab><article-title>Sexual health [Internet]</article-title><year>2011</year><comment>[cited 2013 Feb 1]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/topics/sexual_health/en/">http://www.who.int/topics/sexual_health/en/</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0098"><label>98</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><collab>WHO/UNFPA</collab><article-title>Sexual and reproductive health of women living with HIV/AIDS</article-title><source>Guidelines on care, treatment and support for women living with HIV/AIDS and their children in resource-constrained settings [Internet]</source><year>2006</year><comment>[cited
2013 Feb 1]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/48abd5960.html">http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/48abd5960.html</ext-link></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0099"><label>99</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Seeley</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Russell</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Khana</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Ezati</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Bunnell</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sex after ART: sexual partnerships established by HIV-infected persons taking anti-retroviral therapy in Eastern Uganda</article-title><source>Cult Health Sex</source><year>2009</year><volume>11</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>703</fpage><lpage>16</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19544115</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0100"><label>100</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>TE</given-names></name><name><surname>Jean-Louis</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Schwartz</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Golub</surname><given-names>ET</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Maki</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>HIV infection and women's sexual functioning</article-title><source>J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr</source><year>2010</year><volume>54</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>360</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20179602</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0101"><label>101</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Siegel</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Schrimshaw</surname><given-names>EW</given-names></name><name><surname>Lekas</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Diminished sexual activity, interest, and feelings of attractiveness among HIV-infected women in two eras of the AIDS epidemic</article-title><source>Arch Sex Behav</source><year>2006</year><volume>35</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>437</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16909321</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0102"><label>102</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Florence</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Schrooten</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Dreezen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Gordillo</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Nilsson Schonnesson</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Asboe</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction among HIV-positive women in Europe</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2004</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>550</fpage><lpage>7</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15223523</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0103"><label>103</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Csete</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Pearshouse</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Symington</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Vertical HIV transmission should be excluded from criminal prosecution</article-title><source>Reprod Health Matters</source><year>2009</year><volume>17</volume><issue>34</issue><fpage>154</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19962649</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0104"><label>104</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jurgens</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cameron</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Burris</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Clayton</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Elliott</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Ten reasons to oppose the criminalization of HIV exposure or transmission</article-title><source>Reprod Health Matters</source><year>2009</year><volume>17</volume><issue>34</issue><fpage>163</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19962650</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0105"><label>105</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Hanssens</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Protecting HIV-positive women's human rights: recommendations for the United States National HIV/AIDS Strategy</article-title><source>Reprod Health Matters</source><year>2009</year><volume>17</volume><issue>34</issue><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19962646</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0106"><label>106</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Sonnenberg-Schwan</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Margolese</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><collab>On Behalf of Women For Positive Action</collab></person-group><article-title>A review of reproductive health research, guidelines and related gaps for women living with HIV</article-title><source>AIDS Care</source><year>2012</year><volume>25</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>657</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23088551</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0107"><label>107</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Nagra</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Kulubya</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Catalan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Clucas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV infection associated post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth – a systematic review</article-title><source>Psychol Health Med</source><year>2011</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>612</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21793667</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0108"><label>108</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Clucas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Sibley</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Catalan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV and depression – a systematic review of interventions</article-title><source>Psychol Health Med</source><year>2011</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>493</fpage><lpage>527</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21809936</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0109"><label>109</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Clucas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Sibley</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Catalan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A systematic review of interventions for anxiety in people with HIV</article-title><source>Psychol Health Med</source><year>2011</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>528</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21777090</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0110"><label>110</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Catalan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Sibley</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Clucas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Croome</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV infection and mental health: suicidal behaviour – systematic review</article-title><source>Psychol Health Med</source><year>2011</year><volume>16</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>588</fpage><lpage>611</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21745024</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0111"><label>111</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Machtinger</surname><given-names>EL</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>TC</given-names></name><name><surname>Haberer</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Psychological trauma and PTSD in HIV-positive women: a meta-analysis</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2012</year><volume>16</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>2091</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22249954</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0112"><label>112</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sherr</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Clucas</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Lampe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Harding</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Fisher</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Gender and mental health aspects of living with HIV disease and its longer-term outcomes for UK heterosexual patients</article-title><source>Women Health</source><year>2012</year><volume>52</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>214</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22533897</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0113"><label>113</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vanable</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Carey</surname><given-names>MP</given-names></name><name><surname>Blair</surname><given-names>DC</given-names></name><name><surname>Littlewood</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of HIV-related stigma on health behaviors and psychological adjustment among HIV-positive men and women</article-title><source>AIDS Behav</source><year>2006</year><volume>10</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>473</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16604295</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0114"><label>114</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>te Vaarwerk</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gaal</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Psychological distress and quality of life in drug-using and non-drug-using HIV-infected women</article-title><source>Eur J Public Health</source><year>2001</year><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>109</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11276564</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0115"><label>115</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Joseph</surname><given-names>EB</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhatti</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Psychosocial problems and coping patterns of HIV seropositive wives of men with HIV/AIDS</article-title><source>Soc Work Health Care</source><year>2004</year><volume>39</volume><issue>1–2</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15774383</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0116"><label>116</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ickovics</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></name><name><surname>Milan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Boland</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Schoenbaum</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Schuman</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Vlahov</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Psychological resources protect health: 5-year survival and immune function among HIV-infected women from four US cities</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2006</year><volume>20</volume><issue>14</issue><fpage>1851</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16954726</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0117"><label>117</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Whetten</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Reif</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Whetten</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Murphy-McMillan</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Trauma, mental health, distrust, and stigma among HIV-positive persons: implications for effective care</article-title><source>Psychosom Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>70</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>531</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18541904</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0118"><label>118</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lechner</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Antoni</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Lydston</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>LaPerriere</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Ishii</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Devieux</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Cognitive-behavioral interventions improve quality of life in women with AIDS</article-title><source>J Psychosom Res</source><year>2003</year><volume>54</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>253</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12614835</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0119"><label>119</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>VD</given-names></name><name><surname>Geller</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Bangsberg</surname><given-names>DR</given-names></name><name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>TL</given-names></name><name><surname>Daniel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerr</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>The effect of adherence on the association between depressive symptoms and mortality among HIV-infected individuals first initiating HAART</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>1175</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17502728</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0120"><label>120</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Turner</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Laine</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Cosler</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Hauck</surname><given-names>WW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship of gender, depression, and health care delivery with antiretroviral adherence in HIV-infected drug users</article-title><source>J Gen Intern Med</source><year>2003</year><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>248</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12709091</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0121"><label>121</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Logie</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>James</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Tharao</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: a qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada</article-title><source>PLoS Med</source><year>2011</year><volume>8</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>e1001124</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22131907</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0122"><label>122</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bradford</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><name><surname>Coleman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cunningham</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV System navigation: an emerging model to improve HIV care access</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S49</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17563290</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0123"><label>123</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Naar-King</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bradford</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Coleman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Green-Jones</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Cabral</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Tobias</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Retention in care of persons newly diagnosed with HIV: outcomes of the Outreach Initiative</article-title><source>AIDS Patient Care STDS</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S40</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17563289</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0124"><label>124</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>White</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></name><name><surname>Carr</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS stigma in Jamaica</article-title><source>Cult Health Sex</source><year>2005</year><volume>7</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>347</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16864208</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0125"><label>125</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Carosi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Nasta</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Fiore</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Matteelli</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Cauda</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferrazzi</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Women facing HIV. Key question on women with HIV infection: Italian consensus workshop</article-title><source>Infection</source><year>2009</year><volume>37</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19308320</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CIT0126"><label>126</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wiener</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><name><surname>Zobel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Battles</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Ryder</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Transition from a pediatric HIV intramural clinical research program to adolescent and adult community-based care services: assessing transition readiness</article-title><source>Soc Work Health Care</source><year>2007</year><volume>46</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18032153</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002E85 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002E85 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:3789211
|texte= Caring for women living with HIV: gaps in the evidence
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24088395" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |