Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Born Too Soon: Care for the preterm baby</title><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Joy E" sort="Lawn, Joy E" uniqKey="Lawn J" first="Joy E" last="Lawn">Joy E. Lawn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">MARCH, London School Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davidge, Ruth" sort="Davidge, Ruth" uniqKey="Davidge R" first="Ruth" last="Davidge">Ruth Davidge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Kwa-Zulu Natal Dept. of Health, Pietermartizburg, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">NNASA-Neonatal Nurses Association of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Congress of International Neonatal Nurses (COINN</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vinod K" sort="Paul, Vinod K" uniqKey="Paul V" first="Vinod K" last="Paul">Vinod K. Paul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xylander, Severin Von" sort="Xylander, Severin Von" uniqKey="Xylander S" first="Severin Von" last="Xylander">Severin Von Xylander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Graft Johnson, Joseph" sort="De Graft Johnson, Joseph" uniqKey="De Graft Johnson J" first="Joseph" last="De Graft Johnson">Joseph De Graft Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Save the Children and MCHIP, Washington DC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costello, Anthony" sort="Costello, Anthony" uniqKey="Costello A" first="Anthony" last="Costello">Anthony Costello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">University College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, Mary V" sort="Kinney, Mary V" uniqKey="Kinney M" first="Mary V" last="Kinney">Mary V. Kinney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Segre, Joel" sort="Segre, Joel" uniqKey="Segre J" first="Joel" last="Segre">Joel Segre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">Consultant to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, Liz" sort="Molyneux, Liz" uniqKey="Molyneux L" first="Liz" last="Molyneux">Liz Molyneux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Queen Elizabeth Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24625233</idno><idno type="pmc">3828583</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828583</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3828583</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-10-S1-S5</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D50</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D50</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Born Too Soon: Care for the preterm baby</title><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Joy E" sort="Lawn, Joy E" uniqKey="Lawn J" first="Joy E" last="Lawn">Joy E. Lawn</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I1">MARCH, London School Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I2">Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davidge, Ruth" sort="Davidge, Ruth" uniqKey="Davidge R" first="Ruth" last="Davidge">Ruth Davidge</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I3">Kwa-Zulu Natal Dept. of Health, Pietermartizburg, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I4">NNASA-Neonatal Nurses Association of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I5">Congress of International Neonatal Nurses (COINN</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vinod K" sort="Paul, Vinod K" uniqKey="Paul V" first="Vinod K" last="Paul">Vinod K. Paul</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I6">All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Xylander, Severin Von" sort="Xylander, Severin Von" uniqKey="Xylander S" first="Severin Von" last="Xylander">Severin Von Xylander</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I7">World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Graft Johnson, Joseph" sort="De Graft Johnson, Joseph" uniqKey="De Graft Johnson J" first="Joseph" last="De Graft Johnson">Joseph De Graft Johnson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I8">Save the Children and MCHIP, Washington DC, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costello, Anthony" sort="Costello, Anthony" uniqKey="Costello A" first="Anthony" last="Costello">Anthony Costello</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I9">University College London, UK</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, Mary V" sort="Kinney, Mary V" uniqKey="Kinney M" first="Mary V" last="Kinney">Mary V. Kinney</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I10">Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Segre, Joel" sort="Segre, Joel" uniqKey="Segre J" first="Joel" last="Segre">Joel Segre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I11">Consultant to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, Liz" sort="Molyneux, Liz" uniqKey="Molyneux L" first="Liz" last="Molyneux">Liz Molyneux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="I12">Queen Elizabeth Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Reproductive Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1742-4755</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>As part of a supplement entitled "Born Too Soon", this paper focuses on care of the preterm newborn. An estimated 15 million babies are born preterm, and the survival gap between those born in high and low income countries is widening, with one million deaths a year due to direct complications of preterm birth, and around one million more where preterm birth is a risk factor, especially amongst those who are also growth restricted. Most premature babies (>80%) are between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation, and many die needlessly for lack of simple care. We outline a series of packages of care that build on essential care for every newborn comprising support for immediate and exclusive breastfeeding, thermal care, and hygienic cord and skin care. For babies who do not breathe at birth, rapid neonatal resuscitation is crucial. Extra care for small babies, including Kangaroo Mother Care, and feeding support, can halve mortality in babies weighing <2000 g. Case management of newborns with signs of infection, safe oxygen management and supportive care for those with respiratory complications, and care for those with significant jaundice are all critical, and are especially dependent on competent nursing care. Neonatal intensive care units in high income settings are de-intensifying care, for example increasing use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and this makes comprehensive preterm care more transferable. For health systems in low and middle income settings with increasing facility births, district hospitals are the key frontier for improving obstetric and neonatal care, and some large scale programmes now include specific newborn care strategies. However there are still around 50 million births outside facilities, hence home visits for mothers and newborns, as well as women's groups are crucial for reaching these families, often the poorest. A fundamental challenge is improving programmatic tracking data for coverage and quality, and measuring disability-free survival. The power of parent's voices has been important in high-income countries in bringing attention to preterm newborns, but is still missing from the most affected countries.</p><sec><title>Declaration</title><p>This article is part of a supplement jointly funded by Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme through a grant from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and March of Dimes Foundation and published in collaboration with the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). The original article was published in PDF format in the WHO Report "Born Too Soon: the global action report on preterm birth" (ISBN 978 92 4 150343 30), which involved collaboration from more than 50 organizations. The article has been reformatted for journal publication and has undergone peer review according to <italic>Reproductive Health</italic>'s standard process for supplements and may feature some variations in content when compared to the original report. This co-publication makes the article available to the community in a full-text format.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oestergaard, Mz" uniqKey="Oestergaard M">MZ Oestergaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chou, D" uniqKey="Chou D">D Chou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, Ab" uniqKey="Moller A">AB Moller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narwal, R" uniqKey="Narwal R">R Narwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adler, A" uniqKey="Adler A">A Adler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vera Garcia, C" uniqKey="Vera Garcia C">C Vera Garcia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rohde, S" uniqKey="Rohde S">S Rohde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Say, L" uniqKey="Say L">L Say</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, Mv" uniqKey="Kinney M">MV Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belizan, Jm" uniqKey="Belizan J">JM Belizan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Em" uniqKey="Mason E">EM Mason</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdougall, L" uniqKey="Mcdougall L">L McDougall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Larson, J" uniqKey="Larson J">J Larson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lackritz, E" uniqKey="Lackritz E">E Lackritz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Friberg, Ik" uniqKey="Friberg I">IK Friberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howson, Cp" uniqKey="Howson C">CP Howson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howson, Cp" uniqKey="Howson C">CP Howson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kimmey, Mv" uniqKey="Kimmey M">MV Kimmey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdougall, L" uniqKey="Mcdougall L">L McDougall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chou, D" uniqKey="Chou D">D Chou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oestergaard, M" uniqKey="Oestergaard M">M Oestergaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Say, L" uniqKey="Say L">L Say</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moller, Ab" uniqKey="Moller A">AB Moller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, M" uniqKey="Kinney M">M Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, J" uniqKey="Lawn J">J Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dean, Sv" uniqKey="Dean S">SV Dean</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mason, Em" uniqKey="Mason E">EM Mason</name></author><author><name sortKey="Howson, Cp" uniqKey="Howson C">CP Howson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassi, Zs" uniqKey="Lassi Z">ZS Lassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imam, Am" uniqKey="Imam A">AM Imam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Requejo, J" uniqKey="Requejo J">J Requejo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Althabe, F" uniqKey="Althabe F">F Althabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Merialdi, M" uniqKey="Merialdi M">M Merialdi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keller, K" uniqKey="Keller K">K Keller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, J" uniqKey="Katz J">J Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menon, R" uniqKey="Menon R">R Menon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Petrou, S" uniqKey="Petrou S">S Petrou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henderson, J" uniqKey="Henderson J">J Henderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bracewell, M" uniqKey="Bracewell M">M Bracewell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hockley, C" uniqKey="Hockley C">C Hockley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolke, D" uniqKey="Wolke D">D Wolke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marlow, N" uniqKey="Marlow N">N Marlow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, L" uniqKey="Liu L">L Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, Hl" uniqKey="Johnson H">HL Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perin, J" uniqKey="Perin J">J Perin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scott, S" uniqKey="Scott S">S Scott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, I" uniqKey="Rudan I">I Rudan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Campbell, H" uniqKey="Campbell H">H Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cibulskis, R" uniqKey="Cibulskis R">R Cibulskis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, M" uniqKey="Li M">M Li</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahalim, A" uniqKey="Bahalim A">A Bahalim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narwal, R" uniqKey="Narwal R">R Narwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhong, N" uniqKey="Zhong N">N Zhong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chou, D" uniqKey="Chou D">D Chou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Say, L" uniqKey="Say L">L Say</name></author><author><name sortKey="Modi, N" uniqKey="Modi N">N Modi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, J" uniqKey="Katz J">J Katz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Behrman, Re" uniqKey="Behrman R">RE Behrman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Butler, As" uniqKey="Butler A">AS Butler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marlow, N" uniqKey="Marlow N">N Marlow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wolke, D" uniqKey="Wolke D">D Wolke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bracewell, Ma" uniqKey="Bracewell M">MA Bracewell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Samara, M" uniqKey="Samara M">M Samara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Osrin, D" uniqKey="Osrin D">D Osrin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shapiro Mendoza, Ck" uniqKey="Shapiro Mendoza C">CK Shapiro-Mendoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lackritz, Em" uniqKey="Lackritz E">EM Lackritz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mwansa Kambafwile, J" uniqKey="Mwansa Kambafwile J">J Mwansa-Kambafwile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, T" uniqKey="Hansen T">T Hansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberts, D" uniqKey="Roberts D">D Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalziel, S" uniqKey="Dalziel S">S Dalziel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Althabe, F" uniqKey="Althabe F">F Althabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belizan, Jm" uniqKey="Belizan J">JM Belizan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzoni, A" uniqKey="Mazzoni A">A Mazzoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Berrueta, M" uniqKey="Berrueta M">M Berrueta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hemingway Foday, J" uniqKey="Hemingway Foday J">J Hemingway-Foday</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kosothomas, M" uniqKey="Kosothomas M">M KosoThomas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, E" uniqKey="Mcclure E">E McClure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chomba, E" uniqKey="Chomba E">E Chomba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garces, A" uniqKey="Garces A">A Garces</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goudar, S" uniqKey="Goudar S">S Goudar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Paoli, Ag" uniqKey="De Paoli A">AG De Paoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morley, C" uniqKey="Morley C">C Morley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Pg" uniqKey="Davis P">PG Davis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sola, A" uniqKey="Sola A">A Sola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saldeno, Yp" uniqKey="Saldeno Y">YP Saldeno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Favareto, V" uniqKey="Favareto V">V Favareto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Symington, A" uniqKey="Symington A">A Symington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinelli, J" uniqKey="Pinelli J">J Pinelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yakoob, My" uniqKey="Yakoob M">MY Yakoob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haws, Ra" uniqKey="Haws R">RA Haws</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soomro, T" uniqKey="Soomro T">T Soomro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mwaniki, Mk" uniqKey="Mwaniki M">MK Mwaniki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atieno, M" uniqKey="Atieno M">M Atieno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newton, Cr" uniqKey="Newton C">CR Newton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, C" uniqKey="Gilbert C">C Gilbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahi, J" uniqKey="Rahi J">J Rahi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eckstein, M" uniqKey="Eckstein M">M Eckstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Sullivan, J" uniqKey="O Sullivan J">J O'Sullivan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foster, A" uniqKey="Foster A">A Foster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, C" uniqKey="Gilbert C">C Gilbert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mccall, Em" uniqKey="Mccall E">EM McCall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alderdice, Fa" uniqKey="Alderdice F">FA Alderdice</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halliday, Hl" uniqKey="Halliday H">HL Halliday</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jenkins, Jg" uniqKey="Jenkins J">JG Jenkins</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vohra, S" uniqKey="Vohra S">S Vohra</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Penny Macgillivray, T" uniqKey="Penny Macgillivray T">T Penny-MacGillivray</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duman, N" uniqKey="Duman N">N Duman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Utkutan, S" uniqKey="Utkutan S">S Utkutan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumral, A" uniqKey="Kumral A">A Kumral</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koroglu, Tf" uniqKey="Koroglu T">TF Koroglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ozkan, H" uniqKey="Ozkan H">H Ozkan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greer, Fr" uniqKey="Greer F">FR Greer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, T" uniqKey="Ahmed T">T Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Black, Re" uniqKey="Black R">RE Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dewey, K" uniqKey="Dewey K">K Dewey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giugliani, E" uniqKey="Giugliani E">E Giugliani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haider, Ba" uniqKey="Haider B">BA Haider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkwood, B" uniqKey="Kirkwood B">B Kirkwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morris, Ss" uniqKey="Morris S">SS Morris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sachdev, Hp" uniqKey="Sachdev H">HP Sachdev</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shekar, M" uniqKey="Shekar M">M Shekar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edmond, Km" uniqKey="Edmond K">KM Edmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zandoh, C" uniqKey="Zandoh C">C Zandoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quigley, Ma" uniqKey="Quigley M">MA Quigley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Menga Etego, S" uniqKey="Menga Etego S">S menga-Etego</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu Agyei, S" uniqKey="Owusu Agyei S">S Owusu-Agyei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkwood, Br" uniqKey="Kirkwood B">BR Kirkwood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mullany, Lc" uniqKey="Mullany L">LC Mullany</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, J" uniqKey="Katz J">J Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Ym" uniqKey="Li Y">YM Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khatry, Sk" uniqKey="Khatry S">SK Khatry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leclerq, Sc" uniqKey="Leclerq S">SC LeClerq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tielsch, Jm" uniqKey="Tielsch J">JM Tielsch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Callen, J" uniqKey="Callen J">J Callen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinelli, J" uniqKey="Pinelli J">J Pinelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edmond, Km" uniqKey="Edmond K">KM Edmond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kirkwood, Br" uniqKey="Kirkwood B">BR Kirkwood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amenga Etego, S" uniqKey="Amenga Etego S">S Amenga-Etego</name></author><author><name sortKey="Owusu Agyei, S" uniqKey="Owusu Agyei S">S Owusu-Agyei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurt, Ls" uniqKey="Hurt L">LS Hurt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hurst, Nm" uniqKey="Hurst N">NM Hurst</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, Bj" uniqKey="Mccarthy B">BJ McCarthy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ross, Sr" uniqKey="Ross S">SR Ross</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullany, Lc" uniqKey="Mullany L">LC Mullany</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, K" uniqKey="Kerber K">K Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wall, S" uniqKey="Wall S">S Wall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seward, N" uniqKey="Seward N">N Seward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osrin, D" uniqKey="Osrin D">D Osrin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, L" uniqKey="Li L">L Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costello, A" uniqKey="Costello A">A Costello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pulkki Brannstrom, Am" uniqKey="Pulkki Brannstrom A">AM Pulkki-Brannstrom</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houweling, Ta" uniqKey="Houweling T">TA Houweling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, J" uniqKey="Morrison J">J Morrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nair, N" uniqKey="Nair N">N Nair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tripathy, P" uniqKey="Tripathy P">P Tripathy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azad, K" uniqKey="Azad K">K Azad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prost, A" uniqKey="Prost A">A Prost</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colbourn, T" uniqKey="Colbourn T">T Colbourn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seward, N" uniqKey="Seward N">N Seward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azad, K" uniqKey="Azad K">K Azad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coomarasamy, A" uniqKey="Coomarasamy A">A Coomarasamy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Copas, A" uniqKey="Copas A">A Copas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houweling, Ta" uniqKey="Houweling T">TA Houweling</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fottrell, E" uniqKey="Fottrell E">E Fottrell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuddus, A" uniqKey="Kuddus A">A Kuddus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewycka, S" uniqKey="Lewycka S">S Lewycka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arifeen, Se" uniqKey="Arifeen S">SE Arifeen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullany, Lc" uniqKey="Mullany L">LC Mullany</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shah, R" uniqKey="Shah R">R Shah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mannan, I" uniqKey="Mannan I">I Mannan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Sm" uniqKey="Rahman S">SM Rahman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talukder, Mr" uniqKey="Talukder M">MR Talukder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Begum, N" uniqKey="Begum N">N Begum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Kabir, A" uniqKey="Al Kabir A">A Al-Kabir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santosham, M" uniqKey="Santosham M">M Santosham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soofi, S" uniqKey="Soofi S">S Soofi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imdad, A" uniqKey="Imdad A">A Imdad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutto, N" uniqKey="Bhutto N">N Bhutto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, N" uniqKey="Ali N">N Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tielsch, Jm" uniqKey="Tielsch J">JM Tielsch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullany, Lc" uniqKey="Mullany L">LC Mullany</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khatry, Sk" uniqKey="Khatry S">SK Khatry</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katz, J" uniqKey="Katz J">J Katz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leclerq, Sc" uniqKey="Leclerq S">SC LeClerq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shrestha, S" uniqKey="Shrestha S">S Shrestha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adhikari, R" uniqKey="Adhikari R">R Adhikari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Soll, Rf" uniqKey="Soll R">RF Soll</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edwards, Wh" uniqKey="Edwards W">WH Edwards</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Badrawi, N" uniqKey="Badrawi N">N Badrawi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Pa" uniqKey="Law P">PA Law</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S" uniqKey="Ahmed S">S Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bashir, M" uniqKey="Bashir M">M Bashir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iskander, I" uniqKey="Iskander I">I Iskander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Said, D" uniqKey="Al Said D">D Al Said</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Kholy, A" uniqKey="El Kholy A">A El Kholy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husein, Mh" uniqKey="Husein M">MH Husein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alam, A" uniqKey="Alam A">A Alam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saha, Sk" uniqKey="Saha S">SK Saha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, As" uniqKey="Ahmed A">AS Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Y" uniqKey="Choi Y">Y Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, Ma" uniqKey="Chowdhury M">MA Chowdhury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Islam, M" uniqKey="Islam M">M Islam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Law, Pa" uniqKey="Law P">PA Law</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S" uniqKey="Ahmed S">S Ahmed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duffy, Jl" uniqKey="Duffy J">JL Duffy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Rm" uniqKey="Ferguson R">RM Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, Sj" uniqKey="Mcdonald S">SJ McDonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Middleton, P" uniqKey="Middleton P">P Middleton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leduc, D" uniqKey="Leduc D">D Leduc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Senikas, V" uniqKey="Senikas V">V Senikas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lalonde, Ab" uniqKey="Lalonde A">AB Lalonde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ballerman, C" uniqKey="Ballerman C">C Ballerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Biringer, A" uniqKey="Biringer A">A Biringer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Delaney, M" uniqKey="Delaney M">M Delaney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duperron, L" uniqKey="Duperron L">L Duperron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Girard, I" uniqKey="Girard I">I Girard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, D" uniqKey="Jones D">D Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ls" uniqKey="Lee L">LS Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wall, Sn" uniqKey="Wall S">SN Wall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niermeyer, S" uniqKey="Niermeyer S">S Niermeyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="English, M" uniqKey="English M">M English</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keenan, Wj" uniqKey="Keenan W">WJ Keenan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlo, W" uniqKey="Carlo W">W Carlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bang, A" uniqKey="Bang A">A Bang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Narayanan, I" uniqKey="Narayanan I">I Narayanan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ariawan, I" uniqKey="Ariawan I">I Ariawan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saugstad, Od" uniqKey="Saugstad O">OD Saugstad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramji, S" uniqKey="Ramji S">S Ramji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vento, M" uniqKey="Vento M">M Vento</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wall, Sn" uniqKey="Wall S">SN Wall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niermeyer, S" uniqKey="Niermeyer S">S Niermeyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlo, Wa" uniqKey="Carlo W">WA Carlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keenan, Wj" uniqKey="Keenan W">WJ Keenan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, C" uniqKey="Gill C">C Gill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kattwinkel, J" uniqKey="Kattwinkel J">J Kattwinkel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, Jm" uniqKey="Perlman J">JM Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aziz, K" uniqKey="Aziz K">K Aziz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colby, C" uniqKey="Colby C">C Colby</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fairchild, K" uniqKey="Fairchild K">K Fairchild</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gallagher, J" uniqKey="Gallagher J">J Gallagher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hazinski, Mf" uniqKey="Hazinski M">MF Hazinski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halamek, Lp" uniqKey="Halamek L">LP Halamek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, P" uniqKey="Kumar P">P Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Little, G" uniqKey="Little G">G Little</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Singhal, N" uniqKey="Singhal N">N Singhal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lockyer, J" uniqKey="Lockyer J">J Lockyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fidler, H" uniqKey="Fidler H">H Fidler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Keenan, W" uniqKey="Keenan W">W Keenan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Little, G" uniqKey="Little G">G Little</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bucher, S" uniqKey="Bucher S">S Bucher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qadir, M" uniqKey="Qadir M">M Qadir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Niermeyer, S" uniqKey="Niermeyer S">S Niermeyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carlo, Wa" uniqKey="Carlo W">WA Carlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goudar, Ss" uniqKey="Goudar S">SS Goudar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jehan, I" uniqKey="Jehan I">I Jehan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chomba, E" uniqKey="Chomba E">E Chomba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tshefu, A" uniqKey="Tshefu A">A Tshefu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garces, A" uniqKey="Garces A">A Garces</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parida, S" uniqKey="Parida S">S Parida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Althabe, F" uniqKey="Althabe F">F Althabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, Em" uniqKey="Mcclure E">EM McClure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derman, Rj" uniqKey="Derman R">RJ Derman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carlo, Wa" uniqKey="Carlo W">WA Carlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goudar, Ss" uniqKey="Goudar S">SS Goudar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jehan, I" uniqKey="Jehan I">I Jehan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chomba, E" uniqKey="Chomba E">E Chomba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tshefu, A" uniqKey="Tshefu A">A Tshefu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garces, A" uniqKey="Garces A">A Garces</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parida, S" uniqKey="Parida S">S Parida</name></author><author><name sortKey="Althabe, F" uniqKey="Althabe F">F Althabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, Em" uniqKey="Mcclure E">EM McClure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Derman, Rj" uniqKey="Derman R">RJ Derman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Charpak, N" uniqKey="Charpak N">N Charpak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruiz, Jg" uniqKey="Ruiz J">JG Ruiz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zupan, J" uniqKey="Zupan J">J Zupan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattaneo, A" uniqKey="Cattaneo A">A Cattaneo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Figueroa, Z" uniqKey="Figueroa Z">Z Figueroa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tessier, R" uniqKey="Tessier R">R Tessier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cristo, M" uniqKey="Cristo M">M Cristo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, G" uniqKey="Anderson G">G Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ludington, S" uniqKey="Ludington S">S Ludington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, S" uniqKey="Mendoza S">S Mendoza</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rey, E" uniqKey="Rey E">E Rey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martinez, H" uniqKey="Martinez H">H Martinez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwansa Kambafwile, J" uniqKey="Mwansa Kambafwile J">J Mwansa-Kambafwile</name></author><author><name sortKey="Horta, Bl" uniqKey="Horta B">BL Horta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barros, Fc" uniqKey="Barros F">FC Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Conde Agudelo, A" uniqKey="Conde Agudelo A">A Conde-Agudelo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belizan, Jm" uniqKey="Belizan J">JM Belizan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diaz Rossello, J" uniqKey="Diaz Rossello J">J Diaz-Rossello</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lima, G" uniqKey="Lima G">G Lima</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quintero Romero, S" uniqKey="Quintero Romero S">S Quintero-Romero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattaneo, A" uniqKey="Cattaneo A">A Cattaneo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Duke, T" uniqKey="Duke T">T Duke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Subhi, R" uniqKey="Subhi R">R Subhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peel, D" uniqKey="Peel D">D Peel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frey, B" uniqKey="Frey B">B Frey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sankar, Mj" uniqKey="Sankar M">MJ Sankar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sankar, J" uniqKey="Sankar J">J Sankar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, R" uniqKey="Agarwal R">R Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vk" uniqKey="Paul V">VK Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deorari, Ak" uniqKey="Deorari A">AK Deorari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Finer, Nn" uniqKey="Finer N">NN Finer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlo, Wa" uniqKey="Carlo W">WA Carlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walsh, Mc" uniqKey="Walsh M">MC Walsh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rich, W" uniqKey="Rich W">W Rich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gantz, Mg" uniqKey="Gantz M">MG Gantz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Laptook, Ar" uniqKey="Laptook A">AR Laptook</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoder, Ba" uniqKey="Yoder B">BA Yoder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Faix, Rg" uniqKey="Faix R">RG Faix</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, A" uniqKey="Das A">A Das</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poole, Wk" uniqKey="Poole W">WK Poole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gittermann, Mk" uniqKey="Gittermann M">MK Gittermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fusch, C" uniqKey="Fusch C">C Fusch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gittermann, Ar" uniqKey="Gittermann A">AR Gittermann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Regazzoni, Bm" uniqKey="Regazzoni B">BM Regazzoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moessinger, Ac" uniqKey="Moessinger A">AC Moessinger</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morley, Cj" uniqKey="Morley C">CJ Morley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davis, Pg" uniqKey="Davis P">PG Davis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Doyle, Lw" uniqKey="Doyle L">LW Doyle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brion, Lp" uniqKey="Brion L">LP Brion</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hascoet, Jm" uniqKey="Hascoet J">JM Hascoet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carlin, Jb" uniqKey="Carlin J">JB Carlin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pieper, Ch" uniqKey="Pieper C">CH Pieper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, J" uniqKey="Smith J">J Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maree, D" uniqKey="Maree D">D Maree</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pohl, Fc" uniqKey="Pohl F">FC Pohl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, J" uniqKey="Brown J">J Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machen, H" uniqKey="Machen H">H Machen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kawaza, K" uniqKey="Kawaza K">K Kawaza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwanza, Z" uniqKey="Mwanza Z">Z Mwanza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iniguez, S" uniqKey="Iniguez S">S Iniguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lang, H" uniqKey="Lang H">H Lang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gest, A" uniqKey="Gest A">A Gest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, N" uniqKey="Kennedy N">N Kennedy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miros, R" uniqKey="Miros R">R Miros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards Kortum, R" uniqKey="Richards Kortum R">R Richards-Kortum</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kawaza, K" uniqKey="Kawaza K">K Kawaza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Machen, H" uniqKey="Machen H">H Machen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, J" uniqKey="Brown J">J Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwanza, Z" uniqKey="Mwanza Z">Z Mwanza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iniguez, S" uniqKey="Iniguez S">S Iniguez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gest, A" uniqKey="Gest A">A Gest</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, O" uniqKey="Smith O">O Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oden, M" uniqKey="Oden M">M Oden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richards Kortum, R" uniqKey="Richards Kortum R">R Richards-Kortum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, E" uniqKey="Molyneux E">E Molyneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Segre, J" uniqKey="Segre J">J Segre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vidyasagar, D" uniqKey="Vidyasagar D">D Vidyasagar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Velaphi, S" uniqKey="Velaphi S">S Velaphi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhat, Vb" uniqKey="Bhat V">VB Bhat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Z" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">Z Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yakoob, M" uniqKey="Yakoob M">M Yakoob</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salam, R" uniqKey="Salam R">R Salam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lassi, Z" uniqKey="Lassi Z">Z Lassi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lassi, Zs" uniqKey="Lassi Z">ZS Lassi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haider, Ba" uniqKey="Haider B">BA Haider</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Manandhar, Ds" uniqKey="Manandhar D">DS Manandhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osrin, D" uniqKey="Osrin D">D Osrin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shrestha, Bp" uniqKey="Shrestha B">BP Shrestha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mesko, N" uniqKey="Mesko N">N Mesko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, J" uniqKey="Morrison J">J Morrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tumbahangphe, Km" uniqKey="Tumbahangphe K">KM Tumbahangphe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamang, S" uniqKey="Tamang S">S Tamang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapa, S" uniqKey="Thapa S">S Thapa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shrestha, D" uniqKey="Shrestha D">D Shrestha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thapa, B" uniqKey="Thapa B">B Thapa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Marchant, T" uniqKey="Marchant T">T Marchant</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jaribu, J" uniqKey="Jaribu J">J Jaribu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Penfold, S" uniqKey="Penfold S">S Penfold</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tanner, M" uniqKey="Tanner M">M Tanner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armstrong Schellenberg, J" uniqKey="Armstrong Schellenberg J">J Armstrong Schellenberg</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, A" uniqKey="Barros A">A Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertoldi, G" uniqKey="Bertoldi G">G Bertoldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryce, J" uniqKey="Bryce J">J Bryce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boerma, T" uniqKey="Boerma T">T Boerma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Victora, C" uniqKey="Victora C">C Victora</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Victora, Cg" uniqKey="Victora C">CG Victora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubens, Ce" uniqKey="Rubens C">CE Rubens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, Aj" uniqKey="Barros A">AJ Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronsmans, C" uniqKey="Ronsmans C">C Ronsmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Axelson, H" uniqKey="Axelson H">H Axelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Loaiza, E" uniqKey="Loaiza E">E Loaiza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bertoldi, Ad" uniqKey="Bertoldi A">AD Bertoldi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Franca, Gv" uniqKey="Franca G">GV Franca</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bryce, J" uniqKey="Bryce J">J Bryce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boerma, Jt" uniqKey="Boerma J">JT Boerma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Victora, Cg" uniqKey="Victora C">CG Victora</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pattinson, R" uniqKey="Pattinson R">R Pattinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, K" uniqKey="Kerber K">K Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Waiswa, P" uniqKey="Waiswa P">P Waiswa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Day, Lt" uniqKey="Day L">LT Day</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mussell, F" uniqKey="Mussell F">F Mussell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asiruddin, Sk" uniqKey="Asiruddin S">SK Asiruddin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knobel, Rb" uniqKey="Knobel R">RB Knobel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vohra, S" uniqKey="Vohra S">S Vohra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lehmann, Cu" uniqKey="Lehmann C">CU Lehmann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nyqvist, Kh" uniqKey="Nyqvist K">KH Nyqvist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Gc" uniqKey="Anderson G">GC Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergman, N" uniqKey="Bergman N">N Bergman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cattaneo, A" uniqKey="Cattaneo A">A Cattaneo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charpak, N" uniqKey="Charpak N">N Charpak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davanzo, R" uniqKey="Davanzo R">R Davanzo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ewald, U" uniqKey="Ewald U">U Ewald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ludington Hoe, S" uniqKey="Ludington Hoe S">S Ludington-Hoe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mendoza, S" uniqKey="Mendoza S">S Mendoza</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pallas Allonso, C" uniqKey="Pallas Allonso C">C Pallas-Allonso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerac, M" uniqKey="Kerac M">M Kerac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, E" uniqKey="Molyneux E">E Molyneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nguah, Sb" uniqKey="Nguah S">SB Nguah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wobil, Pn" uniqKey="Wobil P">PN Wobil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Obeng, R" uniqKey="Obeng R">R Obeng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yakubu, A" uniqKey="Yakubu A">A Yakubu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, Kj" uniqKey="Kerber K">KJ Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Plange Rhule, G" uniqKey="Plange Rhule G">G Plange-Rhule</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bergh, Am" uniqKey="Bergh A">AM Bergh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rogers Bloch, Q" uniqKey="Rogers Bloch Q">Q Rogers-Bloch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pratomo, H" uniqKey="Pratomo H">H Pratomo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uhudiyah, U" uniqKey="Uhudiyah U">U Uhudiyah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poernomo Sigit Sidi, I" uniqKey="Poernomo Sigit Sidi I">I Poernomo Sigit Sidi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rustina, Y" uniqKey="Rustina Y">Y Rustina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Suradi, R" uniqKey="Suradi R">R Suradi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gipson, R" uniqKey="Gipson R">R Gipson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Honeyfield, Me" uniqKey="Honeyfield M">ME Honeyfield</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Knippenberg, R" uniqKey="Knippenberg R">R Knippenberg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Begkoyian, G" uniqKey="Begkoyian G">G Begkoyian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fogstad, H" uniqKey="Fogstad H">H Fogstad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walelign, N" uniqKey="Walelign N">N Walelign</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vk" uniqKey="Paul V">VK Paul</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Opondo, C" uniqKey="Opondo C">C Opondo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ntoburi, S" uniqKey="Ntoburi S">S Ntoburi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wagai, J" uniqKey="Wagai J">J Wagai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wafula, J" uniqKey="Wafula J">J Wafula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wasunna, A" uniqKey="Wasunna A">A Wasunna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Were, F" uniqKey="Were F">F Were</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wamae, A" uniqKey="Wamae A">A Wamae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Migiro, S" uniqKey="Migiro S">S Migiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irimu, G" uniqKey="Irimu G">G Irimu</name></author><author><name sortKey="English, M" uniqKey="English M">M English</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Robertson, A" uniqKey="Robertson A">A Robertson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malan, A" uniqKey="Malan A">A Malan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greenfield, D" uniqKey="Greenfield D">D Greenfield</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mashao, L" uniqKey="Mashao L">L Mashao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rhoda, N" uniqKey="Rhoda N">N Rhoda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goga, A" uniqKey="Goga A">A Goga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, K" uniqKey="Kerber K">K Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, J" uniqKey="Lawn J">J Lawn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Neogi, Sb" uniqKey="Neogi S">SB Neogi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malhotra, S" uniqKey="Malhotra S">S Malhotra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zodpey, S" uniqKey="Zodpey S">S Zodpey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohan, P" uniqKey="Mohan P">P Mohan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sen, A" uniqKey="Sen A">A Sen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahalanabis, D" uniqKey="Mahalanabis D">D Mahalanabis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, Ak" uniqKey="Singh A">AK Singh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Som, Tk" uniqKey="Som T">TK Som</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bandyopadhyay, S" uniqKey="Bandyopadhyay S">S Bandyopadhyay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, S" uniqKey="Roy S">S Roy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, I" uniqKey="Rudan I">I Rudan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubens, C" uniqKey="Rubens C">C Rubens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Martines, J" uniqKey="Martines J">J Martines</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vk" uniqKey="Paul V">VK Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Koblinsky, M" uniqKey="Koblinsky M">M Koblinsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soucat, A" uniqKey="Soucat A">A Soucat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, N" uniqKey="Walker N">N Walker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahl, R" uniqKey="Bahl R">R Bahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fogstad, H" uniqKey="Fogstad H">H Fogstad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costello, A" uniqKey="Costello A">A Costello</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="George, A" uniqKey="George A">A George</name></author><author><name sortKey="Young, M" uniqKey="Young M">M Young</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bang, A" uniqKey="Bang A">A Bang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Ky" uniqKey="Chan K">KY Chan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rudan, I" uniqKey="Rudan I">I Rudan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Victora, Cg" uniqKey="Victora C">CG Victora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chopra, M" uniqKey="Chopra M">M Chopra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubens, C" uniqKey="Rubens C">C Rubens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, Mv" uniqKey="Kinney M">MV Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Black, Re" uniqKey="Black R">RE Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pitt, C" uniqKey="Pitt C">C Pitt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, K" uniqKey="Kerber K">K Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corbett, E" uniqKey="Corbett E">E Corbett</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moran, Ac" uniqKey="Moran A">AC Moran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrissey, Cs" uniqKey="Morrissey C">CS Morrissey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oestergaard, Mz" uniqKey="Oestergaard M">MZ Oestergaard</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davidge, R" uniqKey="Davidge R">R Davidge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, V" uniqKey="Paul V">V Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Xylander, S" uniqKey="Von Xylander S">S Von Xylander</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Graft Johnson, J" uniqKey="De Graft Johnson J">J De Graft Johnson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Costello, A" uniqKey="Costello A">A Costello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, M" uniqKey="Kinney M">M Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Segre, J" uniqKey="Segre J">J Segre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, E" uniqKey="Molyneux E">E Molyneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cousens, S" uniqKey="Cousens S">S Cousens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blencowe, H" uniqKey="Blencowe H">H Blencowe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanton, C" uniqKey="Stanton C">C Stanton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chou, D" uniqKey="Chou D">D Chou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, S" uniqKey="Ahmed S">S Ahmed</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steinhardt, L" uniqKey="Steinhardt L">L Steinhardt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Creanga, Aa" uniqKey="Creanga A">AA Creanga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuncalp, O" uniqKey="Tuncalp O">O Tuncalp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balsara, Zp" uniqKey="Balsara Z">ZP Balsara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, S" uniqKey="Gupta S">S Gupta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kinney, Mv" uniqKey="Kinney M">MV Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, Kj" uniqKey="Kerber K">KJ Kerber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Black, Re" uniqKey="Black R">RE Black</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, B" uniqKey="Cohen B">B Cohen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nkrumah, F" uniqKey="Nkrumah F">F Nkrumah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coovadia, H" uniqKey="Coovadia H">H Coovadia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nampala, Pm" uniqKey="Nampala P">PM Nampala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Axelson, H" uniqKey="Axelson H">H Axelson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bergh, Am" uniqKey="Bergh A">AM Bergh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Gf" uniqKey="Smith G">GF Smith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vidyasagar, D" uniqKey="Vidyasagar D">D Vidyasagar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Pn" uniqKey="Smith P">PN Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baker, Jp" uniqKey="Baker J">JP Baker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wegman, Me" uniqKey="Wegman M">ME Wegman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Philip, Ag" uniqKey="Philip A">AG Philip</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jamison, Dt" uniqKey="Jamison D">DT Jamison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shahid Salles, Sa" uniqKey="Shahid Salles S">SA Shahid-Salles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jamison, J" uniqKey="Jamison J">J Jamison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawn, J" uniqKey="Lawn J">J Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zupan, J" uniqKey="Zupan J">J Zupan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lissauer, T" uniqKey="Lissauer T">T Lissauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fanaroff, Aa" uniqKey="Fanaroff A">AA Fanaroff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, J" uniqKey="Lawn J">J Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kerber, K" uniqKey="Kerber K">K Kerber</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawn, Je" uniqKey="Lawn J">JE Lawn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kinney, M" uniqKey="Kinney M">M Kinney</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ac" uniqKey="Lee A">AC Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chopra, M" uniqKey="Chopra M">M Chopra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnay, F" uniqKey="Donnay F">F Donnay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paul, Vk" uniqKey="Paul V">VK Paul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhutta, Za" uniqKey="Bhutta Z">ZA Bhutta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bateman, M" uniqKey="Bateman M">M Bateman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Darmstadt, Gl" uniqKey="Darmstadt G">GL Darmstadt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Volpe, Jj" uniqKey="Volpe J">JJ Volpe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schanler, Rj" uniqKey="Schanler R">RJ Schanler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article" xml:lang="en"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Reprod Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Reproductive Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1742-4755</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625233</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3828583</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1742-4755-10-S1-S5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1742-4755-10-S1-S5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Born Too Soon: Care for the preterm baby</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" id="A1"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>Joy E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>joylawn@yahoo.co.uk</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A2"><name><surname>Davidge</surname><given-names>Ruth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A3"><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>Vinod K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A4"><name><surname>Xylander</surname><given-names>Severin von</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A5"><name><surname>de Graft Johnson</surname><given-names>Joseph</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I8">8</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A6"><name><surname>Costello</surname><given-names>Anthony</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I9">9</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A7"><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>Mary V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I10">10</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A8"><name><surname>Segre</surname><given-names>Joel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I11">11</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="A9"><name><surname>Molyneux</surname><given-names>Liz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I12">12</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><label>1</label>MARCH, London School Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK</aff><aff id="I2"><label>2</label>Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="I3"><label>3</label>Kwa-Zulu Natal Dept. of Health, Pietermartizburg, South Africa</aff><aff id="I4"><label>4</label>NNASA-Neonatal Nurses Association of Southern Africa, Durban, South Africa</aff><aff id="I5"><label>5</label>Congress of International Neonatal Nurses (COINN</aff><aff id="I6"><label>6</label>All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India</aff><aff id="I7"><label>7</label>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland</aff><aff id="I8"><label>8</label>Save the Children and MCHIP, Washington DC, USA</aff><aff id="I9"><label>9</label>University College London, UK</aff><aff id="I10"><label>10</label>Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="I11"><label>11</label>Consultant to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA</aff><aff id="I12"><label>12</label>Queen Elizabeth Hospital, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi</aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><supplement><named-content content-type="supplement-title">Born too soon</named-content><named-content content-type="supplement-editor">Journal Editors: Jose Belizan and Pierre Buekens; series Editors: Christopher P Howson, Mary V Kinney and Joy E Lawn</named-content></supplement><fpage>S5</fpage><lpage>S5</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Lawn et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Lawn et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/content/10/S1/S5"></self-uri><abstract><p>As part of a supplement entitled "Born Too Soon", this paper focuses on care of the preterm newborn. An estimated 15 million babies are born preterm, and the survival gap between those born in high and low income countries is widening, with one million deaths a year due to direct complications of preterm birth, and around one million more where preterm birth is a risk factor, especially amongst those who are also growth restricted. Most premature babies (>80%) are between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation, and many die needlessly for lack of simple care. We outline a series of packages of care that build on essential care for every newborn comprising support for immediate and exclusive breastfeeding, thermal care, and hygienic cord and skin care. For babies who do not breathe at birth, rapid neonatal resuscitation is crucial. Extra care for small babies, including Kangaroo Mother Care, and feeding support, can halve mortality in babies weighing <2000 g. Case management of newborns with signs of infection, safe oxygen management and supportive care for those with respiratory complications, and care for those with significant jaundice are all critical, and are especially dependent on competent nursing care. Neonatal intensive care units in high income settings are de-intensifying care, for example increasing use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and this makes comprehensive preterm care more transferable. For health systems in low and middle income settings with increasing facility births, district hospitals are the key frontier for improving obstetric and neonatal care, and some large scale programmes now include specific newborn care strategies. However there are still around 50 million births outside facilities, hence home visits for mothers and newborns, as well as women's groups are crucial for reaching these families, often the poorest. A fundamental challenge is improving programmatic tracking data for coverage and quality, and measuring disability-free survival. The power of parent's voices has been important in high-income countries in bringing attention to preterm newborns, but is still missing from the most affected countries.</p><sec><title>Declaration</title><p>This article is part of a supplement jointly funded by Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme through a grant from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and March of Dimes Foundation and published in collaboration with the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and the World Health Organization (WHO). The original article was published in PDF format in the WHO Report "Born Too Soon: the global action report on preterm birth" (ISBN 978 92 4 150343 30), which involved collaboration from more than 50 organizations. The article has been reformatted for journal publication and has undergone peer review according to <italic>Reproductive Health</italic>'s standard process for supplements and may feature some variations in content when compared to the original report. This co-publication makes the article available to the community in a full-text format.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Preterm baby survival and care round the world</title><p>Each year 15 million babies are born preterm and their survival chances vary dramatically around the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. For the 1.2 million babies born in high income countries, increasing complexity of neonatal intensive care over the last quarter of the 20th century has changed the chances of survival at lower gestational ages. Middle-income and emerging economies have around 3.8 million preterm babies each year, and whilst some countries such as Turkey and Sri Lanka have halved deaths for preterm babies within a decade, other countries have made minimal progress [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa account for almost two-thirds of the world's preterm babies and over three-quarters of the world's newborn deaths due to preterm birth complications [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Worldwide, almost half of preterm babies are born at home, and even for those born in facilities, essential newborn care is often lacking.</p><p>This paper is the fifth in a supplement entitled "Born Too Soon". Previous papers in this series have outlined the policy context [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>], epidemiology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>], and interventions preconceptually [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>] and during pregnancy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>]. In this paper we focus on care of preterm newborns.</p><p>We apply the simple WHO definition of all babies born at less than 37 weeks gestation, noting that this includes both provider initiated and spontaneous preterm birth, and many varying causations [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Most premature babies (>80%) are born between 32 and 37 weeks of gestation (moderate/late preterm), and many die needlessly for lack of simple, essential care such as warmth and feeding support (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). About 10% of preterm babies are born 28 to <32 weeks gestation, and in low-income countries more than half of those will die but many could be saved with feasible care, not including intensive care such as ventilation (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>). For babies born before 28 weeks gestation, intensive care would be needed to save most of these, but it is important to realise that these are the minority - about 5% of premature babies. Yet in many countries, families and health care providers still perceive the deaths of any premature baby as inevitable.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>135 million newborns and 15 million premature babies-health system needs and human capital outcomes around the year 2010</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon report, chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]. Analysis using data from Blencowe et al., 2012 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]; Cousens et al., 2011 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref>]; Liu et al., 2012 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-1"></graphic></fig><p>In contrast, in high-income settings neonatal survival is extending to lower and lower extremes of gestational age. In 1990, few babies under 25 weeks gestation were surviving; yet by 2010, 95% of preterm babies under 28 weeks survived, and more than half of the babies born before 25 weeks gestation survived, although the latter have a higher risk of impairment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>].</p><p>Over the last few decades the survival gap for babies born in high-income countries and babies born in the poorest countries has widened dramatically, even though the pace of survival gains in high-income countries has slowed reaching the extremes of preterm gestation. For example, North America is still achieving an average annual reduction of more than 5% per year for preterm-specific mortality, yet Africa on average is improving mortality rates for preterm babies by only 1% a year (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>). Those countries with the highest risk of death and the most feasible deaths to avert are still experiencing the least progress. The history of neonatal care in high-income countries shows that the major reduction in deaths occurred before neonatal intensive care was established. Yet the risk of a neonatal death due to complications of preterm birth is about twelve times higher for an African baby than for a European baby [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>] (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>).</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p><bold>Increasing survival gap for preterm babies around the world: Regional variation in preterm birth as direct cause of neonatal deaths showing change between 2000 to 2010</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]. Data from Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group and World Health Organization estimates of neonatal causes of death (Liu et al. 2012) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-2"></graphic></fig><p>An important but under-recognised issue for all countries is that of disability for survivors of preterm birth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. In the early days of neonatal intensive care, disabilities were common amongst survivors, ranging from some school learning disability through to severe cerebral palsy. Impairment outcomes have a heavy toll on families and on the health system. Indeed a recent report estimated that the average baby born 28 to 31 weeks gestation in the United States costs $95,000 in medical care in the first year alone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>]. Overtime the pattern of impairment from preterm birth in high-income countries has shifted. The focus of intensive care has shifted to extremely premature babies (less than 28 weeks), or "micro preemies", as this smaller subset of babies has increased risk and severity of impairment [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>]. With the scale up of neonatal intensive care, a focus on follow up and family support is critical.</p><p>Recent data show that even late and moderate preterm (LAMP, or 32 to <37 weeks gestation) is also associated with significant adverse effects, including those on school learning, prompting increasing debate regarding avoidable causes of moderate preterm birth such as high caesarean birth rates [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>]. These long-term effects on society and on the health system as well as more evidence of the link with non-communicable diseases in later adult life [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>] underline that the importance of addressing preterm birth is beyond survival alone.</p><p>Over the last four decades with an increasing focus on evidence-based care for premature babies in high-income countries, the risk of long-term impairments is reducing. Neonatal intensive care has also become less interventionist and hence some aspects are also potentially more feasible to adapt to lower-income settings. There have been notable advances in quality of intensive care for premature babies.</p><p>Widespread use of antenatal corticosteroids in high-and some middle-income countries for mothers at gestation of 32 weeks or less, following multiple RCTs and the National Institute of Health consensus statement [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>], ensuring that babies are less likely to develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), or have less severe RDS [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>]. All trials have been conducted in settings where intensive or special care for preterm infants is available. While the effect has biological plausibility, the magnitude of effect in low-income countries without intensive care is uncertain, although a meta-anlsysis for middle-income country trials showed a greater effect than in high-income settings. An NIH sponsored trial in low- and middle-income settings is ongoing.</p><p>A shift to less intensive ventilator pressures and increasing use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), now often the respiratory support method of choice [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>].</p><p>Detailed quality of care protocols and "job aids" for almost every aspect of care have improved quality and also shifted more care to the responsibility of skilled neonatal nurses, particularly with respect to addressing infection prevention, feeding support, use of intravenous fluids, and safe oxygen use with careful tracking of oxygen saturation levels and follow-up services [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>].</p><p>Deliberate attention to baby friendly care, reducing pain and over stimulation and more family friendly care, including family rooms linked to neonatal units and increased access for parents to their babies while in neonatal care units [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>].</p><p>In low- and middle-income countries, there are limited comparable data on long-term outcomes after preterm birth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. However, small studies suggest a high risk of moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment and an urgent need to improve awareness, data and care. Retinopathy of prematurity caused an epidemic of blindness for preterm babies in Europe and North America 50 years ago, especially after high or unmonitored use of oxygen. Data from Latin America show increasing rates of retinopathy of prematurity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>] and it is likely that areas without data such as Southeast Asia are also experiencing an increase, recreating an avoidable problem. As neonatal care is improved and complexity increases, monitoring quality of care and tracking impairment outcomes are critical and should not be considered an optional extra in low-resource settings. Urgent attention is needed to develop standard, simpler measures of such impairments, to integrate these metrics into other measurement systems, and to provide support for such babies and their families [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Priority packages and evidence-based interventions</title><p>All newborns are vulnerable given that birth and the following few days hold the highest concentrated risk of death of any time in the human lifespan. Every baby needs essential newborn care, ideally with their mothers providing warmth, breastfeeding and a clean environment. Premature babies are especially vulnerable to temperature instability, feeding difficulties, low blood sugar, infections, and breathing difficulties (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). There are also complications that specifically affect premature babies (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Life-saving essential and extra newborn care.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Risk for all babies, especially those who are preterm</th><th align="left">Essential care for all babies</th><th align="left">Extra care for preterm babies</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><italic>Hypothermia = low body temperature </italic>(increased risk of infections, mortality and for preterm babies increased risk of RDS)</td><td align="left"><italic>Thermal care</italic><break></break>Drying, warming, skin-to-skin and delayed bathing</td><td align="left"><italic>Extra thermal care</italic><break></break>Kangaroo Mother Care, baby hats, blankets, overhead heaters, incubators</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Cord and skin infections, neonatal sepsis</italic></td><td align="left"><italic>Hygienic cord and skin care at birth and home care practices</italic><break></break>Hand washing and other hygiene<break></break>Delayed cord clamping<break></break>Consider chlorohexifine</td><td align="left"><italic>Extra attention to infection prevention and skin care</italic><break></break>Consider chlorohexidine and emolients</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Hypoglycemia = low blood sugar</italic><break></break>(Increased risk of impairment or death)</td><td align="left"><italic>Early and exclusive breastfeeding</italic></td><td align="left"><italic>Extra support for breastfeeding</italic><break></break>e.g. expressing and cup or tube feeding, supplemented breast milk if indication Lack of breast milk is a risk factor for necrotizing entereocolitis in preterm babies</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic>Hypoxia = low oxygen levels</italic><break></break>(Increased risk of impairment or death for preterm babies, higher risk of RDS and intracranial bleeding)</td><td align="left"><italic>Neonatal resuscitation if not breathing at birth</italic><break></break>Bag-and-mask resuscitation with room air is sufficient for >99% of babies not breathing at birth</td><td align="left"><italic>Safe oxygen use</italic><break></break>Monitored oxygen use e.g. in head box or with nasal cannula, routine use of pulse oximeters</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: : Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p><bold>Preterm babies face specific risks</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-3"></graphic></fig><p>Saving lives and preventing disability from preterm birth can be achieved with a range of evidence-based care increasing in complexity and ranging from simple care such as warmth and breastfeeding up to full intensive care (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">2</xref>). The packaged interventions in this chapter are adapted from a recent extensive evidence review and a consensus report, "Essential Interventions Commodities and Guidelines for Reproductive Maternal, Newborn and Child Health" [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Priority evidence-based packages and interventions for preterm babies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th align="left">Grade</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><bold>Essential Newborn Care For All Babies</bold></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Thermal care (drying, warming, skin-to-skin and delayed bathing) Hygienic cord and skin care Early initiation, exclusive breastfeeding</td><td align="left">Evidence: Low to moderate Recommendation: Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Neonatal resuscitation for babies who do not breathe at birth</td><td align="left">Evidence: Low to moderate Recommendation: Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Extra Care For Small Babies</bold></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Kangaroo Mother Care for small babies (birthweight <2,000 g) Extra support for feeding</td><td align="left">Evidence: Moderate to high<break></break>Recommendation: Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Care For Preterm Babies With Complications</bold></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Case management of babies with signs of infection Safe oxygen management and supportive care for RDS Case management of babies with significant jaundice</td><td align="left">Evidence: Moderate to high* Recommendation: Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Hospital care of preterm babies with RDS including if appropriate, CPAP and/or surfactant</td><td align="left">Evidence: Moderate to high*<break></break>Recommendation: Strong</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Intensive neonatal care</td><td align="left">Evidence: High*<break></break>Recommendation: Strong</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>] adapted from The Healthy newborn: A reference guide for program managers (Lawn et al., 2001) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>], and PMNCH essential Interventions (PMNCH, 2011) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>] using WHO guidelines, LiST, Cochrane and other reviews, with detailed references in text. *Note that the evidence is mostly from high-income countries and more context specific research required in middleand low-income settings.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Recognition of small babies and distinguishing which ones are preterm are essential first steps in prioritising care for the highest risk babies. First trimester ultrasound assessment is the most accurate measure, but this is not available for most of the world's pregnant women [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>]. Other options include Last Menstrual Period, using birthweight as a surrogate or assessment of the baby to estimate gestational age (e.g., Dubowitz or other simpler scoring methods). The highest-risk babies are those that are both preterm and growth restricted.</p></sec><sec><title>Package 1: Essential and extra newborn care</title><p>Care at birth from a skilled provider is crucial for both women and babies and all providers should have the competencies to care for both mother and baby, ensuring that mother and baby are not separated unnecessarily, promoting warmth, early and exclusive breastfeeding, cleanliness and resuscitation if required [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]. These practices are essential for full-term babies, but for premature babies, missing or delaying any of this care can rapidly lead to deterioration and death. For all babies at birth, minutes count.</p><sec><title>Thermal care</title><p>Simple methods to maintain a baby's temperature after birth include drying and wrapping, increased environmental temperature, covering the baby's head (e.g., with a knitted cap), skin-to-skin contact with the mother and covering both with a blanket [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Delaying the first bath is promoted, but there is a lack of evidence as to how long to delay, especially if the bath can be warm and in a warm room [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>]. Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) has proven effect on mortality for babies <2,000 g and is discussed below. Equipment-dependent warming techniques include warming pads or warm cots, and radiant heaters or incubators; however, these require additional nursing skills and careful monitoring [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>]. Sleeping bags lack evidence for comparison with skin-to-skin care or of large-scale implementation. There are several trials suggesting benefit for plastic wrappings but, to date, these have been tested only for extremely premature babies in neonatal intensive care units [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Feeding support</title><p>At the start of the 20th century, Pierre Budin, a French obstetrician, led the world in focusing on the care of "weaklings," as premature babies were known then. He promoted simple care - warmth, breastfeeding and cleanliness. However, by the middle of the 20th century, formula milk was widely used and the standard text books said that premature babies should not be fed for the first few days. After 1960, the resurgence of attention and support for feeding of premature babies was an important factor in reducing deaths before the advent of intensive care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>].</p><p>Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth has been shown to reduce neonatal mortality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>]. Premature babies benefit from breast milk nutritionally, immunologically and developmentally [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>]. The short-term and long-term benefits compared with formula feeding are well established with lower incidence of infection and necrotising enterocolitis and improved neuro-developmental outcome [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>]. Most premature babies require extra support for feeding with a cup, spoon or another device such as gastric tubes (either oral or nasal) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>]. In addition, the mother requires support for expressing milk. Where this is not possible, donor milk is recommended [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>]. In populations with high HIV prevalence, feasible solutions for pasteurisation are critical. Milk-banking services are common in many countries and must be monitored for quality and infection prevention. Extremely preterm babies under about 1,000 g and babies who are very unwell may require intravenous fluids or even total parenteral nutrition, but this requires meticulous attention to volume and flow rates. Routine supplementation of human milk given to premature babies is not currently recommended by WHO. WHO does recommend supplementation with vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus and iron for very low birthweight babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>] and vitamin K at birth for low birthweight babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Infection prevention</title><p>Clean birth practices reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity from infection-related causes, including tetanus [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>]. Premature babies have a higher risk of bacterial sepsis. Hand cleansing is especially critical in neonatal care units. However basic hygienic practices such as hand washing and maintaining a clean environment are well known but poorly done. Unnecessary separation from the mother or sharing of incubators should be avoided as these practices increase spread of infections. For the poorest families giving birth at home, the use of clean birth kits and improved practices have been shown to reduce mortality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>]. Cluster trials of participatory learning through women's groups have shown large reductions in both maternal and neonatal mortality, with increased handwashing by birth attendants and increased use of clean delivery kits [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>].</p><p>Recent cluster-randomised trials have shown some benefit from chlorhexidine topical application to the baby's cord and no identified adverse effects. To date, about half of trials have shown a significant neonatal mortality effect especially for premature babies and particularly with early application, which may be challenging for home births [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref>]. Another possible benefit of chlorhexidine is a behaviour change agent -- in many cultures around the world, something is applied to the cord and a policy of chlorhexidine application may accelerate change by substituting a harmful substance for a helpful one.</p><p>The skin of premature babies is more vulnerable, and is not protected by vernix like a term baby's. Topical application of emollient ointment such as sunflower oil or Aquaphor™ reduces water loss, dermatitis and risk of sepsis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref>] and has been shown to reduce mortality for preterm babies in hospital-based trials in Egypt and Bangladesh [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref>]. Three trials are now testing the effect of emollients in community settings in South Asia, but as yet there are none being conducted in Africa [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>]. This is a potentially scaleable, simple approach to save lives even where most births are at home.</p><p>Another effective and low cost intervention is appropriate timing for clamping of the umbilical cord, waiting 2-3 minutes or until the cord stops pulsating, whilst keeping the baby below the level of the placenta. For preterm babies this reduces the risk of intracranial bleeding and need for blood transfusions as well as later anemia. Yet this intervention has received limited attention [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref>]. Possible tension between delayed cord clamping and active management of the 3rd stage of labour with controlled cord traction has been debated, but the Cochrane review and also recent-evidence statements by obstetric societies support delayed cord clamping for several minutes in all uncomplicated births [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Package 2: Neonatal resuscitation</title><p>Between 5 to 10% of all newborns and a greater percentage of premature babies require assistance to begin breathing at birth [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>]. Basic resuscitation through use of a bag-and-mask or mouth-to-mask (tube and mask) will save four out of every five babies who need resuscitation; more complex procedures, such as endotracheal intubation, are required only for a minority of babies who do not breathe at birth and who are also likely to need ongoing ventilation. Recent randomised control trials support the fact that in most cases assisted ventilation with room air is equivalent to using oxygen, and unnecessary oxygen has additional risks [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref>]. Expert opinion suggests that basic resuscitation for preterm births reduces mortality by about 10% in addition to immediate assessment and stimulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref>]. An education program entitled Helping Babies Breathe has been developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and partners for promotion of basic neonatal resuscitation at lower levels of the health system in low-resource settings and is currently being scaled up in over 30 lowincome countries and promises potential improvements for premature babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref>]. Whether communitybased resuscitation training will reduce neonatal mortality is much less certain [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Package 3: Kangaroo Mother Care</title><p>KMC was developed in the 1970s by a Colombian paediatrician, Edgar Rey, who sought a solution to incubator shortages, high infection rates and abandonment among preterm births in his hospital [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref>]. The premature baby is put in early, prolonged and continuous direct skin-to-skin contact with her mother or another family member to provide stable warmth and to encourage frequent and exclusive breastfeeding. A systematic review and metaanalysis of several randomised control trials found that KMC is associated with a 51% reduction in neonatal mortality for stable babies weighing <2,000 g if started in the first week, compared to incubator care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>]. These trials all considered facility-based KMC practice where feeding support was available. An updated Cochrane review also reported a 40% reduction in risk of post-discharge mortality, about a 60% reduction in neonatal infections and an almost 80% reduction in hypothermia. Other benefits included increased breastfeeding, weight gain, mother-baby bonding and developmental outcomes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref>]. In addition to being more parent and baby friendly, KMC is more health-system friendly by reducing hospital stay and nursing load and therefore giving cost savings [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref>]. KMC was endorsed by the WHO in 2003 when it developed a program implementation guide [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref>]. Some studies and program protocols have a lower weight limit for KMC, e.g., not below 800 g, but in contexts where no intensive care is available, some babies under 800 g do survive with KMC and more research is required before setting a lower cut off. Despite the evidence of its cost effectiveness, KMC is underutilised although it is a rare example of a medical innovation moving from the Southern hemisphere, with recent rapid uptake in neonatal intensive care units in Europe [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Package 4: Special care of premature babies and phased scale up of neonatal intensive care</title><p>Moderately-premature babies without complications can be cared for with their mothers on normal postnatal wards or at home, but babies under 32 weeks gestation are at greater risk of developing complications and will usually require hospital admission. Fewer babies are born under 28 weeks of gestation and most of these will require intensive care.</p></sec><sec><title>Care of babies with signs of infection</title><p>Improved care involves early detection of such danger signs and rapid treatment of infection, while maintaining breastfeeding if possible [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref>]. Identification is complicated by the fact that ill premature babies may have a low temperature, rather than fever. First level management of danger signs in newborns has relatively recently been added to Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref>]. WHO recommends that all babies with danger signs be referred to a hospital. Where referral is not possible, then treatment at the primary care centre can be lifesaving.</p></sec><sec><title>Care of babies with jaundice</title><p>Premature babies are at increased risk of jaundice as well as infection, and these may occur together compounding risks for death and disability [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>]. Since severe jaundice often peaks around day 3, the baby may be at home by then. Implementation of a systematic predischarge check of women and their babies would be an opportunity to prevent complications or increase careseeking, advising mothers on common problems, basic home care and when to refer their baby to a professional.</p></sec><sec><title>Babies with Respiratory Distress Syndrome</title><p>For premature babies with RDS, methods for administering oxygen include nasal prongs, or nasal catheters. Safe oxygen management is crucial and any baby on continuous oxygen therapy should be monitored with a pulse oximeter [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref>].</p><p>The basis of neonatal care of very premature babies since the 1990s was assisted ventilation. However, reducing severity of RDS due to greater use of antenatal corticosteroids and increasing concerns about lung damage prompted a shift to less intensive respiratory support, notably CPAP, commonly using nasal prongs to deliver pressurised, humidified, warmed gas (air and/or oxygen) to reduce lung and alveoli collapse [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref>]. This model of lower intensity may be feasible for wider use in middle-income countries and for some low-income countries that have referral settings with stronger systems of support such as high-staffing, 24-hour laboratories.</p><p>Recent trials have demonstrated that CPAP reduces the need for positive pressure ventilation of babies less than 28 weeks gestation, and the need for transfer of babies under 32 weeks gestation to neonatal intensive care units [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B75">75</xref>]. One very small trial in South Africa comparing CPAP with no ventilation among babies who were refused admission to neonatal intensive care units found CPAP reduced deaths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B76">76</xref>]. In Malawi, a CPAP device developed for low-resource settings is being trialed in babies with respiratory distress who weigh over 1,000 g [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref>]. Early results show 67% of babies on CPAP survived compared to 24% without CPAP but on oxygen [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref>]. An important outcome will be to assess the nursing time required and costs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref>].</p><p>Increasing use of CPAP without regulation is a concern. Many devices are in the "homemade" category; several low-cost bubble CPAP devices are being developed specifically for low-income countries but need to be tested for durability, reliability and safety [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref>]. CPAP-assisted ventilation requires adequate medical and nursing skill to apply and deliver safely and effectively, and also requires other supportive equipment such as an oxygen source, oxygen-monitoring device and suction machine.</p><p>Surfactant is administered to premature babies' lungs to replace the missing natural surfactant, which is one of the reasons babies develop RDS. The first trials in the 1980s demonstrated mortality reduction in comparison to ventilation alone, but it was 2008 before surfactant was added to the WHO Essential Medicine list [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref>]. Uptake is limited in middleand especially low-income countries as the current products can only be feasibly administered in a well-equipped and staffed hospital that can intubate babies. The cost also remains a significant barrier. In India, surfactant costs up to $600 for a dose [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>]. Data from India and South Africa suggest that surfactant therapy is restricted to use in babies with potential for better survival, usually over 28 weeks gestation due to its high price [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref>]. Costs may be reduced by synthetic generics and simplified administration, for example with an aerosolised delivery system, but before wide uptake is recommended, studies should assess the additional lives saved by surfactant once antenatal corticosteroids and CPAP are used.</p></sec></sec><sec><title>Evidence limitations</title><p>Most published trials come from high-income countries where care for premature babies assumes the presence of neonatal intensive care, and large multi-site trials often examine the incremental effect of a specific change in care. Few rigorous trials are undertaken in lower-income settings where severe morbidity and fatal outcomes are common, contextual challenges may be critical and the counterfactual or control group should really be women or neonates receiving no care at all as this is the real question for policymakers. For example, in the KMC RCTs the control group was those receiving routine incubator care, which may dilute the impact measured compared to a counterfactual of no care. Ironically, more of the large recently funded rigorous trials are community-based, such as those assessing chlorhexidine and emollients [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>], and there is an urgent need for more facility-based research addressing quality of care and including cost analyses.</p><p>There were a number of interventions considered in a systematic review of essential interventions that are used in high-income settings for premature babies but were not included in the global recommendations for scale up due to lack of context-specific evidence on cost effectiveness-for example, caffeine citrate to reduce the risk of apnea of prematurity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref>]. Thus, more evidence from low-income settings is required particularly with respect to context-specific adaptation and associated implementation realities.</p></sec><sec><title>Program opportunities for scale up of care</title><p>National coverage data for many of the evidence-based interventions for premature babies are lacking even in high-income settings, hence it is difficult to assess the global situation for care of premature babies or indeed for several important newborn care interventions (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>).</p><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p><bold>Missed opportunities to reach preterm babies with essential interventions, median for Countdown to 2015 priority countries</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]. Data sources: Adapted (Kinney et al., 2010) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref>] using data from UNICEF Global Databases (UNICEF, 2012) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref>] based on Demographic Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and other national surveys, neonatal resuscitation from LiST [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-4"></graphic></fig><p>For the 50 million home births without skilled care, the poorest women in the poorest countries, a major care gap is obvious. In sub-Saharan Africa, more than half of home births are alone, with no attendant [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref>]. In South Asia, around one-third of home births are without traditional birth attendants. In these instances, the primary caregivers of babies are their mothers and their families. Ensuring that women and communities are informed about healthy home care and enabled to care for their newborns and especially their preterm babies in the best possible way is critical. Women's groups which offer peer counselling and community mobilisation have been shown to have a significant effect on maternal and neonatal mortality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref>].</p><p>The increasing pace of policy and program change for home-visit packages during pregnancy and after birth provides an opportunity to empower women to have a better outcome themselves and for their babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref>]. An early postnatal visit (within two days of birth) is one of only seven coverage indicators along the continuum of care selected by the United Nations Commission on Information and Accountability and tracked by Countdown to 2015 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]. In the 75 Countdown to 2015 priority countries, only 1 in 3 women and babies have an early postnatal visit -- the lowest of the seven indicators. This early visit is critical for survival and health and an important opportunity to identify preterm babies. Novel methods for identification of premature babies include community health workers using foot size to identify those babies and then providing extra visits, breastfeeding support and referral to a facility if needed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref>].</p><p>As well as gaps in coverage of crucial interventions for women and babies, there are equity gaps between rich and poor, public and private health sectors, provinces and districts and among rural, urban and peri-urban populations. Complex, facility-based interventions tend to have a higher level of inequity than simpler interventions that can be delivered closer to home [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref>]. For example, there is low inequity for immunisation and antenatal care, while higher disparities exist for skilled attendance coverage [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>]. Among the 54 of 75 Countdown to 2015 priority countries with equity data, birth in a health facility is more than twice as likely for a richer family compared to a poorer family [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref>].</p><p>Many African and most South Asian countries are experiencing increases in health facility births, some very rapidly [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref>]. However, the quality of care has not kept pace with coverage, leaving a quality gap but also giving cost-effective opportunities for lifesaving care for women and babies who are reachable in health facilities. For example, midwives are skilled and equipped to provide essential newborn care and resuscitation if needed. However, often key commodities or attention to infection prevention are lacking. Perinatal audit data and process can be a powerful tool for improving quality of care and can also be collated and used for national or subnational improvement of care [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref>].</p><p>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref> shows the coverage and quality gaps for premature baby care in the Countdown to 2015 priority countries, highlighting the data gaps. With just over 50% of all births taking place in health facilities, essential newborn care could be provided for all those babies. Yet data show even the apparently simple practices of hand cleansing and warmth in the labour room are poorly done around the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref>]. Early initiation of breastfeeding is tracked by national household surveys but the practices for premature babies and duration of breastfeeding for preterm babies is not known at national level.</p><p>Neonatal resuscitation scale up is benefitting from recent innovation in technology and from public-private partnerships [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref>] and also more attention since being listed as one of the 13 priorities for the United Nations Commission on Life Saving Commodities for Women and Children [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref>]. However, data from Service Provision Assessment surveys suggested that under half of all skilled birth attendants had resuscitation skills and/or the correct equipment in terms of bag-and-mask (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref>].</p><p>KMC, despite being established for more than 20 years, has had limited scale up (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>). It is currently implemented on a large scale in only a few countries such as Colombia, Brazil and South Africa. There has also been rapid uptake in neonatal intensive care units in highincome countries, including for ventilated babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref>]. Systematic scale up of KMC is making progress in some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia including Malawi [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>], Tanzania, Rwanda, Ghana [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref>], Indonesia and Vietnam [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref>]. In other countries, a KMC unit established in one teaching hospital over a decade ago has yet to benefit babies in the rest of the country. Lessons are being learned in overcoming barriers such as lack of knowledge by policy makers and service providers. Countries that are making more rapid progress have a national policy for KMC, a learning site, national champions, and a plan for national implementation. IN addition, they have integrated training along with essential newborn care and resuscitation into pre-service medical and nursing education (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>). KMC can be safely delivered by trained patient attendants under the supervision of nurses, allowing nurses to look after the sickest neonates - a successful example of taskshifting [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref>]. A major impediment to program tracking and accountability is the lack of data for coverage of KMC, although this indicator could feasibly be tested for inclusion in household surveys.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p><bold>Kangaroo Mother Care -what works to accelerate progress towards scale? Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 </bold>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-5"></graphic></fig><p>Quality of service provision requires the availability of people with the right skills (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>) as well as essential equipment and drugs. Indeed, for newborn survival, skilled people are at least as critical as equipment and commodities (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref>]. Shortages of qualified health workers and inadequate training and skills for the care of premature babies are a major reason for poor progress in reducing neonatal deaths [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref>]. Nurses or midwives with skills in critical areas such as resuscitation, KMC, safe oxygen management, and breastfeeding support are the frontline worker for premature babies, yet in the whole of sub-Saharan Africa there are no known neonatal nurse training courses. Urgent systematic attention is required for pre-service and in-service training, non-rotation of nurses with skills in neonatal care, and where appropriate the development of a neonatal nurse cadre, as well as rewarding for those who work against the odds in hard-to-serve areas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>].</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p><bold>The right people for reducing deaths and disability in preterm babies</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-6"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Tools, technologies, and innovations required for the care of preterm babies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Priority packages and interventions</th><th align="left">Current technology/Tools</th><th align="left">Technological innovations required</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><bold>All babies</bold></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Essential newborn care and extra care forpreterm babies<break></break>• Thermal care (drying, warming, skin-to-skin<break></break>and delayed bathing)<break></break>• Early initiation, exclusive breastfeeding<break></break>• Hygienic cord and skin care</td><td align="left">• Protocols for care, training materials and job aids<break></break>• Materials for counselling, health education and health promotion<break></break>• Weighing scales<break></break>• Cord clamp and scissors, clean birth kit if appropriate<break></break>• Vitamin K for LBW babies</td><td align="left">• Generic communications and counselling toolkit for local adaptation<break></break>• Generic, modular training kit for adaptation, novel methods e.g. cell phone prompts<break></break>• Birth kits for frontline workers<break></break>• Chlorhexidine preparations for application to the umbilical cord<break></break>• Simplified approaches to identifying preterm babies such as footsize</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Neonatal resuscitation for babies who do not<break></break>breathe at birth</td><td align="left">• Materials for training and job aids<break></break>• Training manikins<break></break>• Newborn resuscitation devices (bag-and-mask)<break></break>• Suction devices<break></break>• Resuscitation stations with overhead heater<break></break>• Clock with large face and second hand</td><td align="left">• Wide scale novel logistics systems to increase availability of devices for basic resuscitation and training manikins<break></break>• Additional innovation for resuscitation devices (e.g. upright bag-and-mask, adaptable, lower cost resuscitation stations)</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><bold>Preterm babies</bold></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Kangaroo mother care for small babies(birthweight <2,000 g)</td><td align="left">• Cloth or wrap for KMC<break></break>• Baby Hats</td><td align="left">Generic communications and counselling toolkit for local adaptation, Innovation to address cultural, professional barriers<break></break>Generic, modular training kit and job aids for local adaptation</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Care of preterm babies with complications including:<break></break>• Extra support for feeding preterm and small babies<break></break>• Case management of babies with signs of infection<break></break>• Safe oxygen management and supportive care for RDS<break></break>• Case management of babies with significant jaundice<break></break>• Managing seizures</td><td align="left">• Nasogastric tubes, feeding cups, breast milkpumps<break></break>• Blood sugar testing sticks<break></break>• IV fluids including glucose and more accurate giving sets<break></break>• Syringe drivers<break></break>• Injection antibiotics, 1 cc syringes/27G needles, preloaded syringes<break></break>• Oxygen supply/concentrators<break></break>• Nasal prongs, headboxes, other O2 delivery systems<break></break>• Pulse oximeters to assess blood oxygen levels with reusable cleanable neonatal probes.<break></break>• Bilirubinometers (table top and transcutaneous)<break></break>• Phototherapy lamps and eye shades<break></break>• Exchange transfusion kits<break></break>• Hot cots, overhead heaters</td><td align="left">Lower-cost and more robust versions of:<break></break>• Blood sugar testing for babies on low volume samples, heel pricks<break></break>• Oxygen condensers, including portable options<break></break>• Pulse oximeters and robust probes, including with alternative power options<break></break>• Syringe drivers able to take a range of syringes<break></break>• Bilirubin testing devices including lower cost transcutaneous devices<break></break>• Haemoglobin and blood grouping, Rhesus Point of Care<break></break>• Point of care for C-reactive protein/procalcitonin<break></break>• Apnoea alarm<break></break>• Phototherapy devices such as portable "bilibed" to provide both phototherapy treatment and heat</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Neonatal intensive care</td><td align="left">• Continuous Positive Air Pressure (CPAP) devices with standardised safety features</td><td align="left">• Lower-cost robust CPAP equipment with standardised settings<break></break>• Neonatal intensive care context specific "kits", e.g., district hospital with ongoing support for quality use and for equipment maintenance<break></break>• Surfactant as more stable, lower cost preparations</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]. Note this table refers to care after the baby is born so does not include other essential tools and technologies such as antenatal steroids, or critical commodities for the woman Data sources: (East Meets West; WHO et al., 2003; Lawn et al., 2006; 2009a; PMNCH, 2011) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B127">127</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref>].</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>While most premature babies are born just a few weeks early and can be saved with the right people and simple care, for more extreme premature babies, additional skills, equipment and commodities are critical, ranging from bagand-mask and controlled IV fluid-giving sets, to CPAP and surfactant (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">3</xref>). A premature baby suffering from RDS requires oxygen and safe monitoring of oxygen saturation levels with a pulse oximeter -- however, this equipment is often unavailable. Likewise, prevention of hearing impairment for premature babies being treated for infection with gentamicin requires dose titration and, ideally, laboratory monitoring of gentamicin levels, which is often unavailable. The UN Commission on Life-saving Commodities for Women and Children has prioritized high-impact, neglected commodities, and these include several for the care of premature babies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref>] (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T4">4</xref>).</p><table-wrap id="T4" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>High impact, low cost interventions to save newborns.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Intervention</th><th align="left">Lives saved</th><th align="left">Cost</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Case management of neonatal sepsis*</td><td align="left">~500,000</td><td align="left">$0.13 $2.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chlorhexidine umbilical cord cleaning*</td><td align="left"><italic>Cannot estimate in LiST</italic></td><td align="left">$0.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Neonatal resuscitation*</td><td align="left">~230,000</td><td align="left">~$0.50 - $10.00</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Antenatal corticosteroids for preterm labour*</td><td align="left">~430,000</td><td align="left">~$0.60</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Kangaroo Mother Care</td><td align="left">~450,000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>* Prioritised by the UN Commission on Life Saving Commodities for Women and Children</p><p>Source: interventions marked with* (Save the Children, 2013) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B133">133</xref>]; Kangaroo Mother Care analysis (Lawn et al. 2013) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>].</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Addressing newborn care in district hospitals is a key priority for improving newborn survival and health. In most countries, district hospitals are understaffed and poorly resourced compared to teaching hospitals. Design and implementation of context-specific hospital newborn care packages is critical, especially as more births occur in facilities, also with referral transport and communications linkages between home and hospital. Newborn units at this level should aim at providing warmth (using KMC, or radiant warmers), assisted enteral feeding of expressed breast milk (by feeding tube, spoon, 'paladai'), intravenous fluids for sick babies, antibiotics, oxygen, and, if possible, CPAP. There are a number of large-scale examples of improved newborn care in district hospitals including a network in rural Western Kenya [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref>]. In Limpopo, South Africa, a network of more than 30 district hospitals instituted an accreditation scheme and targeted quality improvement with mentor teams [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref>], and in another province, KwaZulu-Natal, a program called Neonatal Experiential Leaning reaches 16 hospitals with standard guidelines, resuscitation workshops, a 2-week neonatal training course, and monthly mentor visits.</p><p>Across several Indian states, peripheral hospitals have developed a dedicated newborn care space ("Newborn corner") including basic equipment, while referral hospitals have upgraded special-care baby units. According to the government's most recent data, there are now 13,219 newborn care corners, 1,574 newborn stabilisation units and 448 special newborn care units. In an attempt to remove financial barrier to neonatal care, India has introduced a program (Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram) that entitles all pregnant women and neonates to free care at public facilities including free drugs and free transport from and to home. An evaluation of the special newborn care units (SNCU) concluded that it is possible to set up and manage quality SNCUs and improve the survival of small and preterm newborns and those with sepsis, although several challenges relating to human resources, maintenance of equipment, and asepsis remain [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref>]. Skilled and motivated nurses are the key to successful neonatal units. Some also have experimented with the use of alternative cadres of ward aides specially trained in newborn care and restricted from rotations to other wards [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref>].</p></sec><sec><title>Priority research for care of the premature newborn</title><p>Although 92% of premature babies are born in low- and middle-income countries and 99% of premature babies in these countries die, to date the vast majority of published research has been conducted in high-income countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref>]. Important health gains are achievable in the short term with delivery or implementation research, prioritising the highest-impact interventions and the most significant constraints to scale up (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref>) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref>]. For preterm birth, there is a major gap in developing, delivering, and testing community-based interventions. A recent systematic exercise ranked 55 potential research questions to address preterm birth and stillbirth at the community level and 29 experts applied a standardised scoring approach developed by the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref>]. The 10 top-ranked questions were all about delivery of interventions and implementation research, notably demand approaches, such as overcoming financial barriers and use of incentives, as well as supply, such as community health workers' tasks and supervision. The need for simplified, validated methods to identify premature babies at community level was ranked second of 55. Since the exercise was focused at community level, equipment and facility-based innovations were not listed but are widely recognised to be of critical importance (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T5">5</xref>). Most equipment is developed for high-income countries and requires development and testing in varying contexts in low- and middle-income countries [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref>]. Discovery research often requires a longer time frame but potentially could have high return, especially with prevention of preterm birth. Description research is also important, especially to address major data gaps for impairment outcomes in low- and middle-income settings and promote more controlled assessment of some interventions, notably the impact of thermal care practices on mortality and morbidity [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T5" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Research priorities for reducing deaths and disability in preterm babies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><bold>Description</bold><break></break>• Standardised, simplified metrics for assessing acute morbidities in premature babies and tools and protocols for comparable follow up of impairment and disability in premature babies<break></break><bold>Discovery</bold><break></break>• Biomarkers of neonatal sepsis<break></break>• Sensitive, specific identification of sepsis in preterm and other newborns<break></break>• Shorter course antibiotics, oral, fewer side effects<break></break>• Stability of oral surfactant<break></break><bold>Development</bold><break></break>• Development of simpler, lower-cost, robust devices (See Table 5.3 for full list)<break></break>• Simplified identification of preterm babies in communities, increased accuracy of GA in facilities<break></break>• Community initiation of Kangaroo Mother Care<break></break><bold>Delivery</bold><break></break>Implementation research to understand and accelerate scaling up of facility based care:<break></break>• KMC, including quality improvement, task shifting<break></break>• Feeding support for preterm babies<break></break>• Infection case management protocols and quality improvement<break></break>• Improved care of RDS, including safe oxygen use protocols and practices<break></break>• Infection prevention<break></break>Implementation research at community level<break></break>• Simplified improved identification for premature babies<break></break>• Referral strategies<break></break>• Feasibility and effect of home care for preterm babies in humanitarian emergencies or where referral is not possible</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec><title>Prescription for action</title><p>The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) in the United Kingdom and the United States was reduced to below 15 per 1,000 live births before neonatal intensive care was widely available, and the largest reduction in NMR from 40 to 15 was related to obstetric care and simpler improvements in individualised newborn care such as warmth, feeding, infection prevention, and case management (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>).</p><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p><bold>The history of neonatal care in the United Kingdom and the United States shows that dramatic declines in neonatal mortality are possible even before neonatal intensive care is scaled up</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>]. Acroynms used: ANCS = antenatal corticosteroids, CPAP = continuous positive airways pressure, NICU = neonatal intensive care, IPPV = intermittent positive pressure ventilation, VLBW = very low birth weight. Data sources: (Smith et al., 1983; NIH, 1985; Baker, 2000; Wegman, 2001; Philip, 2005; Jamison et al., 2006; Lissauer and Fanaroff, 2006; CDC, 2012; Office for National Statistics, 2012) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref>] with thanks to Boston Consulting Group for help with the layout.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-7"></graphic></fig><p>Seven low- and middle-income countries have halved their preterm deaths within a decade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. These countries are Sri Lanka, Turkey, Belarus, Croatia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Oman and China. Some of these countries also had fertility rate reductions, which may have contributed [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref>], but the likely explanation is national focus on improved obstetric and neonatal care, and systematic establishment of referral systems with higher capacity of neonatal care units and staff and equipment helped in some cases by larger national budgets [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Over time, as neonatal care increases in scope, people skills, commodities and equipment become more critical and at a NMR below 15 per 1,000 live births, intensive care plays an increasing role. Hence low- and middle-income countries should be able to halve the risk of their newborns, their most vulnerable citizens, of dying with the right people and the right basic commodities. Yet human resource planning has not addressed this key need, and courses for nurse training in neonatal care are rare in sub-Saharan Africa and much of South Asia. Investing in frontline workers and skills is crucial to overcoming nervousness of many workers when looking after tiny babies, and building their lifesaving skills. A phased approach, for example using KMC as an entry point to show that babies under 1,000g at birth can and do survive and thrive can be a turning point for clinical staff as well as also hospital management.</p><p>Starting from existing program platforms at community level (e.g. home visit packages, women's groups) and at facility level to ensure effective care for all births at health facilities, is cost effective and more likely to show early results. However whilst families remain unreached, for example because of financial barriers to facility birth care, these gaps often mean those most at risk are unreached.</p><p>Action for preterm birth will start from increased visibility and recognition of the size of the problem -- deaths, disability, later chronic disease, parent suffering, and wider economic loss (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T6">6</xref>). In many higher-income countries, visibility is driven by empowered parents, professionals or a synergy of the two (Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8</xref>). Parents of premature babies are both those who experience the greatest pain and those who hold the greatest power for change. Societal mobilisation has made it unacceptable for women to die while giving birth. The voice of women and families in low-income countries is yet to be mobilised for the issue of newborn deaths and stillbirths, and these deaths too often continue to be accepted as the norm despite the existence of highly cost-effective and feasible solutions.</p><table-wrap id="T6" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Actions for reducing deaths and disability in preterm babies.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><bold>Invest and plan</bold><break></break><bold><italic>Assess and advocate for newborn and preterm baby care, mobilise parent power</italic></bold><break></break>• Review existing policies and programs to integrate high-impact care for premature babies<break></break>• Train nurses for newborn care and include skilled personnel for premature baby care in human resource planning for all levels of the health system where babies are cared for<break></break>• Ensure essential equipment and commodities are consistently available<break></break><bold>Implement</bold><break></break><bold><italic>Seize opportunities through other programs including</italic></bold><break></break>For all facility births ensure:<break></break>• immediate essential newborn care and neonatal resuscitation if needed<break></break>• infection prevention and management<break></break>At community level scale up:<break></break>• Pregnancy and postnatal home visits, including behaviour change messages for families, as well as identification, extra care and referral for premature babies,<break></break>• Breastfeeding promotion through home visits, well baby clinics, baby friendly hospital initiative<break></break><bold><italic>Reach high coverage with improved care for premature babies especially</italic></bold><break></break>• Kangaroo Mother Care and improved feeding for small babies<break></break>• Antenatal corticosteroid use<break></break>• Respiratory distress syndrome support, safe oxygen use<break></break>• Audit and quality improvement processes<break></break>• Provide family support<break></break>Where additional capacity consider:<break></break>• Additional neonatal care such as CPAP,<break></break>• Referral level neonatal intensive care, with safeguards to ensure the poor can also access this care<break></break>Careful attention to follow up of premature babies (including extremely premature babies) and early identification of impairment<break></break><bold>Inform and improve program, coverage and quality</bold><break></break>• Improve the data including morbidity follow up and use this in programmatic improvement e.g. gestational specific survival, rates of retinopathy of prematurity etc.<break></break>• Address key gaps in the coverage data especially for Kangaroo Mother Care<break></break><bold>Innovate and undertake research</bold><break></break>• Establish prioritised research agenda with emphasis on implementation<break></break>• Invest in research and in research capacity<break></break>• Conduct multi-country studies of effect, cost and "how to" and disseminate findings linked to action</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref>].</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p><bold>Parents' pain and parents' power</bold>. Source: Born Too Soon, Chapter 5.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-8"></graphic></fig></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusion</title><p>Globally, progress is being made in reducing maternal deaths and child death after the first month of life. Progress for neonatal deaths is slower. Severe neonatal infection deaths may possibly be reduced through "trickle down" from child health programs. Neonatal deaths due to intrapartum complications ("birth asphyxia") are also beginning to decline, although slowly, perhaps related to increased investments in care at birth and maternal health and care. However the over 1 million deaths among premature babies are less likely to be reduced though "trickle down" from other programs, and indeed it was the specific vulnerability and needs of the premature baby that catalyzed the specialty of neonatology. There are simple solutions that will reduce deaths among premature babies immediately for the poorest families at home in the lowest income settings -- for example promotion of early and exclusive breastfeeding, and handwashing, chlorhexidine cord applications and skin-to-skin care. Women's groups and other community mobilisation approaches are key; however, higher-impact care in facilities is also needed, such as KMC, feeding support and KMC and management of infections and respiratory complications and this is dependent on nurses and others with skills in caring for small babies, as well as more innovative technology, and can be phased over time to add increased complexity. Starting with intensive care will fail if simple hygiene, careful attention to feeding and other basic building blocks are not in place. Many countries cannot afford to rapidly scale up neonatal intensive care but no country can afford to delay doing the simple things well for every baby and investing extra attention in survival and health of newborns especially those who are preterm.</p></sec><sec><title>List of abbreviations used</title><p>CPAP: Continuous positive airway pressure; KMC: Kangaroo Mother Care; PMNCH: Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health; RDS: Respiratory distress syndrome; SNCU: Special newborn care units; WHO: World Health Organization.</p></sec><sec><title>Competing interests</title><p>The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest</p></sec><sec><title>Authors' contribution</title><p>The chapter was drafted by JEL with MVK and all other authors reviewed and contributed.</p></sec><sec><title>Funding</title><p>The time of JEL and MVK was funded by a grant from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to Save the Children's Saving Newborn Lives programme. The Born Too Soon report was funded by March of Dimes, the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Save the Children.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary Material</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="S1"><caption><title>Additional file 1</title><p><bold>In line with the journal's open peer review policy, copies of the reviewer reports are included as additional file </bold><xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="S1">1</xref>.</p></caption><media xlink:href="1742-4755-10-S1-S5-S1.doc"><caption><p>Click here for file</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><sec><title>Acknowledgements</title><p>We thank Chris Howson and Rachel Diamond at March of Dimes for assistance with the management of the Born Too Soon report from which this paper is drawn.</p><p>The <italic>Born Too Soon </italic>Preterm Birth Action Group, including Preterm Birth Technical Review Panel and all the report authors (in alphabetical order): José Belizán (chair), Hannah Blencowe, Zulfiqar Bhutta, Sohni Dean, Andres de Francisco, Christopher Howson, Mary Kinney, Mark Klebanoff, Joy Lawn, Silke Mader, Elizabeth Mason (chair), Jeffrey Murray, Pius Okong, Carmencita Padilla, Robert Pattinson, Jennifer Requejo, Craig Rubens, Andrew Serazin, Catherine Spong, Antoinette Tshefu, Rexford Widmer, Khalid Yunis, Nanbert Zhong.</p><p>The authors appreciated inputs from Kate Kerber. Thank you to Megan Bruno for her administrative support. We would like to thank the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for funding the time for Boston Consulting Group.</p><p>This article has been published as part of <italic>Reproductive Health </italic>Volume 10 Supplement 1, 2013: Born too soon. The full contents of the supplement are available online at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/supplements/10/S1">http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/supplements/10/S1</ext-link>.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Oestergaard</surname><given-names>MZ</given-names></name><name><surname>Chou</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Moller</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Narwal</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Adler</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Vera Garcia</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Rohde</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Say</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>2162</fpage><lpage>2172</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22682464</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>Belizan</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Mason</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>McDougall</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Larson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lackritz</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Friberg</surname><given-names>IK</given-names></name><name><surname>Howson</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><article-title>Born Too Soon: Accelerating action for prevention and care of 15 million newborns born too soon</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2013</year><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S6</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625252</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Howson</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><name><surname>Kimmey</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>McDougall</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Born Too Soon: Preterm birth matters</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2013</year><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S1</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625113</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Chou</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Oestergaard</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Say</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Moller</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Born Too Soon: The global epidemiology of 15 million preterm births</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2013</year><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S2</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625129</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Dean</surname><given-names>SV</given-names></name><name><surname>Mason</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Howson</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></name><name><surname>Lassi</surname><given-names>ZS</given-names></name><name><surname>Imam</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><article-title>Born Too Soon: Care before and between pregnancy to prevent preterm births: from evidence to action</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2013</year><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S3</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625189</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Requejo</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Althabe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Merialdi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Keller</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Menon</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Born Too Soon: Care during pregnancy and childbirth to reduce preterm deliveries and improve health outcomes of the preterm baby</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2013</year><volume>10</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S4</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24625215</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Petrou</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Henderson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Bracewell</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hockley</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolke</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Marlow</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><article-title>Pushing the boundaries of viability: the economic impact of extreme preterm birth</article-title><source>Early Hum Dev</source><year>2006</year><volume>82</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>84</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16466865</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Perin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Rudan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Cibulskis</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>2151</fpage><lpage>2161</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22579125</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bahalim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Narwal</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Zhong</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Chou</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Say</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Modi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Preterm birth associated impairment estimates at regional and global level for 2010</article-title><source>Pediatric Research</source><comment>submitted</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Behrman</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Butler</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><article-title>Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention</article-title><source>Committee on Understanding Premature Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes BoHSP ed</source><year>2006</year><publisher-name>Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Marlow</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Wolke</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Bracewell</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Samara</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2005</year><volume>352</volume><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15635108</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Osrin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><article-title>The implications of late-preterm birth for global child survival</article-title><source>International journal of epidemiology</source><year>2010</year><volume>39</volume><fpage>645</fpage><lpage>649</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20466758</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Shapiro-Mendoza</surname><given-names>CK</given-names></name><name><surname>Lackritz</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><article-title>Epidemiology of late and moderate preterm birth</article-title><source>Semin Fetal Neonatal Med</source><year>2012</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><article-title>The effect of antenatal steroids for fetal maturation on perinatal outcomes-interim draft statement</article-title><source>NIH Consens Statement Online</source><year>1994</year><volume>12</volume><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>24</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mwansa-Kambafwile</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Antenatal steroids in preterm labour for the prevention of neonatal deaths due to complications of preterm birth</article-title><source>Int J Epidemiol</source><year>2010</year><volume>39</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>i122</fpage><lpage>133</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20348115</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Dalziel</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth</article-title><source>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</source><year>2006</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>CD004454</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16856047</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Althabe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Belizan</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Mazzoni</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Berrueta</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Hemingway-Foday</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>KosoThomas</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>McClure</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Chomba</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Garces</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Goudar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Antenatal corticosteroids trial in preterm births to increase neonatal survival in developing countries: study protocol</article-title><source>Reprod Health</source><year>2012</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>22</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22992312</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>De Paoli</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><name><surname>Morley</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name><article-title>Nasal CPAP for neonates: what do we know in 2003?</article-title><source>Archives of disease in childhood Fetal and neonatal edition</source><year>2003</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>F168</fpage><lpage>172</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12719386</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Sola</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Saldeno</surname><given-names>YP</given-names></name><name><surname>Favareto</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><article-title>Clinical practices in neonatal oxygenation: where have we failed? What can we do?</article-title><source>Journal of perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association</source><year>2008</year><issue>28 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S28</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18446174</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Symington</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Pinelli</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants</article-title><source>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</source><year>2003</year><fpage>CD001814</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14583939</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Yakoob</surname><given-names>MY</given-names></name><name><surname>Haws</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></name><name><surname>Soomro</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><article-title>3.2 million stillbirths: epidemiology and overview of the evidence review</article-title><source>BMC Pregnancy Childbirth</source><year>2009</year><volume>9</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S2</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19426465</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mwaniki</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Atieno</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Newton</surname><given-names>CR</given-names></name><article-title>Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>452</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22244654</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Eckstein</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>O'Sullivan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Foster</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Retinopathy of prematurity in middle-income countries</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>1997</year><volume>350</volume><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9217713</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Retinopathy of prematurity: a global perspective of the epidemics, population of babies at risk and implications for control</article-title><source>Early Hum Dev</source><year>2008</year><volume>84</volume><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18234457</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>PMNCH</collab><source>A Global Review of the Key Interventions Related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH)</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva, Switzerland: The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn & Child Health</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Essential newborn care training course</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>McCall</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Alderdice</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Halliday</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Jenkins</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Vohra</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birthweight babies</article-title><source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source><year>2005</year><fpage>CD004210</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15674932</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>Who</collab><article-title>Thermal protection of the newborn: A practical guide</article-title><source>Geneva: WHO</source><year>1997</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Penny-MacGillivray</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><article-title>A newborn's first bath: when?</article-title><source>J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs</source><year>1996</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>481</fpage><lpage>487</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Duman</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Utkutan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumral</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Koroglu</surname><given-names>TF</given-names></name><name><surname>Ozkan</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><article-title>Polyethylene skin wrapping accelerates recovery from hypothermia in very low-birthweight infants</article-title><source>Pediatr Int</source><year>2006</year><volume>48</volume><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16490066</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Greer</surname><given-names>FR</given-names></name><article-title>Feeding the premature infant in the 20th century</article-title><source>The Journal of nutrition</source><year>2001</year><volume>131</volume><fpage>426S</fpage><lpage>430S</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11160573</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Dewey</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Giugliani</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Haider</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirkwood</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Sachdev</surname><given-names>HP</given-names></name><name><surname>Shekar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2008</year><volume>371</volume><fpage>417</fpage><lpage>440</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18206226</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Edmond</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Zandoh</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Quigley</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>menga-Etego</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Owusu-Agyei</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirkwood</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><article-title>Delayed breastfeeding initiation increases risk of neonatal mortality</article-title><source>Pediatrics</source><year>2006</year><volume>117</volume><fpage>e380</fpage><lpage>e386</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16510618</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mullany</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></name><name><surname>Khatry</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>LeClerq</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Tielsch</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><article-title>Breast-feeding patterns, time to initiation, and mortality risk among newborns in southern Nepal</article-title><source>The Journal of nutrition</source><year>2008</year><volume>138</volume><fpage>599</fpage><lpage>603</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18287373</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Callen</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Pinelli</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>A review of the literature examining the benefits and challenges, incidence and duration, and barriers to breastfeeding in preterm infants</article-title><source>Adv Neonatal Care</source><year>2005</year><volume>5</volume><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><comment>quiz 89-92</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15806448</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Edmond</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Kirkwood</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></name><name><surname>Amenga-Etego</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Owusu-Agyei</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Hurt</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><article-title>Effect of early infant feeding practices on infection-specific neonatal mortality: an investigation of the causal links with observational data from rural Ghana</article-title><source>Am J Clin Nutr</source><year>2007</year><volume>86</volume><fpage>1126</fpage><lpage>1131</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17921392</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hurst</surname><given-names>NM</given-names></name><article-title>The 3 M's of breast-feeding the preterm infant</article-title><source>J Perinat Neonatal Nurs</source><year>2007</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>234</fpage><lpage>239</lpage><comment>quiz 240-231</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17700100</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Guidelines on optimal feeding of low birth weight infants in low and middle income countries</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>McCarthy</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ross</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></name><source>The Healthy newborn: A reference guide for program managers</source><year>2001</year><publisher-name>CDC and CARE, Atlanta, Georgia</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, The World Bank Group</collab><source>Managing newborn problems: a guide for doctors, nurses and midwives</source><year>2003</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Recommendations for management of common childhood conditions: Evidence for technical update of pocket book recommendations</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mullany</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Wall</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Clean birth and postnatal care practices to reduce neonatal deaths from sepsis and tetanus: a systematic review and Delphi estimation of mortality effect</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><issue>Suppl 3</issue><fpage>S11</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21501428</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Seward</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Osrin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Costello</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Pulkki-Brannstrom</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Houweling</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Morrison</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Nair</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Tripathy</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Azad</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Association between Clean Delivery Kit Use, Clean Delivery Practices, and Neonatal Survival: Pooled Analysis of Data from Three Sites in South Asia</article-title><source>PLoS medicine</source><year>2012</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>e1001180</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22389634</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Prost</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Colbourn</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Seward</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Azad</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Coomarasamy</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Copas</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Houweling</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Fottrell</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Kuddus</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Lewycka</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Women's groups practicing participatory learning and action to improve maternal and newborn health in low-resource settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2013</year><volume>381</volume><fpage>1736</fpage><lpage>1746</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23683640</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Arifeen</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name><name><surname>Mullany</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Shah</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Mannan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Talukder</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name><name><surname>Begum</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Kabir</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Santosham</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>The effect of cord cleansing with chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality in rural Bangladesh: a community-based, cluster-randomised trial</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>1022</fpage><lpage>1028</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22322124</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Soofi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Imdad</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutto</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Ali</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><article-title>Topical application of chlorhexidine to neonatal umbilical cords for prevention of omphalitis and neonatal mortality in a rural district of Pakistan: a community-based, cluster-randomised trial</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>1029</fpage><lpage>1036</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22322126</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Tielsch</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Mullany</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name><name><surname>Khatry</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Katz</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>LeClerq</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></name><name><surname>Shrestha</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Adhikari</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Impact of newborn skin-cleansing with chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality in southern Nepal: a community-based, cluster-randomized trial</article-title><source>Pediatrics</source><year>2007</year><volume>119</volume><fpage>e330</fpage><lpage>340</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17210728</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Soll</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Edwards</surname><given-names>WH</given-names></name><article-title>Emollient ointment for preventing infection in preterm infants</article-title><source>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</source><year>2000</year><fpage>CD001150</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10796254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Badrawi</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Law</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bashir</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Iskander</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Al Said</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>El Kholy</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Husein</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Alam</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Topically applied sunflower seed oil prevents invasive bacterial infections in preterm infants in Egypt: a randomized, controlled clinical trial</article-title><source>Pediatr Infect Dis J</source><year>2004</year><volume>23</volume><fpage>719</fpage><lpage>725</lpage><comment>719-725</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15295221</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Saha</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Chowdhury</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Islam</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Law</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Effect of topical emollient treatment of preterm neonates in Bangladesh on invasion of pathogens into the bloodstream</article-title><source>Pediatr Res</source><year>2007</year><volume>61</volume><fpage>588</fpage><lpage>593</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17413870</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Duffy</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferguson</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><article-title>Opportunities for Improving, Adapting and Introducing Emollient Therapy and Improved Newborn Skin Care Practices in Africa</article-title><source>J Trop Pediatr</source><year>2011</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>McDonald</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Middleton</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><article-title>Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes</article-title><source>Cochrane database of systematic reviews</source><year>2008</year><fpage>CD004074</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18425897</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Leduc</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Senikas</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Lalonde</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></name><name><surname>Ballerman</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Biringer</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Delaney</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Duperron</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Girard</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>LS</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Active management of the third stage of labour: prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage</article-title><source>Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada: JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada: JOGC</source><year>2009</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>980</fpage><lpage>993</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wall</surname><given-names>SN</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Niermeyer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>English</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Keenan</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlo</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bang</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Narayanan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Ariawan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Neonatal resuscitation in low-resource settings: what, who, and how to overcome challenges to scale up?</article-title><source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2009</year><volume>107</volume><issue>Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S47</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><comment>S63-44</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19815203</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Saugstad</surname><given-names>OD</given-names></name><name><surname>Ramji</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Vento</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Oxygen for newborn resuscitation: how much is enough?</article-title><source>Pediatrics</source><year>2006</year><volume>118</volume><fpage>789</fpage><lpage>792</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16882835</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Wall</surname><given-names>SN</given-names></name><name><surname>Niermeyer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlo</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Keenan</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Gill</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Neonatal resuscitation and immediate newborn assessment and stimulation for the prevention of neonatal deaths: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Delphi estimation of mortality effect</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><issue>Suppl 3</issue><fpage>S12</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21501429</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Basic Newborn Resuscitation: a practical guide</source><year>1997</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kattwinkel</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Perlman</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Aziz</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Colby</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Fairchild</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Gallagher</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Hazinski</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></name><name><surname>Halamek</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Little</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Neonatal resuscitation: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care</article-title><source>Pediatrics</source><year>2010</year><volume>126</volume><fpage>e1400</fpage><lpage>1413</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20956432</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Singhal</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Lockyer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Fidler</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Keenan</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Little</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bucher</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Qadir</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Niermeyer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Helping Babies Breathe: global neonatal resuscitation program development and formative educational evaluation</article-title><source>Resuscitation</source><year>2012</year><volume>83</volume><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21763669</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carlo</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Goudar</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Jehan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Chomba</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Tshefu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Garces</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Parida</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Althabe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>McClure</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Derman</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Newborn-care training and perinatal mortality in developing countries</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>362</volume><fpage>614</fpage><lpage>623</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20164485</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carlo</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Goudar</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></name><name><surname>Jehan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Chomba</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Tshefu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Garces</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Parida</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Althabe</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>McClure</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name><name><surname>Derman</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>High mortality rates for very low birth weight infants in developing countries despite training</article-title><source>Pediatrics</source><year>2010</year><volume>126</volume><fpage>e1072</fpage><lpage>1080</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20937655</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Charpak</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Ruiz</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name><name><surname>Zupan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Cattaneo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Figueroa</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Tessier</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Cristo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Ludington</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendoza</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Kangaroo Mother Care: 25 years after</article-title><source>Acta Paediatr</source><year>2005</year><volume>94</volume><fpage>514</fpage><lpage>522</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16188735</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Rey</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Martinez</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><article-title>Manejio racional del Nino Prematuro</article-title><source>Medicina Fetal</source><year>1983</year><publisher-name>Bogota, Colombia: Universidad Nacional, Cursode</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Mwansa-Kambafwile</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Horta</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name><name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>FC</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>'Kangaroo mother care' to prevent neonatal deaths due to preterm birth complications</article-title><source>Internal Journal of Epidemiology</source><year>2010</year><fpage>i1</fpage><lpage>i10</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Conde-Agudelo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Belizan</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Diaz-Rossello</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants</article-title><source>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</source><year>2011</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>CD002771</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21412879</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Quintero-Romero</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cattaneo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Feasibility, acceptability and cost of kangaroo mother care in Recife, Brazil</article-title><source>Ann Trop Paediatr</source><year>2000</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10824209</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Who</collab><source>Kangaroo mother care: a practical guide</source><year>2003</year><publisher-name>Geneva: WHO</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Handbook IMCI: integrated management of childhood illness</source><year>2005</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>Pocket book of hospital care for children: Guidelines of the management of common illnesses with limited resources</source><year>2007</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>The Young Infants Clinical Signs Study Group</collab><article-title>Clinical signs that predict severe illness in children under age 2 months: a multicentre study</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2008</year><volume>371</volume><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>142</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18191685</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Duke</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Subhi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Peel</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Frey</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><article-title>Pulse oximetry: technology to reduce child mortality in developing countries</article-title><source>Annals of tropical paediatrics</source><year>2009</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>165</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19689857</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sankar</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Sankar</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><name><surname>Deorari</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><article-title>Protocol for administering continuous positive airway pressure in neonates</article-title><source>Indian journal of pediatrics</source><year>2008</year><volume>75</volume><fpage>471</fpage><lpage>478</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18537009</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Finer</surname><given-names>NN</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlo</surname><given-names>WA</given-names></name><name><surname>Walsh</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Rich</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Gantz</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name><name><surname>Laptook</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Yoder</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Faix</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></name><name><surname>Das</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Poole</surname><given-names>WK</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Early CPAP versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>362</volume><fpage>1970</fpage><lpage>1979</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20472939</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gittermann</surname><given-names>MK</given-names></name><name><surname>Fusch</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Gittermann</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name><name><surname>Regazzoni</surname><given-names>BM</given-names></name><name><surname>Moessinger</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><article-title>Early nasal continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces the need for intubation in very low birth weight infants</article-title><source>Eur J Pediatr</source><year>1997</year><volume>156</volume><fpage>384</fpage><lpage>388</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9177982</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Morley</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>PG</given-names></name><name><surname>Doyle</surname><given-names>LW</given-names></name><name><surname>Brion</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name><name><surname>Hascoet</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Carlin</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></name><article-title>Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants</article-title><source>N Engl J Med</source><year>2008</year><volume>358</volume><fpage>700</fpage><lpage>708</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18272893</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Pieper</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Maree</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Pohl</surname><given-names>FC</given-names></name><article-title>Is nCPAP of value in extreme preterms with no access to neonatal intensive care?</article-title><source>J Trop Pediatr</source><year>2003</year><volume>49</volume><fpage>148</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12848203</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Machen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kawaza</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Mwanza</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Iniguez</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Gest</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kennedy</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Miros</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards-Kortum</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>A high-value, low-cost bubble continuous positive airway pressure system for low-resource settings: technical assessment and initial case reports</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2013</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>e53622</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23372661</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Kawaza</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Machen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Mwanza</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Iniguez</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Gest</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Oden</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Richards-Kortum</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Molyneux</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><article-title>Efficacy of a low-cost bubble CPAP system in treatment of respiratory distress in a neonatal ward in Malawi</article-title><year>2013</year><comment>(submitted)</comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Rice 360° brings bubble CPAP to help infants with respiratory ailments in Africa</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://bioengineering.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id=2147483870">http://bioengineering.rice.edu/Content.aspx?id = 2147483870</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Segre</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Product analysis for CPAP. Report to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</article-title><year>2012</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO</collab><source>WHO Essential Medicines Lists for Children-3rd edition</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vidyasagar</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Velaphi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhat</surname><given-names>VB</given-names></name><article-title>Surfactant replacement therapy in developing countries</article-title><source>Neonatology</source><year>2011</year><volume>99</volume><fpage>355</fpage><lpage>366</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21701209</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><name><surname>Yakoob</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Salam</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lassi</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name><source>Global review of interventions related to Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH): What works and can be scaled up?</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Pakistan: Aga Khan University</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Unicef</collab><source>State of the World's Children 2012</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>New York: Unicef</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lassi</surname><given-names>ZS</given-names></name><name><surname>Haider</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><article-title>Community-based intervention packages for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality and improving neonatal outcomes</article-title><source>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</source><year>2010</year><volume>11</volume></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Manandhar</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></name><name><surname>Osrin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Shrestha</surname><given-names>BP</given-names></name><name><surname>Mesko</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Morrison</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Tumbahangphe</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></name><name><surname>Tamang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Thapa</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Shrestha</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Thapa</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes in Nepal: cluster-randomised controlled trial</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2004</year><volume>364</volume><fpage>970</fpage><lpage>979</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15364188</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>WHO, UNICEF, USAID, Children St</collab><source>WHO-UNICEF Joint Statement on home visits for the newborn child: a strategy to improve survival</source><year>2009</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Commission on Information and Accountability</collab><source>Keeping promises, measuring results: Commission on Information and Accountability for Women's and Children's Health</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Countdown to 2015: Accountability for maternal, newborn and child survival. An update on progress in priority countries</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/">http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Marchant</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Jaribu</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Penfold</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tanner</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Armstrong Schellenberg</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><article-title>Measuring newborn foot length to identify small babies in need of extra care: a cross sectional hospital based study with community follow-up in Tanzania</article-title><source>BMC Public Health</source><year>2010</year><volume>10</volume><fpage>624</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20959008</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertoldi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Bryce</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Boerma</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Victora</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Descriptive article on magnitude and patterns of socioeconomic inequalities in Countdown to 2015 countries</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><comment> in press </comment></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Victora</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name><name><surname>Rubens</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></name><article-title>Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (4 of 7): delivery of interventions</article-title><source>BMC Pregnancy Childbirth</source><year>2010</year><issue>10 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S4</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20233385</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Barros</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Ronsmans</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Axelson</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Loaiza</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Bertoldi</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name><name><surname>Franca</surname><given-names>GV</given-names></name><name><surname>Bryce</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Boerma</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></name><name><surname>Victora</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name><article-title>Equity in maternal, newborn, and child health interventions in Countdown to 2015: a retrospective review of survey data from 54 countries</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2012</year><volume>379</volume><fpage>1225</fpage><lpage>1233</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22464386</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Pattinson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Waiswa</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><name><surname>Day</surname><given-names>LT</given-names></name><name><surname>Mussell</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Asiruddin</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><article-title>Perinatal mortality audit: counting, accountability, and overcoming challenges in scaling up in lowand middle-income countries</article-title><source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2009</year><issue>107 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S113</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><comment>S121-112</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19815206</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Knobel</surname><given-names>RB</given-names></name><name><surname>Vohra</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Lehmann</surname><given-names>CU</given-names></name><article-title>Heat loss prevention in the delivery room for preterm infants: a national survey of newborn intensive care units</article-title><source>Journal of perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association</source><year>2005</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>514</fpage><lpage>518</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15931234</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Helping Babies Breathe</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.helpingbabiesbreathe.org/guides.html">http://www.helpingbabiesbreathe.org/guides.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>UN Commission on Life-Saving Commodities for Women and Children</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://everywomaneverychild.org/resources/un-commission-on-life-saving-commodities">http://everywomaneverychild.org/resources/un-commission-on-life-saving-commodities</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nyqvist</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>GC</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergman</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Cattaneo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Charpak</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Davanzo</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Ewald</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Ludington-Hoe</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mendoza</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Pallas-Allonso</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>State of the art and recommendations. Kangaroo mother care: application in a high-tech environment</article-title><source>Acta paediatrica</source><year>2010</year><volume>99</volume><fpage>812</fpage><lpage>819</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20219028</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerac</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Molyneux</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><article-title>Safety, effectiveness and barriers to follow-up using an 'early discharge' Kangaroo Care policy in a resource poor setting</article-title><source>J Trop Pediatr</source><year>2009</year><volume>55</volume><fpage>244</fpage><lpage>248</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19208684</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Nguah</surname><given-names>SB</given-names></name><name><surname>Wobil</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><name><surname>Obeng</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Yakubu</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Plange-Rhule</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><article-title>Perception and practice of Kangaroo Mother Care after discharge from hospital in Kumasi, Ghana: a longitudinal study</article-title><source>BMC pregnancy and childbirth</source><year>2011</year><volume>11</volume><fpage>99</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22133462</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Bergh</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Rogers-Bloch</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></name><name><surname>Pratomo</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Uhudiyah</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name><name><surname>Poernomo Sigit Sidi</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Rustina</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><name><surname>Suradi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Gipson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><article-title>Progress in the Implementation of Kangaroo Mother Care in 10 Hospitals in Indonesia</article-title><source>Journal of tropical pediatrics</source><year>2012</year></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Honeyfield</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><article-title>Neonatal nurse practitioners: past, present, and future</article-title><source>Advances in neonatal care: official journal of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses</source><year>2009</year><volume>9</volume><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19542775</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Knippenberg</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><name><surname>Begkoyian</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Fogstad</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Walelign</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><article-title>Systematic scaling up of neonatal care in countries</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2005</year><volume>365</volume><fpage>1087</fpage><lpage>1098</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15781104</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Opondo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Ntoburi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Wagai</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wafula</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wasunna</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Were</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Wamae</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Migiro</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Irimu</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>English</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><article-title>Are hospitals prepared to support newborn survival? - An evaluation of eight first-referral level hospitals in Kenya</article-title><source>Trop Med Int Health</source><year>2009</year><volume>14</volume><fpage>1165</fpage><lpage>1172</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19695001</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Robertson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Malan</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Greenfield</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Mashao</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Rhoda</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Goga</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><source>Newborn care charts: Management of sick and small newborns in hospital</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>Cape Town, South Africa: Save the Children, Limpopo Provincial Government and UNICEF</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Neogi</surname><given-names>SB</given-names></name><name><surname>Malhotra</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Zodpey</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Mohan</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><article-title>Assessment of special care newborn units in India</article-title><source>J Health Popul Nutr</source><year>2011</year><volume>29</volume><fpage>500</fpage><lpage>509</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22106756</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Sen</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahalanabis</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></name><name><surname>Som</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name><name><surname>Bandyopadhyay</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Roy</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><article-title>Newborn Aides: an innovative approach in sick newborn care at a district-level special care unit</article-title><source>Journal of health, population, and nutrition</source><year>2007</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>495</fpage><lpage>501</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Rudan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Rubens</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Four million newborn deaths: is the global research agenda evidence-based?</article-title><source>Early Hum Dev</source><year>2008</year><volume>84</volume><fpage>809</fpage><lpage>814</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18829188</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Martines</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Koblinsky</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Soucat</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Bahl</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Fogstad</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Costello</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><article-title>Neonatal survival: a call for action</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2005</year><volume>365</volume><fpage>1189</fpage><lpage>1197</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15794974</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>George</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bang</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>KY</given-names></name><name><surname>Rudan</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Victora</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name><name><surname>Chopra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Rubens</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><article-title>Setting implementation research priorities to reduce preterm births and stillbirths at the community level</article-title><source>PLoS medicine</source><year>2011</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>e1000380</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21245907</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Powerfree Education Technology</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pet.org.za/">http://www.pet.org.za/</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Pitt</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Corbett</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Moran</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Morrissey</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Oestergaard</surname><given-names>MZ</given-names></name><article-title>Newborn survival: a multi-country analysis of a decade of change</article-title><source>Health Policy Plan</source><year>2012</year><issue>27 Suppl 3</issue><fpage>iii6</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22692417</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Davidge</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><name><surname>Von Xylander</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>De Graft Johnson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Costello</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Segre</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Molyneux</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><person-group person-group-type="editor">Howson CP, Kinney MV, Lawn JE</person-group><article-title>Care for the preterm baby</article-title><source>Born Too Soon: The global action report on preterm births</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Cousens</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Blencowe</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Stanton</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Chou</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Steinhardt</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Creanga</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Tuncalp</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Balsara</surname><given-names>ZP</given-names></name><name><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2009 with trends since 1995: a systematic analysis</article-title><source>Lancet</source><year>2011</year><volume>377</volume><fpage>1319</fpage><lpage>1330</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21496917</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>MV</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></name><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Nkrumah</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Coovadia</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Nampala</surname><given-names>PM</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Axelson</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Bergh</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><etal></etal><article-title>Sub-Saharan Africa's mothers, newborns, and children: where and why do they die?</article-title><source>PLoS Med</source><year>2010</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>e1000294</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20574524</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>UNICEF</collab><source>State of the World's Children</source><year>2012</year><publisher-name>New York, NY: UNICEF</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>LiST: The Lives Saved Tool. An evidence-based tool for estimating intervention impact</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jhsph.edu/dept/ih/IIP/list/index.html">http://www.jhsph.edu/dept/ih/IIP/list/index.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>GF</given-names></name><name><surname>Vidyasagar</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>PN</given-names></name><source>Historical Review and Recent Advances in Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine</source><year>1983</year><publisher-name>Chicago: Mead Johnson Nutritional Division</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>NIH</collab><source>Neonatal Intensive Care: A history of excellence</source><year>1985</year><publisher-name>Bethesda, MD, USA: National Institute of Health</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Baker</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name><article-title>The incubator and the medical discovery of the premature infant</article-title><source>Journal of perinatology: official journal of the California Perinatal Association</source><year>2000</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>321</fpage><lpage>328</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10920793</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Wegman</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></name><article-title>Infant mortality in the 20th century, dramatic but uneven progress</article-title><source>The Journal of nutrition</source><year>2001</year><volume>131</volume><fpage>401S</fpage><lpage>408S</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11160570</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Philip</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></name><article-title>The evolution of neonatology</article-title><source>Pediatric research</source><year>2005</year><volume>58</volume><fpage>799</fpage><lpage>815</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15718376</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B123"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Jamison</surname><given-names>DT</given-names></name><name><surname>Shahid-Salles</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name><name><surname>Jamison</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Zupan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><source>"Incorporating Deaths Near the Time of Birth into Estimates of the Global Burden of Diesease"</source><year>2006</year><publisher-name>New York, NY.: Oxford University Press</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B124"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Lissauer</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name><name><surname>Fanaroff</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><source>Neonatalology at a Glance At a glance</source><year>2006</year><publisher-name>Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B125"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>National Vital Statistics Reports</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr.htm#vol60">http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/nvsr. htm#vol60</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B126"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Office for National Statistics licensed under the Open Government Licence v.1.0</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html">http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B127"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>The Partnership for Maternal NCH</collab><source>A Global Review of the Key Interventions Related to Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (RMNCH)</source><year>2011</year><publisher-name>Geneva, Switzerland: PMNCH</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B128"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><article-title>Breath of Life</article-title><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.eastmeetswest.org/Page.aspx?pid=344">http://www.eastmeetswest.org/Page.aspx?pid = 344</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B129"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kerber</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><source>Opportunities for Africa's Newborns: practical data, policy and programmatic support for newborn care in Africa</source><year>2006</year><publisher-name>Cape Town: PMNCH, Save the Children, UNFPA, UNICEF, USAID, WHO</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B130"><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><name><surname>Lawn</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name><name><surname>Kinney</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name><name><surname>Chopra</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Donnay</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Paul</surname><given-names>VK</given-names></name><name><surname>Bhutta</surname><given-names>ZA</given-names></name><name><surname>Bateman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Darmstadt</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></name><article-title>Reducing intrapartum-related deaths and disability: can the health system deliver?</article-title><source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2009</year><issue>107 Suppl 1</issue><fpage>S123</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><comment>S140-122</comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19815205</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B131"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Volpe</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></name><article-title>Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances</article-title><source>Lancet Neurol</source><year>2009</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>124</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19081519</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B132"><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Schanler</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></name><article-title>T use of human milk for premature infants</article-title><source>Pediatr Clin North Am</source><year>2001</year><volume>48</volume><fpage>207</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11236727</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B133"><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>Save the Children</collab><source>State of the World's Mothers: Surviving the first day</source><year>2013</year><publisher-name>London, UK: Save the Children International</publisher-name></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002D50 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002D50 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |