A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal
Identifieur interne : 002497 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002496; suivant : 002498A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal
Auteurs : Anshuja Singla ; Shalini Rajaram ; Sumita Mehta ; Gita RadhakrishnanSource :
- Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine [ 0970-0218 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
To assess various causes of maternal mortality over a ten year period
Retrospective audit of hospital case records
Tertiary care hospital
Pregnant women who expired in the premises of GTB Hospital.
A retrospective audit of case records of maternal deaths was conducted for a ten year period (January 2005 to December 2014).
There were a total of 647 maternal deaths out of 1,16,641 live births. Sixty-eight percent (n = 445) of women were aged 21-30 years, while 10.5% (n = 68) were <20 years of age. The most common direct causes of maternal mortality were preeclampsia/eclampsia in 24.4% (n = 158), obstetric hemorrhage in 19.1% (n = 124) and puerperal sepsis in 14.5% (n = 94). With regards to indirect causes, anemia accounted for 15.3% (n = 99) mortality. There was only 1 (0.1%) mortality because of HIV/AIDS. Other notable causes of maternal mortality were infective hepatitis in 7.1% (n = 46). Tuberculosis, that is a disease of tropical countries, accounted for 3.0% (n = 20) of the total deaths.
High maternal mortality in GTB hospital can be due to it being a tertiary hospital with referrals from all neighbouring states. Accessible antenatal care can help prevent these maternal deaths. Female education can be of immense help in dealing with the problem and improving the utilization of public health facilities.
Preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstetric hemorrhage have been the main causes of maternal mortality for ages. Regular antenatal visits and the judicious training of grassroot level workers to pick-up complications early on in the pregnancy can be an effective way to deal the morbidity and mortality associated with these problems. The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) in India are pioneer steps in this direction.
Url:
DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_16
PubMed: 28553027
PubMed Central: 5427858
Links to Exploration step
PMC:5427858Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal</title><author><name sortKey="Singla, Anshuja" sort="Singla, Anshuja" uniqKey="Singla A" first="Anshuja" last="Singla">Anshuja Singla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajaram, Shalini" sort="Rajaram, Shalini" uniqKey="Rajaram S" first="Shalini" last="Rajaram">Shalini Rajaram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Sumita" sort="Mehta, Sumita" uniqKey="Mehta S" first="Sumita" last="Mehta">Sumita Mehta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radhakrishnan, Gita" sort="Radhakrishnan, Gita" uniqKey="Radhakrishnan G" first="Gita" last="Radhakrishnan">Gita Radhakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28553027</idno><idno type="pmc">5427858</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5427858</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5427858</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_16</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002497</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002497</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal</title><author><name sortKey="Singla, Anshuja" sort="Singla, Anshuja" uniqKey="Singla A" first="Anshuja" last="Singla">Anshuja Singla</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rajaram, Shalini" sort="Rajaram, Shalini" uniqKey="Rajaram S" first="Shalini" last="Rajaram">Shalini Rajaram</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mehta, Sumita" sort="Mehta, Sumita" uniqKey="Mehta S" first="Sumita" last="Mehta">Sumita Mehta</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Radhakrishnan, Gita" sort="Radhakrishnan, Gita" uniqKey="Radhakrishnan G" first="Gita" last="Radhakrishnan">Gita Radhakrishnan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">0970-0218</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-3581</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Objective:</title><p>To assess various causes of maternal mortality over a ten year period</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Design:</title><p>Retrospective audit of hospital case records</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Setting:</title><p>Tertiary care hospital</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Population:</title><p>Pregnant women who expired in the premises of GTB Hospital.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A retrospective audit of case records of maternal deaths was conducted for a ten year period (January 2005 to December 2014).</p></sec><sec id="st6"><title>Results:</title><p>There were a total of 647 maternal deaths out of 1,16,641 live births. Sixty-eight percent (n = 445) of women were aged 21-30 years, while 10.5% (n = 68) were <20 years of age. The most common direct causes of maternal mortality were preeclampsia/eclampsia in 24.4% (n = 158), obstetric hemorrhage in 19.1% (n = 124) and puerperal sepsis in 14.5% (n = 94). With regards to indirect causes, anemia accounted for 15.3% (n = 99) mortality. There was only 1 (0.1%) mortality because of HIV/AIDS. Other notable causes of maternal mortality were infective hepatitis in 7.1% (n = 46). Tuberculosis, that is a disease of tropical countries, accounted for 3.0% (n = 20) of the total deaths.</p></sec><sec id="st7"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>High maternal mortality in GTB hospital can be due to it being a tertiary hospital with referrals from all neighbouring states. Accessible antenatal care can help prevent these maternal deaths. Female education can be of immense help in dealing with the problem and improving the utilization of public health facilities.</p></sec><sec id="st8"><title>Key Message:</title><p>Preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstetric hemorrhage have been the main causes of maternal mortality for ages. Regular antenatal visits and the judicious training of grassroot level workers to pick-up complications early on in the pregnancy can be an effective way to deal the morbidity and mortality associated with these problems. The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) in India are pioneer steps in this direction.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herz, B" uniqKey="Herz B">B Herz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Measham, Ar" uniqKey="Measham A">AR Measham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nachbar, N" uniqKey="Nachbar N">N Nachbar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baume, C" uniqKey="Baume C">C Baume</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parekh, A" uniqKey="Parekh A">A Parekh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cross, S" uniqKey="Cross S">S Cross</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bell, Js" uniqKey="Bell J">JS Bell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Wj" uniqKey="Graham W">WJ Graham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ronsmans, C" uniqKey="Ronsmans C">C Ronsmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Wj" uniqKey="Graham W">WJ Graham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hogan, Mc" uniqKey="Hogan M">MC Hogan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Foreman, Kj" uniqKey="Foreman K">KJ Foreman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naghavi, M" uniqKey="Naghavi M">M Naghavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, Sy" uniqKey="Ahn S">SY Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, M" uniqKey="Wang M">M Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Makela, Sm" uniqKey="Makela S">SM Makela</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Igwegbe, Ao" uniqKey="Igwegbe A">AO Igwegbe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eleje, Gu" uniqKey="Eleje G">GU Eleje</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ugboaja, Jo" uniqKey="Ugboaja J">JO Ugboaja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ofiaeli, Ro" uniqKey="Ofiaeli R">RO Ofiaeli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="You, F" uniqKey="You F">F You</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huo, K" uniqKey="Huo K">K Huo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, R" uniqKey="Wang R">R Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, D" uniqKey="Xu D">D Xu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, J" uniqKey="Deng J">J Deng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, Y" uniqKey="Wei Y">Y Wei</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gumanga, Sk" uniqKey="Gumanga S">SK Gumanga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kolbila, Dz" uniqKey="Kolbila D">DZ Kolbila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gandau, Bb" uniqKey="Gandau B">BB Gandau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munkaila, A" uniqKey="Munkaila A">A Munkaila</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malechi, H" uniqKey="Malechi H">H Malechi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kyei Aboagye, K" uniqKey="Kyei Aboagye K">K Kyei-Aboagye</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Prakash, A" uniqKey="Prakash A">A Prakash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Swain, S" uniqKey="Swain S">S Swain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seth, A" uniqKey="Seth A">A Seth</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Islam, M" uniqKey="Islam M">M Islam</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aldawood, A" uniqKey="Aldawood A">A Aldawood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khan, Ks" uniqKey="Khan K">KS Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wojdyla, D" uniqKey="Wojdyla D">D Wojdyla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Say, L" uniqKey="Say L">L Say</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gulmezoglu, Am" uniqKey="Gulmezoglu A">AM Gülmezoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Look, Pf" uniqKey="Van Look P">PF Van Look</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Costello, A" uniqKey="Costello A">A Costello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Azad, K" uniqKey="Azad K">K Azad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnett, S" uniqKey="Barnett S">S Barnett</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gulmezoglu, Am" uniqKey="Gulmezoglu A">AM Gülmezoglu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villar, J" uniqKey="Villar J">J Villar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ngoc, Nt" uniqKey="Ngoc N">NT Ngoc</name></author><author><name sortKey="Piaggio, G" uniqKey="Piaggio G">G Piaggio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lema, Vm" uniqKey="Lema V">VM Lema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Changole, J" uniqKey="Changole J">J Changole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanyighe, C" uniqKey="Kanyighe C">C Kanyighe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malunga, Ev" uniqKey="Malunga E">EV Malunga</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Thompson, Je" uniqKey="Thompson J">JE Thompson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Campbell, O" uniqKey="Campbell O">O Campbell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, W" uniqKey="Graham W">W Graham</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Community Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Community Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJCM</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Community Medicine : Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0970-0218</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-3581</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28553027</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5427858</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJCM-42-102</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_30_16</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Singla</surname><given-names>Anshuja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rajaram</surname><given-names>Shalini</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mehta</surname><given-names>Sumita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Radhakrishnan</surname><given-names>Gita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Anshuja Singla, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="dranshuja@gmail.com">dranshuja@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Apr-Jun</season><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>42</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2017 Indian Journal of Community Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Objective:</title><p>To assess various causes of maternal mortality over a ten year period</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Design:</title><p>Retrospective audit of hospital case records</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Setting:</title><p>Tertiary care hospital</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Population:</title><p>Pregnant women who expired in the premises of GTB Hospital.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A retrospective audit of case records of maternal deaths was conducted for a ten year period (January 2005 to December 2014).</p></sec><sec id="st6"><title>Results:</title><p>There were a total of 647 maternal deaths out of 1,16,641 live births. Sixty-eight percent (n = 445) of women were aged 21-30 years, while 10.5% (n = 68) were <20 years of age. The most common direct causes of maternal mortality were preeclampsia/eclampsia in 24.4% (n = 158), obstetric hemorrhage in 19.1% (n = 124) and puerperal sepsis in 14.5% (n = 94). With regards to indirect causes, anemia accounted for 15.3% (n = 99) mortality. There was only 1 (0.1%) mortality because of HIV/AIDS. Other notable causes of maternal mortality were infective hepatitis in 7.1% (n = 46). Tuberculosis, that is a disease of tropical countries, accounted for 3.0% (n = 20) of the total deaths.</p></sec><sec id="st7"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>High maternal mortality in GTB hospital can be due to it being a tertiary hospital with referrals from all neighbouring states. Accessible antenatal care can help prevent these maternal deaths. Female education can be of immense help in dealing with the problem and improving the utilization of public health facilities.</p></sec><sec id="st8"><title>Key Message:</title><p>Preeclampsia/eclampsia and obstetric hemorrhage have been the main causes of maternal mortality for ages. Regular antenatal visits and the judicious training of grassroot level workers to pick-up complications early on in the pregnancy can be an effective way to deal the morbidity and mortality associated with these problems. The Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) in India are pioneer steps in this direction.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Direct and indirect causes</kwd><kwd>maternal mortality</kwd><kwd>millennium development goals</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Maternal and reproductive health caught the global eye in 1980s, with the launch of Safe Motherhood Initiative, Nairobi in 1987. Since then several National and International initiatives have been adopted to reduce the unacceptable maternal deaths, especially in low resource countries.</p><p>Globally every year over 500,000 women die of pregnancy related causes and 99% of these cases are in the developing countries. An estimated 2,89,000 maternal deaths occurred in the year 2013, indicating a decline of 45% from the levels in 1990.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] Of the total maternal deaths worldwide, sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 67% and South Asia for 24%,taking the total to 91% of the global maternal death burden in 2013.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] At the country level, two countries accounted for one-third of global maternal deaths: India (19%, n = 56000) and Nigeria (14%, n = 40000).[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</p><p>Various strategies have been adopted worldwide in congruence with the fifth Millennium Development Goal (MDG) which aims to reduce maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by 75% between 1990-2015 and achieve universal access to reproductive health by 2015.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] These strategies were devised based on different phases of the reproductive cycle, primary health care principles and health care system factors. Examples of these include World Bank's Safe Motherhood Initiative,[<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] WHO Mother Baby Package,[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] Mother Care Pathway to Survival[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] and WHO Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS) Initiative.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]</p><p>The ever increasing difference in MMR between developed and developing countries highlights the fact that the countries with highest morbidity and mortality burdens have made the least progress in improving these.</p><p>MMR is not only an indicator of maternal and infant health, but also an insight into a particular country's socioeconomic state and health system.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] In 1990, the global MMR was 400 and in India, it was 600 contributing to 27% of maternal deaths. In 2010 when the global MMR was 210, India had reduced its MMR to 178 in 2011, now contributing to 16% of maternal deaths. Globally, a decline of 47% in MMR was noted between 1990-2010, whereas in India, a decline of 70% in MMR between 1990-2011 was registered.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>] To address this issue, the Government of India launched its flagship National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) programme.</p><p>JSY program was launched in the year 2005 aiming at a 100% institutional delivery rate, especially in the vulnerable sections of society. Accredited social health activists (ASHA) workers are acting as an effective link between the government and poor, pregnant women.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>The success of the JSY scheme established building blocks for the JSSK scheme which was launched in 2011 with free entitlements to the pregnant women, sick newborns and infants for free delivery including cesarean section and treatment in public health institution along with free transport.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>To catch every pregnant women, neonate as well as infant for quality antenatal, intranatal, postnatal, family planning and immunization services; a web enabled Mother and Child Track System (MCTS) is being implemented all over the country.</p><p>Finally, a maternal death review (MDR) policy has been institutionalized across the country, both at the facility and community levels to identify the medical causes, socioeconomic cultural factors and gaps in the system which contribute to maternal deaths.</p><p>The highest rates of decline are evident from the years 2004-2006, the period just after the launch of NRHM and JSY program.</p><p>In fact, the need of the hour is more resource investment, political commitment and focused research to reduce the annual half a million unacceptable maternal deaths worldwide.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>A retrospective audit of case records of maternal deaths at GTB Hospital (Tertiary hospital) and University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi was done. The Medical Records Department (MRD) of the hospital has a separate database where all maternal deaths are recorded and updated at the end of every month. This database was accessed after institutional ethical approval. Case records were obtained from January 2005 to December 2014. All the case records were audited by the principal investigator. Information recorded was age, parity, booking and literacy status, socio-economic status, distance from residence to health care facility, reference from primary or district health care facility, cause of death and total stay in the hospital. Total number of live births was also calculated for the same time period.</p></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>Results</title><p>Six hundred forty seven (647) maternal deaths occurred out of total live births of 1,<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>641 between January 2005 and December 2014, which was about 0.5% of all live births. All 647 maternal records were available for analysis. The majority of women were in the age group of 21-30 years (n = 445) (68.7%) and the mean age was 27.3 ± 4.3 years. Fifty five percent women were of parity 1-2. 54% women did not have any primary education, while 33.3% received only primary education. Six hundred and eight (93.9%) were unbooked in GTB hospital; out of these 73.6% did not have have even a single visit to any health care centre while, approximately 21.2% received some form of Antenatal checkup (ANC). Either tetanus toxoid injection or iron prophylaxis. There were almost equal antepartum and postpartum deaths (47.6%, 52.3% respectively) [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>].</p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Socio-demographic characteristics (n=647)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJCM-42-102-g001"></graphic></table-wrap><p>Preeclampsia/Eclampsia (PE/E) was the most common, direct cause of maternal deaths (n = 158, 24.4%) followed by obstetric hemorrhage (n = 124, 19.9%), puerperal sepsis (n = 94, 14.5%), post-abortal complications (n = 31, 44.7%), obstructed labor (n = 12, 1.8%) and rupture uterus (n = 19, 2.9%). Anemia was the most common (n = 99, 15.3%) indirect cause followed by cardiac disease (n = 21, 3.2%). There was only one (0.1%) casualty because of HIV/AIDS. Infective hepatitis was the most common associated cause (n = 46, 7.1%) followed by tuberculosis (n = 20, 3.0%). Anaesthetic complications, seizure disorder, road traffic accident (RTA) and uterine inversion were a cause of death in a very few patients [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T2">Table 2</xref>]. Three hundred and seven (47.4%) women died within 24 hours of presentation to the hospital and another 157 (24.2%) did not survive beyond 72 hours [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T3">Table 3</xref>]. On evaluating the charts of patients it was found that 584 women received ICU care.</p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Causes of maternal deaths</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJCM-42-102-g002"></graphic></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Time interval between presentation to health facility and death</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJCM-42-102-g003"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>Discussion</title><p>Globally every year over 5,00,000 women die of pregnancy related causes and 99% of these are in the developing countries. An estimated 2,89,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2013, demonstrating a decline of 45% from the levels in 1990.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</p><p>MMR in developing countries (240) was 15 times higher than that of developed countries (16). MMR of India according to the Census 2010-12 is 178.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Target MMR by 2015 is 109 for India if 5th MDG has to be achieved. MMR levels have shown a steady decline from 327 to 212 between 1999 and 2009 (38%). Widespread disparities exist across Indian states with MMR ranging from 66 in Kerala to 328 in Assam.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Six hundred and forty seven maternal deaths over a ten-year period in GTB hospital was because it is a tertiary level hospital with majority of the referred women receiving little or no antenatal care (93.9%) and admittance in a moribund state (n = 167). It was also seen that 357 (55.1%) women had travelled to the hospital from long distances (> 4 hours).</p><p>WHO categorizes maternal deaths into direct, indirect and unknown/undetermined.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] PE/E was the most common direct cause (n = 158, 24.4%) in our study, same as reported by Igwegbe;[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] whereas PE/E demonstrated a decreasing trend in the audit by You <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] Hypertensive disorders ranged second in the report by Gumanga <italic>et al</italic>.,[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] while Prakash <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] found it responsible in only 12% cases. Igwegbe[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] also noted a similar number (12.5%), while Gumanga[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] found it in 8.7% of his patients. Anaemia was the most common indirect cause accounting for 15.3% of maternal deaths. Twenty-one women died of cardiac disease and two women succumbed to diabetes and its resultant complications.</p><p>An associated cause of importance in our audit was infective hepatitis, responsible for 7.1% of casualties. Most of these women were diagnosed with fulminant viral hepatitis, due to hepatitis E virus (HEV); stressing upon the need for hygiene, provision of clean drinking water and sanitation for general public. You <italic>et al</italic>. found liver and heart diseases as the main indirect causes of maternal deaths in China.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p><p>There cannot be enough emphasis on the need for universal antenatal visits and regular contact with health care system to identify high risk factors early. . Regular ANC visits to identify signs and symptoms of severe pre-eclampsia/eclampsia, anemia, jaundice and heart disease should reduce deaths due to these causes. ANC should not just be a visit, but an opportunity for women to know the risks associated with pregnancy and the need to discuss as well as plan her options for further professional care. Developed countries have an integrated package of antepartum, intrapartum (IP) and postpartum care, whereas in developing countries maternal and child health services are operational, but there is a wide disparity in the quality of services provided. A total of 11-17% of maternal deaths occurred in the IP period, whereas 50-71% occurred postpartum.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] So, prioritizing professional, skilled birth attendance at delivery may help us save many mothers as timely management as well as treatment do make a difference.[<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</p><p>Obstetric hemorrhage is the major cause of maternal death at home, or during transportation to the hospital.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] One hundred twenty four (19.1%) maternal deaths occurred because of obstetric hemorrhage in our audit. Other studies have reported hemorrhage as a cause in 15 to 18% women, except You <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] who found it in 43.8% of the cases. Median time from detection to death is 6 hours,[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] so effective community based treatments are needed in populations without access to health facilities. To address this issue, a priority system for referral and emergency treatment of these women should be set-up. Misoprostol, has been proven to be clinically effective, inexpensive and with a potential to prevent many maternal deaths.[<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</p><p>If most maternal deaths result from haemorrhage and infection, cause specific interventions and community based strategies in addition to institutional care to prevent, recognize as well as treat these conditions are needed in communities, especially those with higher MMR.</p><p>In 2006, a WHO review on maternal deaths concluded that sepsis accounted for a meagre 10%, 12% maternal deaths in Africa and Asia respectively.[<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>] In our audit, puerperal sepsis was responsible for 94 (14.5%) casualties. Infection is underestimated as a cause of maternal deaths since its diagnosis is difficult and requires a hospital based setup for its recognition, confirmation. A study from Malawi, showed that infection played a primary role in almost 3/4th of maternal deaths.[<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>] A decline in maternal mortality in Bangladesh was because of greater availability of over the counter antibiotics.[<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] So, a more liberal approach to antibiotic access, especially in the poorest of countries, could be an effective strategy.</p><p>Unsafe abortions were noted in only 4.7% of the total cases as compared to 11.5% by Gumanga[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] and 4.2% by Igwegbe.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] Access to family planning services lead to a decrease in unwanted pregnancies, which in turn decrease the rate of illegal abortions. The overall lack of contraceptive access is 50%, with a low of 4% in Europe to a high of 57% in African countries.[<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] Promoting family planning and contraceptive acceptance can help bring down maternal deaths by 25-40%.[<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]</p><p>A single maternal death was reported because of HIV/AIDS in GTB hospital due to advanced complications related to the disease, whereas global estimates suggest that HIV/AIDS is responsible for 10% deaths in sub-Saharan Africa and 6% in the Caribbean area.[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</p><p>Anaesthetic complications, uterine inversion, seizure disorder, road traffic accident, malignancy, etc. together accounted for only a few maternal deaths.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="sec1-5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>To conclude; because of the multifactorial nature of maternal mortality, strategies designed to bring about change should involve everybody from the grassroot level to bureaucracy. The primary delays whether on the part of the mother, due to transportation or attitude of the health care facility can be abolished through advocacy, female education, prioritization of emergency referral system, improving transportation, good attitude of health workers as well as elimination of fee for service policy in obstetric emergencies. Optimal success can only be ensured if the programs are both problem and country tailored. Maternal mortality is often under reported and very few developing countries have accurate data on maternal as well as neonatal deaths, so providing concrete evidence for policy change is difficult. However, the real challenge is not development of new technology or knowledge; rather how to deliver existing services and upgrade interventions, particularly to those who are vulnerable, excluded, or difficult to reach.</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Financial support and sponsorship</title><p>Nil.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2" sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p>There are no conflicts of interest.</p></sec></sec></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><collab>World Health Organization</collab><article-title>Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013</article-title><source>Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division</source><year>2014</year><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2015 October 8</date-in-citation><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112697/1/WHO_RHR_14.13_eng.pdf">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112697/1/WHO_RHR_14.13_eng.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Millennium project, Goals, targets and indicators</source><year>2006</year><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://millenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm">http://millenniumproject.org/goals/gti.htm</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Herz</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Measham</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name></person-group><source>The safe motherhood initiative: Proposals for action</source><year>1987</year><publisher-loc>Washington (DC)</publisher-loc><publisher-name>The World Bank</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><article-title>WHO, Maternal Health and Safe Motherhood Programme</article-title><source>The Mother-Baby Package: Implementing safe motherhood in countries</source><year>1994</year><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc><publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nachbar</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Baume</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Parekh</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><source>Assessing safe motherhood in the community: A guide to formative research mother care</source><year>1998</year><publisher-loc>Arlington, Virginia</publisher-loc><publisher-name>John Snow</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><source>World Health Organization Making Pregnancy Safer: A health sector strategy for reducing maternal perinatal morbidity and mortality</source><year>2000</year><publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc><publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Cross</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Bell</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></name><name><surname>Graham</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>What you count is what you target: The implications of maternal death classification for tracking progress towards reducing maternal mortality in developing countries</article-title><source><italic>Bull World Health Organ</italic></source><year>2010</year><volume>88</volume><fpage>147</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20428372</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Ministry of Health and Family WelfareMaternal Health Programme</source><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2015 November 25</date-in-citation><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/Chapter415.pdf">www.mohfw.nic.in/WriteReadData/l892s/Chapter415.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ronsmans</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Graham</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>368</volume><fpage>1189</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17011946</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hogan</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name><name><surname>Foreman</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>SY</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Makela</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: A systematic analysis of progress towards Millennium Development Goal 5</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2010</year><volume>375</volume><fpage>1609</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20382417</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Sample Registration System Office of Registrar General, India Special bulletin on maternal mortality in India 2010-12</source><year>2013</year><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2015 October 8</date-in-citation><comment><uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_Bulletin-2010-12.pdf">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/SRS_Bulletins/MMR_Bulletin-2010-12.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Igwegbe</surname><given-names>AO</given-names></name><name><surname>Eleje</surname><given-names>GU</given-names></name><name><surname>Ugboaja</surname><given-names>JO</given-names></name><name><surname>Ofiaeli</surname><given-names>RO</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Improving maternal mortality at a university teaching hospital in Nnewi, Nigeria</article-title><source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2012</year><volume>116</volume><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>200</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22196989</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>You</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name><name><surname>Huo</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name><name><surname>Xu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Wei</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>Maternal mortality in Henan province, China: Changes between 1996 and 2009</article-title><source><italic>PLoS One</italic></source><year>2012</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>e47153</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23071740</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gumanga</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name><name><surname>Kolbila</surname><given-names>DZ</given-names></name><name><surname>Gandau</surname><given-names>BB</given-names></name><name><surname>Munkaila</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Malechi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Kyei-Aboagye</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Trends in maternal mortality in Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana</article-title><source><italic>Ghana Med J</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>45</volume><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22282577</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Prakash</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Swain</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Seth</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Maternal mortality in India: Current status and strategies for reduction</article-title><source><italic>Indian Pediatr</italic></source><year>1991</year><volume>28</volume><fpage>1395</fpage><lpage>400</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1819558</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Islam</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The safe motherhood initiative and beyond</article-title><source><italic>Bull World Health Organ</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>85</volume><fpage>735</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18038048</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aldawood</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients: A ten-year review</article-title><source><italic>Ann Saudi Med</italic></source><year>2011</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>518</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21911991</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>KS</given-names></name><name><surname>Wojdyla</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Say</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><name><surname>Gülmezoglu</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Van Look</surname><given-names>PF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: A systematic review</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>367</volume><fpage>1066</fpage><lpage>74</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16581405</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Costello</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Azad</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Barnett</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>An alternative strategy to reduce maternal mortality</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>368</volume><fpage>1477</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17071268</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gülmezoglu</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name><name><surname>Villar</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Ngoc</surname><given-names>NT</given-names></name><name><surname>Piaggio</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>WHO Collaborative Group To Evaluate Misoprostol in the Management of the Third Stage of Labour. WHO multicentre randomised trial of misoprostol in the management of the third stage of labour</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2001</year><volume>358</volume><fpage>689</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11551574</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lema</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></name><name><surname>Changole</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Kanyighe</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><name><surname>Malunga</surname><given-names>EV</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Maternal mortality at the Queen Elizabeth Central Teaching Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi</article-title><source><italic>East Afr Med J</italic></source><year>2005</year><volume>82</volume><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16122104</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>JE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Poverty development, and women: Why should we care?</article-title><source><italic>J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs</italic></source><year>2007</year><volume>36</volume><fpage>523</fpage><lpage>30</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name><name><surname>Graham</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lancet Maternal Survival Series steering group. Strategies for reducing maternal mortality: Getting on with what works</article-title><source><italic>Lancet</italic></source><year>2006</year><volume>368</volume><fpage>1284</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17027735</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 002497 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 002497 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5427858
|texte= A Ten Year Audit of Maternal Mortality: Millennium Development Still a Distant Goal
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28553027" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |