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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Predictive value of CD4 cell count nadir on long-term mortality in HIV-positive patients in Uganda</title><author><name sortKey="Bray, Sarah" sort="Bray, Sarah" uniqKey="Bray S" first="Sarah" last="Bray">Sarah Bray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gedeon, Jillian" sort="Gedeon, Jillian" uniqKey="Gedeon J" first="Jillian" last="Gedeon">Jillian Gedeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadi, Ahsan" sort="Hadi, Ahsan" uniqKey="Hadi A" first="Ahsan" last="Hadi">Ahsan Hadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotb, Ahmed" sort="Kotb, Ahmed" uniqKey="Kotb A" first="Ahmed" last="Kotb">Ahmed Kotb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Tarun" sort="Rahman, Tarun" uniqKey="Rahman T" first="Tarun" last="Rahman">Tarun Rahman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarwar, Elaha" sort="Sarwar, Elaha" uniqKey="Sarwar E" first="Elaha" last="Sarwar">Elaha Sarwar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savelyeva, Anna" sort="Savelyeva, Anna" uniqKey="Savelyeva A" first="Anna" last="Savelyeva">Anna Savelyeva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sevigny, Marika" sort="Sevigny, Marika" uniqKey="Sevigny M" first="Marika" last="Sévigny">Marika Sévigny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakanda, Celestin" sort="Bakanda, Celestin" uniqKey="Bakanda C" first="Celestin" last="Bakanda">Celestin Bakanda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Birungi, Josephine" sort="Birungi, Josephine" uniqKey="Birungi J" first="Josephine" last="Birungi">Josephine Birungi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Keith" sort="Chan, Keith" uniqKey="Chan K" first="Keith" last="Chan">Keith Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-4-135">British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaya, Sanni" sort="Yaya, Sanni" uniqKey="Yaya S" first="Sanni" last="Yaya">Sanni Yaya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deonandan, Raywat" sort="Deonandan, Raywat" uniqKey="Deonandan R" first="Raywat" last="Deonandan">Raywat Deonandan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Edward J" sort="Mills, Edward J" uniqKey="Mills E" first="Edward J" last="Mills">Edward J. Mills</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22930645</idno><idno type="pmc">3425341</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3425341</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3425341</idno><idno type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S35374</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002455</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002455</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Predictive value of CD4 cell count nadir on long-term mortality in HIV-positive patients in Uganda</title><author><name sortKey="Bray, Sarah" sort="Bray, Sarah" uniqKey="Bray S" first="Sarah" last="Bray">Sarah Bray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gedeon, Jillian" sort="Gedeon, Jillian" uniqKey="Gedeon J" first="Jillian" last="Gedeon">Jillian Gedeon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hadi, Ahsan" sort="Hadi, Ahsan" uniqKey="Hadi A" first="Ahsan" last="Hadi">Ahsan Hadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kotb, Ahmed" sort="Kotb, Ahmed" uniqKey="Kotb A" first="Ahmed" last="Kotb">Ahmed Kotb</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rahman, Tarun" sort="Rahman, Tarun" uniqKey="Rahman T" first="Tarun" last="Rahman">Tarun Rahman</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sarwar, Elaha" sort="Sarwar, Elaha" uniqKey="Sarwar E" first="Elaha" last="Sarwar">Elaha Sarwar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Savelyeva, Anna" sort="Savelyeva, Anna" uniqKey="Savelyeva A" first="Anna" last="Savelyeva">Anna Savelyeva</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sevigny, Marika" sort="Sevigny, Marika" uniqKey="Sevigny M" first="Marika" last="Sévigny">Marika Sévigny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bakanda, Celestin" sort="Bakanda, Celestin" uniqKey="Bakanda C" first="Celestin" last="Bakanda">Celestin Bakanda</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Birungi, Josephine" sort="Birungi, Josephine" uniqKey="Birungi J" first="Josephine" last="Birungi">Josephine Birungi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Keith" sort="Chan, Keith" uniqKey="Chan K" first="Keith" last="Chan">Keith Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-4-135">British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yaya, Sanni" sort="Yaya, Sanni" uniqKey="Yaya S" first="Sanni" last="Yaya">Sanni Yaya</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deonandan, Raywat" sort="Deonandan, Raywat" uniqKey="Deonandan R" first="Raywat" last="Deonandan">Raywat Deonandan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mills, Edward J" sort="Mills, Edward J" uniqKey="Mills E" first="Edward J" last="Mills">Edward J. Mills</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-4-135">Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-4-135">The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1373</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Although international guidelines recommend initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) when a patient’s CD4 cell count is ≤350 cells/μL, most patients in resource-limited settings present with much lower CD4 cell counts. The lowest level that their CD4 cell count reaches, the nadir, may have long-term consequences in terms of mortality. We examined this health state in a large cohort of HIV+ patients in Uganda.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>This was an observational study of HIV patients in Uganda aged 14 years or older, who were enrolled in 10 major clinics across Uganda.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We assessed the CD4 nadir of patients, using their CD4 cell count at initiation of ART, stratified into categories (,50, 50–99, 100–149, 150–249, 250+ cells/μL). We constructed Kaplan–Meier curves to assess the differences in survivorship for patients left-censored at 1 year and 2 years after treatment initiation. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to model the associations between CD4 nadir and mortality. We adjusted mortality for loss-to-follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 22,315 patients, 20,129 patients had greater than 1 year of treatment follow-up. Among these patients, 327 (1.6%) died and 444 (2.2%) were lost to follow-up. After left-censoring at one year, relative to lowest CD4 strata, patients with higher CD4 counts had significantly lower rates of mortality (CD4 150–249, hazard ratio [HR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.82, <italic>P</italic> = 0.001; 250+, HR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.44–1.00, <italic>P</italic> = −0.05). Male sex, older age, and duration of time on ART were independently associated with mortality. When left-censoring at 2 years, CD4 nadir was no longer statistically significantly associated with mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>After surviving for 1 year on ART, a CD4 nadir was strongly predictive of longer-term mortality among patients in Uganda. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22930645</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3425341</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S35374</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hiv-4-135</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Predictive value of CD4 cell count nadir on long-term mortality in HIV-positive patients in Uganda</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bray</surname><given-names>Sarah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gedeon</surname><given-names>Jillian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hadi</surname><given-names>Ahsan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kotb</surname><given-names>Ahmed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rahman</surname><given-names>Tarun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sarwar</surname><given-names>Elaha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Savelyeva</surname><given-names>Anna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sévigny</surname><given-names>Marika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bakanda</surname><given-names>Celestin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-4-135">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Birungi</surname><given-names>Josephine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-4-135">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chan</surname><given-names>Keith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-4-135">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yaya</surname><given-names>Sanni</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deonandan</surname><given-names>Raywat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mills</surname><given-names>Edward J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-4-135">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-4-135">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-hiv-4-135"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-hiv-4-135"><label>1</label>Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada</aff><aff id="af2-hiv-4-135"><label>2</label>The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Headquarters, Kampala, Uganda</aff><aff id="af3-hiv-4-135"><label>3</label>British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-hiv-4-135">Correspondence: Edward J Mills, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 35 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 7K4, Tel +1 778 317 8530, Email <email>edward.mills@uottawa.ca</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>8</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>140</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2012 Bray et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Although international guidelines recommend initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) when a patient’s CD4 cell count is ≤350 cells/μL, most patients in resource-limited settings present with much lower CD4 cell counts. The lowest level that their CD4 cell count reaches, the nadir, may have long-term consequences in terms of mortality. We examined this health state in a large cohort of HIV+ patients in Uganda.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>This was an observational study of HIV patients in Uganda aged 14 years or older, who were enrolled in 10 major clinics across Uganda.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We assessed the CD4 nadir of patients, using their CD4 cell count at initiation of ART, stratified into categories (,50, 50–99, 100–149, 150–249, 250+ cells/μL). We constructed Kaplan–Meier curves to assess the differences in survivorship for patients left-censored at 1 year and 2 years after treatment initiation. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to model the associations between CD4 nadir and mortality. We adjusted mortality for loss-to-follow-up.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Of 22,315 patients, 20,129 patients had greater than 1 year of treatment follow-up. Among these patients, 327 (1.6%) died and 444 (2.2%) were lost to follow-up. After left-censoring at one year, relative to lowest CD4 strata, patients with higher CD4 counts had significantly lower rates of mortality (CD4 150–249, hazard ratio [HR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45–0.82, <italic>P</italic> = 0.001; 250+, HR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.44–1.00, <italic>P</italic> = −0.05). Male sex, older age, and duration of time on ART were independently associated with mortality. When left-censoring at 2 years, CD4 nadir was no longer statistically significantly associated with mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>After surviving for 1 year on ART, a CD4 nadir was strongly predictive of longer-term mortality among patients in Uganda. This should argue for efforts to increase engagement with patients to ensure a higher CD4 nadir at initiation of treatment.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>antiretroviral therapy</kwd><kwd>ART</kwd><kwd>CD4</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>sub-Saharan Africa</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>CD4 T-cell status is a strong prognostic indicator of mortality and disease progression among individuals infected with HIV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1-hiv-4-135">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b3-hiv-4-135">3</xref> CD4 cell status strongly correlates with World Health Organization (WHO) disease staging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b4-hiv-4-135">4</xref> Ascertaining CD4 status is now recommended as guidance for determining when to begin patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5-hiv-4-135">5</xref> In 2010, WHO issued guidance to resource-constrained settings to expand the eligibility of the treated population, by recommending initiation of ART when a patient’s CD4 T-cell count reached 350/μL or less, or was clinically necessitated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b6-hiv-4-135">6</xref> Most countries in resource-limited settings aim to deliver care at ≤350 cells, yet the average CD4 cell count that patients actually initiate therapy at, is typically well below 200 cells/μL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b7-hiv-4-135">7</xref></p><p>Although patients who survive the initial period of most severe disease and possible immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome are expected to have a nearly normal life after initiation of ART,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-hiv-4-135">8</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-hiv-4-135">10</xref> progressive damage to a patient’s immune system that occurred prior to accessing ART may have an important long-term effect on mortality. Many clinicians recognize the risk of increased mortality among patients with low CD4 status in the first several months of ART, but whether a low CD4 nadir (the lowest point a CD4 count achieves) is predictive of mortality after stabilization on ART is less clear. In 1999, an early EUROSida study demonstrated the importance of CD4 nadir in predicting longer-term negative outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-hiv-4-135">11</xref> However, a larger study from North America and Europe using the Antiretroviral Cohort Collaboration (ART–CC) showed that mortality among patients with differing CD4 nadirs made no significant difference once a patient stabilized.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b10-hiv-4-135">10</xref> A study we previously conducted in Uganda found that after 6 months on ART, patients with lower baseline CD4 counts had significantly worse outcomes than patients whose baseline count was higher.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-hiv-4-135">12</xref> We aimed to examine mortality after longer periods of ART treatment and examined differences between patients after 1 and 2 years on treatment.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Methods</title><sec><title>Setting</title><p>Our study used data collected by The AIDS Support Organization (TASO). TASO provides clinical care, psychosocial support, and antiretroviral therapy to individuals with HIV at 11 major clinical sites and 35 smaller clinics throughout Uganda, involving both urban and rural populations. TASO began providing widespread combination antiretroviral therapy in 2004 with resource support from the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and more than 24,000 patients are currently receiving this treatment. Criteria for initiation of antiretroviral therapy include a diagnosis of WHO stage 3 or 4, or a CD4 cell count < 350 cells/μL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-hiv-4-135">13</xref> Patients initiating antiretroviral therapy typically receive a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with first-line treatment comprising nevirapine, lamivudine, and stavudine; second-line therapy is comprised of boosted lopinavir, didanosine and zidovudine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b14-hiv-4-135">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-hiv-4-135">15</xref></p></sec><sec sec-type="intro"><title>Cohort characteristics</title><p>The cohort has been described in detail previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b16-hiv-4-135">16</xref> Briefly, detailed demographic information, clinical characteristics, and treatment information are routinely collected on standardized forms at each patient visit. These data are entered into a centralized clinical database at each clinic. Upon enrolment at TASO, each patient is provided with a unique coded identification number. For this study, we included all patients ≥ 14 years of age who initiated antiretroviral therapy at TASO clinics in Uganda between January 1, 2000 and February 1, 2010. Patients were followed until either time of confirmed death or end of the study period (February 1, 2010). The following pertinent patient information was recorded: age at the start of antiretroviral therapy, sex, CD4 count history, WHO clinical disease stage, loss from follow-up (a 3-month absence from a clinic), date of last visit, and date of death (where applicable).</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Analysis</title><p>We used parametric testing to assess differences between patient clinical status and demographics among patients receiving less than or more than, 1 year of treatment. We considered patients’ lowest monitored CD4 count to be their nadir. We stratified patients’ CD4 nadirs according to the following categories <50, 50–99, 100–149, 150–249, 250+ cells/μL. We then calculated survival probabilities based on the CD4 nadir and date of death using a Kaplan–Meier plot for both the 1 year and 2 year periods postinitiation and compared these using the log-rank test. Patients who were lost to follow-up were censored at the date they were last seen at the clinic, and a weighted analysis was applied, whereby 30% of patients lost to follow-up were assumed dead, weighted by lower CD4, age, and male sex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b17-hiv-4-135">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-hiv-4-135">18</xref> Survival times were expressed in months. We used unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards regressions to express the magnitude of association between CD4 nadir and the probability of survival after 1 year of ART, while adjusting for age, sex, and WHO clinical disease stage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b19-hiv-4-135">19</xref> Hazard proportionality was assessed by analysis of scaled Schoenfeld residuals. To compensate for missing baseline CD4 nadirs, we conducted analyses using the multiple imputation method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b20-hiv-4-135">20</xref> All significance tests were two-sided with a <italic>P</italic>-value of <0.05. All analyses were conducted using SAS software (version 8; SAS Institute, Cary, NC).</p></sec><sec><title>Institutional review</title><p>Approval to conduct this study was received from the administrative headquarters ethics board of TASO Uganda, and the Research Ethics Boards of the University of Ottawa and the University of British Columbia in Canada.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results"><title>Results</title><sec><title>Patient demographics</title><p>Of the 22,315 patients ≥ 14 years of age in the TASO program between 2000 and 2010, 20,129 (90.2%) patients had 1 or more years of follow-up and were included in this study. Their characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1-hiv-4-135">Table 1</xref>. Patients were followed for a median period of 33 months (Interquartile range [IQR], 23–47) and the majority, 70.3%, were female. The median patient age was 37 years (IQR, 31–43) and the median CD4 cell count was 147 cells/μL (IQR, 77–209) with 71.4% of patients having CD4 cell counts below 200 cells/μL at the initiation of treatment. Most patients, 56.3% and 33.3% were classified into WHO disease stage II or III, respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>Mortality</title><p>The majority of deaths (78%) occurred in the first year of treatment and were therefore excluded from our survival analyses. Of patients with >1 year of follow up, 327 of patients died (1.6%) and 444 patients (2.2%) were lost to follow-up. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1-hiv-4-135">Figure 1</xref> shows a Kaplan-Meier graph that projects the survival of patients on ART with >1 year of follow-up, with different baseline CD4 cell count ranges. Baseline CD4 counts of 200–249 cells/μL proved to be the best initial count for a higher probability of survival (HR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.45–0.82, <italic>P</italic> = 0.001). This was no longer statistically significant after left-censoring for 2 years of treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2-hiv-4-135">Figure 2</xref>).</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods"><title>Regression analysis</title><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-hiv-4-135">Table 2</xref> displays the unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models for patients with 1 or more years of follow-up. The adjusted model indicates that relative to the lowest CD4 strata, CD4 cell count nadir is independently associated with mortality. Male sex and older age are also important predictors of mortality.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion"><title>Discussion</title><p>Our study examined the prognostic value of CD4 nadir after 1 and 2 years of ART in HIV-infected patients in Uganda. Our study demonstrates that after 1 year on ART, a CD4 nadir continues to strongly predict mortality. Among patients who have survived 2 years on ART, CD4 nadir was no longer statistically significant. The reasons for death after stabilization on ART are poorly understood in resource-limited settings, but are not limited to occurrence of AIDS and may include early presentation of chronic diseases, exacerbated by HIV infection.</p><p>Strengths of our analysis include our nationally representative sample that comprised a diverse population of patients likely to be found in other parts of Africa, such as adolescents and elderly patients, patients suffering from conflict and food insecurity, and patients who switched treatment after initiation. Our loss of patients from follow-up was low compared with most AIDS service organizations in Africa, where loss to follow-up can exceed 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-hiv-4-135">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b22-hiv-4-135">22</xref> due to our use of default tracers. Nevertheless, we recognized that there may have been misclassification of deaths among those lost to follow-up and we attempted to correct for this bias by applying an assumption that 30% of these patients were deceased, based on findings from our own previous tracking study, and a similar analysis at a relevant local Ugandan setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b18-hiv-4-135">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b23-hiv-4-135">23</xref> We further weighted this assumption, to reflect older patients and those with lower last CD4 counts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24-hiv-4-135">24</xref> The fact that our analysis includes a relatively small number of patients initiating therapy at high CD4 levels (.350 cells/μL) will likely have reduced our estimates at the very highest CD4 baseline status. About 10% of individuals did not have baseline CD4 evaluations. This is common in programs across Africa, where patients may be initiated due to clinical circumstances or poor laboratory infrastructure. We explored the impact of these individuals on our overall analysis and did not find a different effect. We imputed their probable CD4 nadirs. TASO does not conduct routine viral load assessments and therefore we cannot make inferences about risks of nadir on viral load status. Finally, as with any observational study, our mortality rate may be subject to residual confounding beyond those confounders adjusted for in multivariate analysis.</p><p>Our findings are an extension of a previous analysis where we examined mortality in patients who survived the first 6 months on treatment. That study indicated that baseline CD4 was predictive of mortality even after survival for 6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b12-hiv-4-135">12</xref> Our current study displayed that the CD4 nadir was predictive of mortality among those with at least 1 year of treatment but not more than 2 years of treatment. This finding is not surprising as we would expect that patients who have survived greater than 2 years would have a better long-term expected survival rate than those at the early stages of treatment, as these patients have survived the period where most death occurs (ie, the first few months of therapy)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b25-hiv-4-135">25</xref> and are more likely to have adjusted to treatment in terms of adherence patterns and involvement with treatment supporters.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b26-hiv-4-135">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b27-hiv-4-135">27</xref></p><p>Consistent with previous studies from Africa, we found that mortality varied according to sex. This finding builds on an emerging body of literature displaying consistent shortcomings in treatment programs involving men. Men are less likely to access antiretroviral treatment, usually will start treatment with more advanced disease, have higher rates of early mortality, and are more likely to be lost to follow-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b28-hiv-4-135">28</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b30-hiv-4-135">30</xref></p><p>Unfortunately, accessing and treating patients at early stages can be a challenge for both health infrastructure, and identifying patients. In Uganda, the ministry of health guidelines recommend treatment of patients with ART when a CD4 nadir reaches below < 350 cells/μL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b13-hiv-4-135">13</xref> and yet the median CD4 of patients initiating treatment within our cohort in 2009 was far lower, at 156 cells/μL. There is a clear need to increase the identification of infected individuals while their CD4 status is high so that they can be engaged in care and treatment initiated as early as possible. Strategies to engage patients at an early stage include home-based testing campaigns and campaigns targeting specific groups, including men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b31-hiv-4-135">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32-hiv-4-135">32</xref> Residual benefits of increasing early access to ART include economic benefits, increased life expectancy, and a decreased likelihood of transmission of the virus to sexual partners.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b33-hiv-4-135">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b34-hiv-4-135">34</xref></p><p>In conclusion, our study demonstrates that in Uganda, a patient’s CD4 nadir is strongly predictive of longer-term mortality even after 1 year of treatment. Efforts to increase access to care for patients before their immune status becomes depleted continue to represent an important challenge that has long-term repercussions for patients.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) funded this study. 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id="t1-hiv-4-135" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of included patients</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Category</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><1 year n (%)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1+ years n (%)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14–19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">333</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (1.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298 (1.5)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3486</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">409 (18.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3077 (15.3)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9774</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">967 (44.2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8807 (43.8)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6292</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">527 (24.1)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5765 (28.6)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50+</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2430</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">248 (11.3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2182 (10.8)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22315</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2186</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20129</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15492</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1347 (61.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14145 (70.3)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6823</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">839 (38.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5984 (29.7)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22315</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2186</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20129</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CD4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3452</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">651 (37.5)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2801 (16.7)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">050–99</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2942</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">295 (17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2647 (15.8)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100–149</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3410</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">267 (15.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3143 (18.8)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150–199</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3597</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222 (12.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3375 (20.1)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200–249</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2143</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">134 (7.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2009 (12)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250–299</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">874</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (2.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">827 (4.9)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300+</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2080</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121 (7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1959 (11.7)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18498</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1737</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16761</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WHO Stage at ART initiation</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">465</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (1.7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">442 (3.3)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7985</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">510 (37.3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7475 (56.3)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4982</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">564 (41.2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4418 (33.3)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1220</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271 (19.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">949 (7.1)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14652</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1368</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13284</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20817</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1015 (46.4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19802 (98.4)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1498</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1171 (53.6)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327 (1.6)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22315</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2186</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20129</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lost to follow-up</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20882</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1197 (54.8)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19685 (97.8)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1433</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">989 (45.2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">444 (2.2)</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total (n)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22315</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2186</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20129</td><td align="right" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-hiv-4-135"><p><bold>Notes:</bold> Year = year of treatment; <italic>P</italic>-values indicate statistical differences in parametric tests between patients with less than 1 year of treatment and those with more than 1 year;</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-hiv-4-135"><label>a</label><p>cells/μL.</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-hiv-4-135"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> WHO, World Health Organization; ART, antiretroviral therapy.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-hiv-4-135" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models of patients with 1+ years follow up (with assumption that 30% of lost to follow-up were deaths)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.494</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14–19</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.35–1.65)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 (0.39–1.83)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.660</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20–29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 (0.40–0.79)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68 (0.48–0.96)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.028</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30–39</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.44–0.76)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 (0.46–0.80)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40–49</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 (0.50–0.88)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.49–0.87)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50+</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male sex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60 (1.32–1.93)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62 (1.34–1.97)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>CD4 at ART initiation</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><50<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50–99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.78–1.39)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.796</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.74–1.33)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.965</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100–149<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85 (0.64–1.15)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.297</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85 (0.64–1.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.287</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150–249<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (0.41–0.75)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (0.45–0.82)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">250+<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn5-hiv-4-135">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 (0.36–0.88)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.014</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.44–1.00)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.051</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><bold>WHO at ART initiation</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 1</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 2</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 (0.43–0.98)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.038</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.54–1.20)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.279</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 3</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 (0.55–1.51)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.707</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.59–1.61)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.906</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Stage 4</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.47–1.79)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.796</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.13 (0.58–2.21)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.699</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Year of first cART</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (0.51–0.60)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.58–0.66)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn4-hiv-4-135"><p><bold>Note:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn5-hiv-4-135"><label>a</label><p>cells/μL.</p></fn><fn id="tfn6-hiv-4-135"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ART, antiretroviral therapy; WHO, World Health Organization; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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