‘Mum never loved me.’ How structural factors influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health through parent–child connectedness: A qualitative study in rural Tanzania
Identifieur interne : 002122 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 002121; suivant : 002123‘Mum never loved me.’ How structural factors influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health through parent–child connectedness: A qualitative study in rural Tanzania
Auteurs : Joyce Wamoyi ; Daniel WightSource :
- African Journal of AIDS Research [ 1608-5906 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Research in high income countries shows parent–child connectedness to be protective against undesirable sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes among young people. Little has been done to understand the nature of parent–child connectedness, the structural factors that impact on connectedness and parents’ understanding of how connectedness affects their children's sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa and Tanzania in particular. Ethnographic research involved 30 days of observation in 10 households, 9 focus group discussions and 60 in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVIVO qualitative data analysis software.
The structural factors with greatest influence on connectedness were economic circumstances, gender, social status, state education, and globalisation. Economic circumstances impacted on parent–child connectedness through parents’ ability to provide for their children's material needs, and the time their occupation allowed for them to spend with their children and monitor their activities. Appropriate parent–child interactions were shaped by gender norms and by social status in the form of respectability, adolescents’ adherence to norms of respect/ obedience shaping their parents’ affection. State education affected parents’ preferences between children but also undermined parental authority, as did broader globalisation. Connectedness was related to SRH in a bi-directional way: lack of connectedness was linked to young people's low self-esteem and risky sexual behaviour while unplanned pregnancies seriously undermined young women's connectedness with their parents. Since material provision was perceived to be a central element of parent–child connectedness, structural factors limiting provision made transactional sex more likely both through direct material pathways and emotional ones. Motives for transactional sex were said to be material needs and to feel loved and cared for.
An important pathway by which structural factors shape adolescent SRH outcomes is through parent–child connectedness, especially parents’ ability to spend time with their children and provide for their economic needs. Modifying these structural factors should facilitate parent–child connectedness, which may help delay early sexual intercourse, protect young people against unplanned pregnancy through encouraging communication on contraception use and, overall, promote healthy adolescent development.
Url:
DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2014.945387
PubMed: 25174634
PubMed Central: 4151808
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">‘Mum never loved me.’ How structural factors influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health through parent–child connectedness: A qualitative study in rural Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Wamoyi, Joyce" sort="Wamoyi, Joyce" uniqKey="Wamoyi J" first="Joyce" last="Wamoyi">Joyce Wamoyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wight, Daniel" sort="Wight, Daniel" uniqKey="Wight D" first="Daniel" last="Wight">Daniel Wight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25174634</idno><idno type="pmc">4151808</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4151808</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4151808</idno><idno type="doi">10.2989/16085906.2014.945387</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002122</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002122</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">‘Mum never loved me.’ How structural factors influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health through parent–child connectedness: A qualitative study in rural Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Wamoyi, Joyce" sort="Wamoyi, Joyce" uniqKey="Wamoyi J" first="Joyce" last="Wamoyi">Joyce Wamoyi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wight, Daniel" sort="Wight, Daniel" uniqKey="Wight D" first="Daniel" last="Wight">Daniel Wight</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">African Journal of AIDS Research</title><idno type="ISSN">1608-5906</idno><idno type="eISSN">1727-9445</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Research in high income countries shows parent–child connectedness to be protective against undesirable sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes among young people. Little has been done to understand the nature of parent–child connectedness, the structural factors that impact on connectedness and parents’ understanding of how connectedness affects their children's sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa and Tanzania in particular. Ethnographic research involved 30 days of observation in 10 households, 9 focus group discussions and 60 in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVIVO qualitative data analysis software.</p><p>The structural factors with greatest influence on connectedness were economic circumstances, gender, social status, state education, and globalisation. Economic circumstances impacted on parent–child connectedness through parents’ ability to provide for their children's material needs, and the time their occupation allowed for them to spend with their children and monitor their activities. Appropriate parent–child interactions were shaped by gender norms and by social status in the form of respectability, adolescents’ adherence to norms of respect/ obedience shaping their parents’ affection. State education affected parents’ preferences between children but also undermined parental authority, as did broader globalisation. Connectedness was related to SRH in a bi-directional way: lack of connectedness was linked to young people's low self-esteem and risky sexual behaviour while unplanned pregnancies seriously undermined young women's connectedness with their parents. Since material provision was perceived to be a central element of parent–child connectedness, structural factors limiting provision made transactional sex more likely both through direct material pathways and emotional ones. Motives for transactional sex were said to be material needs and to feel loved and cared for.</p><p>An important pathway by which structural factors shape adolescent SRH outcomes is through parent–child connectedness, especially parents’ ability to spend time with their children and provide for their economic needs. Modifying these structural factors should facilitate parent–child connectedness, which may help delay early sexual intercourse, protect young people against unplanned pregnancy through encouraging communication on contraception use and, overall, promote healthy adolescent development.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Babalola, S" uniqKey="Babalola S">S Babalola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tambashe, Bo" uniqKey="Tambashe B">BO Tambashe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vondrasek, C" uniqKey="Vondrasek C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Afr J AIDS Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Afr J AIDS Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="archive">RAAR</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">raar20</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>African Journal of AIDS Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-5906</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1727-9445</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Routledge</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25174634</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4151808</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">945387</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2989/16085906.2014.945387</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>‘Mum never loved me.’ How structural factors influence adolescent sexual and reproductive health through parent–child connectedness: A qualitative study in rural Tanzania</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wamoyi</surname><given-names>Joyce</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0001"><sup>a</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="an0001"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wight</surname><given-names>Daniel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff0002"><sup>b</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="aff0001"><label><sup>a</sup></label><institution><named-content content-type="institution-name">National Institute for Medical Research</named-content>,<named-content content-type="department">Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health</named-content></institution>, PO Box 1462,<named-content content-type="city">Mwanza</named-content>,<country>Tanzania</country></aff><aff id="aff0002"><label><sup>b</sup></label><institution><named-content content-type="institution-name">Medical Research Council</named-content>,<named-content content-type="department">Department of Social and Public Health Sciences</named-content></institution> Unit, 4 Lilybank Gardens,<named-content content-type="city">Glasgow</named-content>,<named-content content-type="postal-code">G12 8RZ</named-content>,<country>UK</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="an0001"><label>* </label>Corresponding author, email: <email>jwamoyi@hotmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>3</day><month>4</month><year>2014</year><pmc-comment>string-date: June 2014</pmc-comment>
</pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title>Contextualising structural factors in HIV prevention</issue-title><fpage seq="9">169</fpage><lpage>178</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>The Author(s)</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="raar-13-169.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Research in high income countries shows parent–child connectedness to be protective against undesirable sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes among young people. Little has been done to understand the nature of parent–child connectedness, the structural factors that impact on connectedness and parents’ understanding of how connectedness affects their children's sexual behaviour in sub-Saharan Africa and Tanzania in particular. Ethnographic research involved 30 days of observation in 10 households, 9 focus group discussions and 60 in-depth interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVIVO qualitative data analysis software.</p><p>The structural factors with greatest influence on connectedness were economic circumstances, gender, social status, state education, and globalisation. Economic circumstances impacted on parent–child connectedness through parents’ ability to provide for their children's material needs, and the time their occupation allowed for them to spend with their children and monitor their activities. Appropriate parent–child interactions were shaped by gender norms and by social status in the form of respectability, adolescents’ adherence to norms of respect/ obedience shaping their parents’ affection. State education affected parents’ preferences between children but also undermined parental authority, as did broader globalisation. Connectedness was related to SRH in a bi-directional way: lack of connectedness was linked to young people's low self-esteem and risky sexual behaviour while unplanned pregnancies seriously undermined young women's connectedness with their parents. Since material provision was perceived to be a central element of parent–child connectedness, structural factors limiting provision made transactional sex more likely both through direct material pathways and emotional ones. Motives for transactional sex were said to be material needs and to feel loved and cared for.</p><p>An important pathway by which structural factors shape adolescent SRH outcomes is through parent–child connectedness, especially parents’ ability to spend time with their children and provide for their economic needs. Modifying these structural factors should facilitate parent–child connectedness, which may help delay early sexual intercourse, protect young people against unplanned pregnancy through encouraging communication on contraception use and, overall, promote healthy adolescent development.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>ASRH</kwd><kwd>parent–child connectedness</kwd><kwd>parenting</kwd><kwd>structural factors</kwd><kwd>sub-Saharan Africa</kwd><kwd>Tanzania</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="0"></table-count><ref-count count="40"></ref-count><page-count count="10"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><back><ref-list id="references"><title>References</title><ref id="cit0001"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Babalola</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Tambashe</surname><given-names>BO</given-names></name><name><surname>Vondrasek</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><article-title>Parental factors and sexual risk-taking among young people in Cote d'Ivoire</article-title><source><italic>African Journal of Reproductive Health</italic></source><volume>9</volume><fpage>4965</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="cit0002"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barber</surname><given-names>BK</given-names></name><name><surname>Schluterman</surname><given-names>JM.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2008</year><article-title>Connectedness in the lives of children and adolescents: a call for greater conceptual clarity</article-title><source><italic>Journal of Adolescent Health</italic></source><volume>43</volume><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>216</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18710674</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="cit0003"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bastien</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Kajula</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Muhwezi</surname><given-names>WW.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2011</year><article-title>A review of studies of parent–child communication about sexuality and HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa</article-title><source><italic>Reproductive Health</italic></source><volume>8</volume><fpage>25</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21943095</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="cit0004"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Biddlecom</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Awusabo-Asare</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name><name><surname>Bankole</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2009</year><article-title>Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four African countries</article-title><source><italic>International Perspectives of Sexual and Reproductive Health</italic></source><volume>35</volume><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>81</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="cit0005"><element-citation publication-type="conference"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blum</surname><given-names>RW.</given-names></name></person-group><year>2005</year><source><italic>Family connections make a difference in the lives of of youth</italic></source><comment>Available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.mnddc.org/extra/risk/family.htm">http://www.mnddc.org/extra/risk/family.htm</ext-link>. 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