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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The menopause transition in women living with HIV: current evidence and future avenues of research</title><author><name sortKey="Tariq, Shema" sort="Tariq, Shema" uniqKey="Tariq S" first="Shema" last="Tariq">Shema Tariq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Jane" sort="Anderson, Jane" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="Jane" last="Anderson">Jane Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Fiona" sort="Burns, Fiona" uniqKey="Burns F" first="Fiona" last="Burns">Fiona Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delpech, Valerie" sort="Delpech, Valerie" uniqKey="Delpech V" first="Valerie" last="Delpech">Valerie Delpech</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilson, Richard" sort="Gilson, Richard" uniqKey="Gilson R" first="Richard" last="Gilson">Richard Gilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Caroline" sort="Sabin, Caroline" uniqKey="Sabin C" first="Caroline" last="Sabin">Caroline Sabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27482447</idno><idno type="pmc">4965243</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4965243</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4965243</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000279</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000279</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The menopause transition in women living with HIV: current evidence and future avenues of research</title><author><name sortKey="Tariq, Shema" sort="Tariq, Shema" uniqKey="Tariq S" first="Shema" last="Tariq">Shema Tariq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Jane" sort="Anderson, Jane" uniqKey="Anderson J" first="Jane" last="Anderson">Jane Anderson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0002"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burns, Fiona" sort="Burns, Fiona" uniqKey="Burns F" first="Fiona" last="Burns">Fiona Burns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Delpech, Valerie" sort="Delpech, Valerie" uniqKey="Delpech V" first="Valerie" last="Delpech">Valerie Delpech</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0003"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilson, Richard" sort="Gilson, Richard" uniqKey="Gilson R" first="Richard" last="Gilson">Richard Gilson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabin, Caroline" sort="Sabin, Caroline" uniqKey="Sabin C" first="Caroline" last="Sabin">Caroline Sabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="jve7-aff-0001"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Virus Eradication</title><idno type="ISSN">2055-6640</idno><idno type="eISSN">2055-6659</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Abstract</title><p id="jve7-para-0001">As the life expectancy of people living with HIV improves as a result of antiretroviral therapy, increasing numbers of women living with HIV (WLHIV) are now reaching menopausal age. The menopause transition in WLHIV remains a relatively overlooked area in clinical HIV research. Whilst there is some evidence to suggest that WLHIV experience menopause at an earlier age and that they have more menopausal symptoms, there is no clear consensus in the literature around an impact of HIV infection on either timing or symptomatology of the menopause. Data are also conflicting on whether HIV-related factors such as HIV viral load and CD4 cell count have an impact on the menopause. Furthermore, menopausal symptoms in WLHIV are known to go under-recognised by both healthcare providers and women themselves.</p><p id="jve7-para-0002">There is likely to be a burden of unmet health needs among WLHIV transitioning through the menopause, with significant gaps in the evidence base for their care. With this in mind, we have developed the PRIME study (Positive Transitions Through the Menopause). This mixed-methods observational study will explore, for the first time in the UK, the impact of the menopause on the health and wellbeing of 1500 ethnically diverse WLHIV. In establishing a cohort of women in their midlife and following them up longitudinally, we hope to develop a nuanced understanding of the gendered aspects of ageing and HIV, informing the provision of appropriate services for WLHIV to ensure that they are supported in maintaining optimal health and wellbeing as they get older.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loutfy, Mr" uniqKey="Loutfy M">MR Loutfy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sherr, L" uniqKey="Sherr L">L Sherr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sonnenberg Schwan, U" uniqKey="Sonnenberg Schwan U">U Sonnenberg-Schwan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahy, M" uniqKey="Mahy M">M Mahy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Autenrieth, Cs" uniqKey="Autenrieth C">CS Autenrieth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stanecki, K" uniqKey="Stanecki K">K Stanecki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wynd, S" uniqKey="Wynd S">S. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Virus Erad</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Virus Erad</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOURNAL OF VIRUS ERADICATION</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Virus Eradication</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2055-6640</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2055-6659</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Mediscript Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27482447</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4965243</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Viewpoint</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The menopause transition in women living with HIV: current evidence and future avenues of research</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tariq</surname><given-names>Shema</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="an1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>Jane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jve7-aff-0002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Burns</surname><given-names>Fiona</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jve7-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Delpech</surname><given-names>Valerie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jve7-aff-0003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gilson</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jve7-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sabin</surname><given-names>Caroline</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="jve7-aff-0001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="jve7-aff-0001"><label><sup>1</sup></label><institution>Research Department of Infection and Population Health</institution>,<institution>University College London</institution>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="jve7-aff-0002"><label><sup>2</sup></label><institution>Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV</institution>,<institution>Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff><aff id="jve7-aff-0003"><label><sup>3</sup></label><institution>Public Health England</institution>,<addr-line>London</addr-line>,<country>UK</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="an1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: Shema Tariq,
<institution>Research Department of Infection and Population Health</institution>,
<institution>University College London</institution>,
<addr-line>Mortimer Market Centre, Off Capper Street</addr-line>,
<addr-line>London</addr-line><addr-line>WC1E 6JB</addr-line>,
<country>UK</country>Email:
<email>s.tariq@ucl.ac.uk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>1</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 The Authors. <italic>Journal of Virus Eradication</italic> published by Mediscript Ltd</copyright-statement><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article published under the terms of a Creative Commons License.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="jve7-abs-0001"><title>Abstract</title><p id="jve7-para-0001">As the life expectancy of people living with HIV improves as a result of antiretroviral therapy, increasing numbers of women living with HIV (WLHIV) are now reaching menopausal age. The menopause transition in WLHIV remains a relatively overlooked area in clinical HIV research. Whilst there is some evidence to suggest that WLHIV experience menopause at an earlier age and that they have more menopausal symptoms, there is no clear consensus in the literature around an impact of HIV infection on either timing or symptomatology of the menopause. Data are also conflicting on whether HIV-related factors such as HIV viral load and CD4 cell count have an impact on the menopause. Furthermore, menopausal symptoms in WLHIV are known to go under-recognised by both healthcare providers and women themselves.</p><p id="jve7-para-0002">There is likely to be a burden of unmet health needs among WLHIV transitioning through the menopause, with significant gaps in the evidence base for their care. With this in mind, we have developed the PRIME study (Positive Transitions Through the Menopause). This mixed-methods observational study will explore, for the first time in the UK, the impact of the menopause on the health and wellbeing of 1500 ethnically diverse WLHIV. In establishing a cohort of women in their midlife and following them up longitudinally, we hope to develop a nuanced understanding of the gendered aspects of ageing and HIV, informing the provision of appropriate services for WLHIV to ensure that they are supported in maintaining optimal health and wellbeing as they get older.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><title id="jve7-title-0002">Keywords</title><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>women</kwd><kwd>ageing</kwd><kwd>menopause</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="jve7-sec-0001"><title id="jve7-title-0003">Introduction</title><p id="jve7-para-0003">Of the 37 million people currently living with HIV globally, half are women (
<uri xlink:href="http://www.unaids.org">www.unaids.org</uri>, accessed 07 January 2016). Despite this, there remains a paucity of data relating to the reproductive and post-reproductive health of women living with HIV (WLHIV) <xref rid="jve7-bib-0001" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>.</p><p id="jve7-para-0004">Improvements in survival due to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have resulted in successfully treated HIV-positive individuals now having a near normal life expectancy, and a shift in the age distribution of people living with HIV <xref rid="jve7-bib-0002" ref-type="bibr">[2,3]</xref>. The transformation of HIV into a chronic medical condition means that co-morbid conditions and other age-related events are now of increasing importance in clinical HIV practice; among women, these events include the menopause. Approximately 8700 women of potentially menopausal age (between 45 and 56) attended for HIV-related care in the UK in 2014, a six-fold increase over a 10-year period (Z Yin, Public Health England, personal communication). Based on the age distribution of HIV-positive women attending for HIV care in 2013, a total of 10,000 women are likely to reach potentially menopausal age in the next 10 years (Z Yin, Public Health England, personal communication) <xref rid="jve7-bib-0004" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0002"><title id="jve7-title-0004">Overview of natural menopause</title><p id="jve7-para-0005">Natural menopause is defined as ‘the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity’, in the absence of other physiological or pathological causes <xref rid="jve7-bib-0005" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. The average age at natural menopause in the UK is 52 years <xref rid="jve7-bib-0006" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, although there is considerable geographical variation, with age at natural menopause lowest among women from African, Latin American, Asian and Middle Eastern countries <xref rid="jve7-bib-0007" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>. The transition to menopause is often accompanied by a range of physical and psychological changes, with 85% of women reporting symptoms such as hot flushes, sleep disturbance or mood changes <xref rid="jve7-bib-0008" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>. According to a recent large American cohort study, the median duration of vasomotor symptoms is longer than previously thought at 7.4 years, continuing for an average of 4.5 years beyond final menstrual period <xref rid="jve7-bib-0009" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. However, it is important to note that the menopause is a complex <italic>biosocial </italic>phenomenon, where factors such as ethnicity and socioeconomic status affect reporting, duration and experience of symptoms <xref rid="jve7-bib-0009" ref-type="bibr">[9–11]</xref>. Despite this variation across sociocultural contexts, menopausal symptoms have consistently been shown to impact negatively upon women's perceived health, their quality of life, and their role performance both at work and within relationships <xref rid="jve7-bib-0012" ref-type="bibr">[12–14]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0003"><title id="jve7-title-0005">HIV and the menopause</title><p id="jve7-para-0006">There are several reasons why we may expect the menopause transition to be different in WLHIV. First, gonadal dysfunction is well-described in men living with HIV, even in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era <xref rid="jve7-bib-0015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>. Gonadal function is relatively understudied in WLHIV, however, an analysis of data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) found that HIV-positive women were more likely to have lower levels of anti-mullerian hormone (a biological marker of ovarian reserve), largely explained by lower CD4 counts <xref rid="jve7-bib-0016" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>. The pathophysiology underlying ovarian dysfunction in WLHIV is likely to be similar to that underlying hypogonadism in men, with possible factors including the effects of opportunistic infection and the virus itself on the ovaries and the pituitary gland <xref rid="jve7-bib-0015" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>. Furthermore, given that HIV is increasingly understood to be associated with persistent inflammation, we can hypothesise that this may affect the neuroendocrine axis. HIV-related effects on the ovaries or neuroendocrine axis may alter both the natural history and symptomatology of menopause in WLHIV, especially in the context of other contributing factors such as substance misuse, lower socioeconomic status and non-Caucasian ethnicity.</p><p id="jve7-para-0007">Secondly, there may be an additive effect of oestrogen depletion to the already increased risk of dyslipidaemia, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in WLHIV <xref rid="jve7-bib-0017" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>. Finally, transitioning through the menopause in the context of chronic illness may present difficulties in determining aetiology of symptoms, with evidence suggesting that menopausal symptoms in WLHIV go under-recognised by both healthcare providers <xref rid="jve7-bib-0018" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref> and women themselves <xref rid="jve7-bib-0019" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>. Moreover, WLHIV face the additional challenge of managing menopausal symptoms whilst living with a chronic illness requiring careful management and monitoring.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0004"><title id="jve7-title-0006">Current evidence</title><p id="jve7-para-0008">Data on the association between HIV and earlier age at menopause is conflicting. Several studies, including one of the very few to be conducted in Europe, have reported a median age at menopause younger than 52, with ages ranging from 47.5 to 50 years, suggesting that WLHIV may transition through menopause at an earlier age than their HIV-negative counterparts <xref rid="jve7-bib-0020" ref-type="bibr">[20–25]</xref>. However, the only studies including an HIV-negative comparison group have reported similar ages at menopause in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative women <xref rid="jve7-bib-0025" ref-type="bibr">[25,26]</xref>. In terms of predictors of age at menopause in WLHIV, again data are conflicting with some authors reporting no association between age at menopause and HIV-related factors such as HIV viral load, CD4 cell count and the use of ART <xref rid="jve7-bib-0020" ref-type="bibr">[20,22]</xref>, and others reporting current low CD4 cell count as a risk factor <xref rid="jve7-bib-0024" ref-type="bibr">[24,26,27]</xref>.</p><p id="jve7-para-0009">Relatively few studies exist on the symptomatology of the menopause in WLHIV. Lui-Filho<italic> et al</italic>. <xref rid="jve7-bib-0028" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref> reported no association between HIV status and a range of menopausal symptoms including hot flushes and vaginal dryness. However, other authors have reported that HIV-positive serostatus is associated with increased menopausal symptoms including hot flushes <xref rid="jve7-bib-0029" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref>, other vasomotor symptoms <xref rid="jve7-bib-0020" ref-type="bibr">[20,23]</xref>, sexual dysfunction <xref rid="jve7-bib-0020" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref>, and mood changes <xref rid="jve7-bib-0023" ref-type="bibr">[23,30]</xref>. Again, there is little consensus on the relationship between cell count and HIV viral load, and menopausal symptoms with two studies reporting no association <xref rid="jve7-bib-0021" ref-type="bibr">[21,29]</xref> and others demonstrating an association between higher CD4 cell count and increased vasomotor symptoms <xref rid="jve7-bib-0028" ref-type="bibr">[28,31]</xref>.</p><p id="jve7-para-0010">Finally, given the immunomodulatory effects of oestrogen, the impact of the menopause transition and consequent oestrogen depletion on the natural history of HIV is of interest. However, only three studies have looked at this, finding no evidence of an effect of menopausal status on either CD4 cell count decline after HIV seroconversion <xref rid="jve7-bib-0032" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref>, or response to ART <xref rid="jve7-bib-0033" ref-type="bibr">[33,34]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0005"><title id="jve7-title-0007">Gaps in evidence</title><p id="jve7-para-0011">In view of the conflicting literature on HIV and both natural history and symptomatology of the menopause, further research is warranted in this area. Of note, the overwhelming body of work has emerged from the United States and South America. Findings from these studies may not be applicable in settings such as sub-Saharan Africa and Europe, where patient cohorts may differ in terms of ethnicity, comorbidity, substance misuse, socioeconomic status and healthcare access.</p><p id="jve7-para-1011">Current UK guidelines on management of the menopause recommend that menopausal women be given adequate information on symptomatology, lifestyle modification and treatment options including hormone replacement therapy (HRT) <xref rid="jve7-bib-0035" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. HRT can be offered to allevitate vasomotor symptoms and low mood that arise as a result of the menopause <xref rid="jve7-bib-0034" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref>. However, there are notable gaps in the evidence base around the clinical support required for WLHIV experiencing the menopause transition. This includes a lack of information on: long-term safety and efficacy of HRT; drug interactions between HRT and ART; the potential role of psychosocial interventions; and the impact of the menopause transition on WLHIV’s quality of life and their ability to engage with health-sustaining behaviours such as adherence to ART and retention in HIV care. Finally, there remains an absence of qualitative literature on women's experience of reproductive ageing in the context of HIV.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0006"><title id="jve7-title-0008">The PRIME study</title><p id="jve7-para-0012">With these gaps in mind, we designed the PRIME study (Positive Transitions Through the Menopause,
<uri xlink:href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/prime-study">www.ucl.ac.uk/prime-study</uri>), a mixed-methods observational study funded by the UK's National Institute of Health Research (NIHR). Our overarching aim is to explore, for the first time in the UK, the impact of the menopause on the health and wellbeing of WLHIV. The specific objectives of the study are (amongst WLHIV):
<list list-type="simple" id="jve7-list-0001"><list-item id="jve7-li-0001"><label>1.</label><p id="jve7-para-0013">To estimate the prevalence of menopause (stratified by age) and menopausal symptoms.</p></list-item><list-item id="jve7-li-0002"><label>2.</label><p id="jve7-para-0014">To explore factors associated with earlier age at menopause and increased menopausal symptoms.</p></list-item><list-item id="jve7-li-0003"><label>3.</label><p id="jve7-para-0015">To explore the association between both menopausal status and symptoms, and: (i) mental health, (ii) sexual function, (iii) quality of life, (iv) adherence to ART, (v) attendance for HIV care, and (vi) condom use.</p></list-item><list-item id="jve7-li-0004"><label>4.</label><p id="jve7-para-0016">To explore the mechanisms by which the menopause may impact upon engagement with HIV care and wellbeing.</p></list-item><list-item id="jve7-li-0005"><label>5.</label><p id="jve7-para-0017">To describe the current management of menopausal symptoms in the UK and identify areas of clinical need.</p></list-item></list>We aim to recruit 1500 WLHIV aged between 45 and 60 from National Health Service (NHS) HIV clinics across the UK. The study comprises self-completed paper questionnaires, collection of clinical data, and semi-structured interviews with a proportion of women. Furthermore, we are seeking consent for ongoing follow-up, thereby establishing a unique cohort of ethnically diverse women ageing with HIV. This will allow the longitudinal study of the effects of ageing, specifically the menopause, on the longer-term health and wellbeing of WLHIV.</p></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0007"><title id="jve7-title-0009">Conclusion</title><p id="jve7-para-0018">There remains a paucity of data on HIV and the menopause, particularly within Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Whilst there is some evidence to suggest that WLHIV experience menopause at an earlier age and that they experience a greater symptom burden than women without HIV, there is no clear consensus around the impact of HIV on either timing or symptomatology of the menopause in the literature. Little is known about predictors of menopausal symptoms within this group, nor of the impact of menopausal symptoms on women's wellbeing and ability to engage with health-sustaining behaviours. Furthermore, menopausal symptoms in WLHIV may be under-recognised by healthcare providers and by women themselves, and there are few data on symptom management within this population.</p><p id="jve7-para-0019">There is likely to be a burden of unmet health needs among WLHIV women transitioning through menopause. The PRIME Study is a mixed-methods observational study that will allow exploration of the impact of the menopause on health and wellbeing among an ethnically diverse cohort of WLHIV in the UK. We hope that this study will contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the gendered aspects of ageing and HIV, informing the provision of appropriate services for WLHIV to ensure that they are supported in maintaining optimal health into their post-reproductive years.</p></sec></body><back><ack id="jve7-ack-0001"><title id="jve7-title-0010">Acknowledgements</title></ack><sec id="jve7-sec-0008"><title id="jve7-title-0011"></title><sec id="jve7-sec-0009"><title id="jve7-title-0012">Declaration of interests</title><p id="jve7-para-0020">ST has previously received a travel bursary funded by Janssen-Cilag through the British HIV Association. CS has received funding for membership of Data Safety and Monitoring Boards, Advisory Boards, the development of educational materials and membership of speaker panels from Gilead Sciences, Janssen-Cilag, ViiV Healthcare and Bristol-Myers Squibb. FB has received speakers fees and travel assistance from Gilead Sciences and Janssen-Cilag. ST, JA, FB and CS are members of the steering group of SWIFT, a networking group for people involved in research in HIV and women, funded by Bristol Myers Squibb.</p></sec></sec><sec id="jve7-sec-0010"><title id="jve7-title-0013"></title><sec id="jve7-sec-0011"><title id="jve7-title-0014">Funding</title><p id="jve7-para-0021">ST is funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) in the form of a postdoctoral fellowship (PDF-2014-07-071). Any views expressed in this paper are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the funders.</p></sec></sec><ref-list id="jve7-ref-0001"><title>References</title><ref id="jve7-bib-0001"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Loutfy</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></name>,
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<comment>accessed March 2016</comment>).</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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