Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Illegal Residents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</title><author><name sortKey="Memish, Ziad A" sort="Memish, Ziad A" uniqKey="Memish Z" first="Ziad A." last="Memish">Ziad A. Memish</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filemban, Sanaa M" sort="Filemban, Sanaa M" uniqKey="Filemban S" first="Sanaa M." last="Filemban">Sanaa M. Filemban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kasule, Sabirah N" sort="Kasule, Sabirah N" uniqKey="Kasule S" first="Sabirah N." last="Kasule">Sabirah N. Kasule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Jaffar A" sort="Al Tawfiq, Jaffar A" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J" first="Jaffar A." last="Al-Tawfiq">Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Speciality Mediicne, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26392717</idno><idno type="pmc">4557138</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4557138</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4557138</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0974-777X.161744</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000115</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000115</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Illegal Residents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</title><author><name sortKey="Memish, Ziad A" sort="Memish, Ziad A" uniqKey="Memish Z" first="Ziad A." last="Memish">Ziad A. Memish</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><italic>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Filemban, Sanaa M" sort="Filemban, Sanaa M" uniqKey="Filemban S" first="Sanaa M." last="Filemban">Sanaa M. Filemban</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kasule, Sabirah N" sort="Kasule, Sabirah N" uniqKey="Kasule S" first="Sabirah N." last="Kasule">Sabirah N. Kasule</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Jaffar A" sort="Al Tawfiq, Jaffar A" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J" first="Jaffar A." last="Al-Tawfiq">Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><italic>Speciality Mediicne, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><italic>Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA</italic></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Global Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">0974-777X</idno><idno type="eISSN">0974-8245</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Objectives:</title><p>To study the knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in illegal residents, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A questionnaire study was conducted among the illegal residents from four regions in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Makkah, Riyadh, and Jazan.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The survey enrolled 5,000 participants, 79%male (39.6% from Jeddah; 20% from Riyadh; and 20% from Jazan), aged between 15 and 45 years. Of the total, 1288 (25.8%) had not heard about HIV/AIDS. Knowledge of HIV transmission was poor in 90% of the respondents. Of the total, 737 had read about HIV/AIDS materials and 649 participants had been previously tested for HIV. The majority of participants (85%) held a negative attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Those who were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS expressed more a positive attitude. One-fifth (968, majority were men; single 55%, married 45%) had engaged in non-marital sexual activity. The largest proportion of the individuals who had engaged in non-marital sex were single (54.9%) followed by the married ones (40.4%). Men cited pleasure as the main reason for such activity (84.6%), whereas women (73.4%) cited financial gain. Of the respondents, 53.9 and 32.1% believed that TV and schools were the best media through which information with regard to HIV/AIDS could be imparted.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, and prevention measures was poor. Educational programs specifically targeted toward this group were required.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abu Raddad, Lj" uniqKey="Abu Raddad L">LJ Abu-Raddad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akala, Fa" uniqKey="Akala F">FA Akala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Semini, I" uniqKey="Semini I">I Semini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riedner, G" uniqKey="Riedner G">G Riedner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, D" uniqKey="Wilson D">D Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tawil, O" uniqKey="Tawil O">O Tawil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Madani, Ta" uniqKey="Madani T">TA Madani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Mazrouyy" uniqKey="Al Mazrouyy">Al-MazrouYY</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Jeffri, Mh" uniqKey="Al Jeffri M">MH Al-Jeffri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Huzaim, Ns" uniqKey="Al Huzaim N">NS Al Huzaim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alrajhi, Aa" uniqKey="Alrajhi A">AA Alrajhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halim, Ma" uniqKey="Halim M">MA Halim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Abdely, Hm" uniqKey="Al Abdely H">HM Al-Abdely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alrajhi, Aa" uniqKey="Alrajhi A">AA Alrajhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halim, Ma" uniqKey="Halim M">MA Halim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Abdely, Hm" uniqKey="Al Abdely H">HM Al-Abdely</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abdelmoneim, I" uniqKey="Abdelmoneim I">I Abdelmoneim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, My" uniqKey="Khan M">MY Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daffalla, A" uniqKey="Daffalla A">A Daffalla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Ghamdi, S" uniqKey="Al Ghamdi S">S Al-Ghamdi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Gamal, M" uniqKey="Al Gamal M">M Al-Gamal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Mazrou, Yy" uniqKey="Al Mazrou Y">YY Al-Mazrou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Jeffri, Mh" uniqKey="Al Jeffri M">MH Al-Jeffri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fidail, Ai" uniqKey="Fidail A">AI Fidail</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Huzaim, N" uniqKey="Al Huzaim N">N Al-Huzaim</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Gizouli, Se" uniqKey="El Gizouli S">SE El-Gizouli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mazroa, Ma" uniqKey="Mazroa M">MA Mazroa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kabbash, Ia" uniqKey="Kabbash I">IA Kabbash</name></author><author><name sortKey="Felemban, Sm" uniqKey="Felemban S">SM Felemban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stephens, Gm" uniqKey="Stephens G">GM Stephens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hakeem, Rf" uniqKey="Al Hakeem R">RF Al-Hakeem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, Ai" uniqKey="Zumla A">AI Zumla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badahdah, A" uniqKey="Badahdah A">A Badahdah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Raheel, H" uniqKey="Raheel H">H Raheel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmood, Ma" uniqKey="Mahmood M">MA Mahmood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Binsaeed, A" uniqKey="Binsaeed A">A BinSaeed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Mazrou, Yy" uniqKey="Al Mazrou Y">YY Al-Mazrou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abouzeid, Ms" uniqKey="Abouzeid M">MS Abouzeid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Jeffri, Mh" uniqKey="Al Jeffri M">MH Al-Jeffri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Badahdah, Am" uniqKey="Badahdah A">AM Badahdah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Ghanim, Sa" uniqKey="Al Ghanim S">SA Al-Ghanim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saleh, Ma" uniqKey="Saleh M">MA Saleh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Ghamdi, Ys" uniqKey="Al Ghamdi Y">YS al-Ghamdi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Yahia, Oa" uniqKey="Al Yahia O">OA al-Yahia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaqran, Tm" uniqKey="Shaqran T">TM Shaqran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mosa, Ar" uniqKey="Mosa A">AR Mosa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abolfotouh, Ma" uniqKey="Abolfotouh M">MA Abolfotouh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Glob Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Glob Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JGID</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Global Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0974-777X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">0974-8245</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26392717</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4557138</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JGID-7-103</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0974-777X.161744</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Illegal Residents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Memish</surname><given-names>Ziad A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Filemban</surname><given-names>Sanaa M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kasule</surname><given-names>Sabirah N.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Tawfiq</surname><given-names>Jaffar A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><italic>Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><italic>College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</italic></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><italic>Speciality Mediicne, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia</italic></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><italic>Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA</italic></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Ziad A Memish, E-mail: <email xlink:href="zmemish@yahoo.com">zmemish@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jul-Sep</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Journal of Global Infectious Diseases</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Objectives:</title><p>To study the knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to human immunodeficiency virus infection / acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in illegal residents, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>A questionnaire study was conducted among the illegal residents from four regions in Saudi Arabia: Jeddah, Makkah, Riyadh, and Jazan.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results:</title><p>The survey enrolled 5,000 participants, 79%male (39.6% from Jeddah; 20% from Riyadh; and 20% from Jazan), aged between 15 and 45 years. Of the total, 1288 (25.8%) had not heard about HIV/AIDS. Knowledge of HIV transmission was poor in 90% of the respondents. Of the total, 737 had read about HIV/AIDS materials and 649 participants had been previously tested for HIV. The majority of participants (85%) held a negative attitude toward people living with HIV/AIDS. Those who were knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS expressed more a positive attitude. One-fifth (968, majority were men; single 55%, married 45%) had engaged in non-marital sexual activity. The largest proportion of the individuals who had engaged in non-marital sex were single (54.9%) followed by the married ones (40.4%). Men cited pleasure as the main reason for such activity (84.6%), whereas women (73.4%) cited financial gain. Of the respondents, 53.9 and 32.1% believed that TV and schools were the best media through which information with regard to HIV/AIDS could be imparted.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions:</title><p>Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, its mode of transmission, and prevention measures was poor. Educational programs specifically targeted toward this group were required.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Attitudes</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>illegal residents</kwd><kwd>knowledge</kwd><kwd>practice</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>According to a recent report from UNAIDS,[<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] about 2.6 million people throughout the world were newly infected with HIV, in 2009. Globally, by the end of 2009, around 33.3 million people were living with HIV. Although epidemiological surveillance in the Middle East and the region in North Africa (MENA) is limited, HIV prevalence is believed to be low, except in southern Sudan and Djibouti. In 2009, around 75,000 people were newly infected in the MENA region. As of 2009, an estimated 460,000 people were living with HIV in this region, and about 23,000 deaths were attributed to AIDS.</p><p>In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), recent data[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] indicate that during a span of 19 years (1984–2003), 7807 HIV/AIDS cases were reported to the Saudi Ministry of Health. The most infected individuals (6064, 77.6%) were expatriates, whereas, the remaining (22.4%) were Saudi citizens. Most of the HIV-positive individuals resided in three major Saudi cities, Jeddah, in the western province of Saudi Arabia, had 40% of the HIV-positive cases, followed by Riyadh (15%), and Dammam (12%). Most of the HIV cases were among people in their prime years (20–40 years of age).</p><p>The main mode of infection is heterosexual activity, followed by blood transfusion, but this information is limited, owing to the specific focus on studies conducted in hospitals.[<xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>] Saudi men are thought to contract HIV infection mainly from non-marital heterosexual activity, whereas, the majority of females appear to acquire it from their spouse. A study found that in a sample of 65 HIV- positive women, 62 had acquired the infection from their husbands, and 111 of the 124 HIV-positive men had acquired HIV infection from sex workers.[<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>] From 1984 to 2001, there were 6046 HIV cases in KSA and 21.3% were Saudi citizens.[<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>] The incidence of new HIV infections was low in 2012, among non-Saudis (1.5/100,000) and Saudi (1.2/100,000) citizens.[<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>] AIDS was the usual presentation in HIV-infected men and 55% of the women were diagnosed with HIV owing to ‘contact with an infected person’.[<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>] One study showed that heterosexual transmission was the route of acquisition of HIV in 46% of the 189 patients.[<xref rid="ref8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</p><p>Little is known about illegal residents in KSA, especially in relation to HIV. In a small study, 69 non-Saudi drivers scored higher on knowledge than 40 Saudi drivers.[<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>] We report findings from a large-scale survey on HIV/AIDS performed among illegal residents in four main cities of KSA, to obtain information on the knowledge and attitude and presence of HIV/AIDS among these illegal residents in KSA, which would help guide specific investments into the educational and prevention campaigns for these risk groups. The aims of the study were: To describe the socioeconomic characteristics of illegal residents in the four regions in Saudi Arabia; to explore their attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS; to assess their knowledge on HIV; and to understand their risk behavior.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, questionnaire and structured interview study. The study was approved by the KSA National AIDS Program. The survey was conducted among 5000 illegal residents, who were selected from the cities of Riyadh (<italic>n</italic> = 1000), Jeddah (<italic>n</italic> = 2000), Makkah (<italic>n</italic> = 1000), and Jazan (<italic>n</italic> = 1000). These four regions were chosen because a large percentage of the reported HIV-cases were located in these regions, and because these cities had a large proportion of illegal residents.</p><p>The definition of illegal resident was: Residents (both males and females) who lacked a residence permit, held an expired residence permit, or were born in KSA to parents who fit the above two criteria. The study was restricted to adults (over 15 years of age).</p><p>The participants were recruited using two main methods: (a) In each region several community leaders of illegal residents were identified and were asked to help in recruiting participants for the study; at the conclusion of each interview, the participants were asked to help in recruiting other illegal residents (snowball sampling technique).</p><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Informed consent</title><p>Participants who agreed to take part in the study were asked to sign an informed consent form. The questionnaire interviews were conducted by trained male and female interviewers either in the participant's home or at a place of his or her choice.</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec1-3"><title>RESULTS</title><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Country of origin and reason for continued residence</title><p>The 5,000 participants were from 31 different countries and the largest number came from Yemen (1,583; 30%), Ethiopia (569; 11.3%), Nigeria (544; 11%), Somalia (446; 9%), and Burma (401; 8%). Of the 5,000 participants, 20.8% (<italic>n</italic> = 1040) were born in Saudi Arabia of illegal residents. Those who were born in Saudi Arabia resided in Jeddah (51.6%), Makkah (38.5%), and Jazan (9.7%). Of those ≥ 18 years, 76% were employed, and 68% had been working in Saudi for at least 10 years. The largest number of unemployed individuals was from Yemen (27.3%), followed by Burma (17.9%), and Nigeria (17.1%).</p></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Age and gender of participants</title><p>The mean age of the participants was 28.16 years (±SD = 7.15). Of all the participants, 43.6% were between 15 and 25 years old and 39.3% were 26–35 years of age. Men formed 80% of the participants. Approximately half, 50.4%, of the entire group were married, 2.3% were divorced, 1.3% were widows, and 35% were separated.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Literacy status</title><p>Of the respondents, 1,975 (39.5%) could not read or write. The majority of the illiterate were men (75.4%). Of the 1,975 illiterate, 705 (35.6%) were from Yemen, 261 (13.2%) from Nigeria, 11.8% from Somalia, and 11.4% from Ethiopia. The other 60.5% reported various degrees of educational attainment and of them 59.7% had at least a high-school diploma and only 42 individuals had a college degree.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-5"><title>Drug and alcohol use</title><p>Of the total, 951 (19%) had used drugs at some point in their life, and 751 (15%) had used drugs one month prior to the survey. Hashish was the most commonly used drug (12.3%). The practice of injecting drugs was not common among the participants and only 15 individuals had injected drugs during the past year. Only 606 individuals (12.1%) had taken alcohol ever and 263 (5.2%) had taken alcohol one month prior to data collection.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-6"><title>HIV/AIDS-related knowledge</title><p>A significant proportion of the participants (74.2%) had heard about HIV/AIDS. The remaining (25.6%) had not heard about HIV/AIDS. About 78.3% of those who had not heard about HIV/AIDS were men. Slightly more than one-half of the participants (52.8%) had learned about HIV/AIDS from the TV, friends, acquaintances, relatives (37.9%), radio (13.9%), and newspapers (11.5%). Healthcare professionals were the least likely source of information on HIV/AIDS (6.1%).</p><p>In regard to knowledge of the common symptoms of HIV infection, 27.8% indicated weight loss to be the most obvious symptom of HIV infection. Fever for more than one month was the second most obvious sign of HIV infection (14.8%). Diarrhea, as a sign of HIV infection, was mentioned by 8.8% of the participants and only 24.2% knew that AIDS was caused by a virus. Of the participants, 63.8% knew that HIV was transmitted through sexual activity, 30.8% knew that HIV could be transmitted through contaminated blood and contaminated sharp objects (27.1%).</p><p>Of the 3,694 participants who had heard about HIV/AIDS and provided their answers, 29.7% indicated that an HIV-positive person might look healthy without noticeable symptoms, 33.4% disagreed with this notion, and 37% had no knowledge with regard to this question.</p><p>With regard to a popular misconception about HIV transmission via mosquito bites - of the 3,711 individuals who responded to this idea, 30.3% stated that it was possible, 36.5% answered in the negative, and 33.4% reported a lack of knowledge about this idea.</p><p>When asked about sharing food with an HIV-positive person, of the 3,713 who answered this question, 36.2% stated that one could contract HIV by sharing food with an HIV-positive person, 43.3% stated that it was not possible, and 20.4% did not know the answer.</p><p>With regard to sharing needles with an HIV-positive person, of the 3,711 individuals who answered this question, 67.1% stated that it was possible and 9.8% stated that it was not possible to contract HIV by sharing contaminated needles. With regard to the idea of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV, 42.8% stated that yes, and 25.7% had no idea.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-7"><title>AIDS stigma and views about persons living with AIDS</title><p>A large proportion of participants (76%) reported that they would not share food with an HIV-positive person [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. When asked if HIV-positive people should be allowed to attend school if they did not manifest symptoms, 35.1% stated that they should be allowed and 54.2% stated that they should not be allowed. Although 34.2% expressed support for allowing HIV-positive people to work, 56.2% stated that HIV-positive people should not be allowed to work.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Perception of HIV-positive people</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JGID-7-103-g001"></graphic></fig><p>The participants were split over disclosing the HIV status of a relative, 54.6% favoured not informing others about having an HIV-positive relative, 41.7% had no problem disclosing a relative's HIV status to others, and 3.7% were not sure.</p><p>A positive attitude toward HIV-positive people was shown by 38.4% and 2.7% expressed positive attitude of a high level. Participants who knew more about HIV expressed a greater attitude of positivity toward HIV-positive people (<italic>P</italic> < 0001). Women were more likely than men to express a positive attitude toward people with HIV/AIDS (<italic>P</italic> < 0001).</p></sec><sec id="sec2-8"><title>Sexual activity and condom use</title><p>With regard to condoms, 45.3% had not heard about or seen a condom before, 30.4% had heard about condoms, and 24.4% had heard about and seen condoms before. The largest proportion of those who had heard or seen condoms had obtained this knowledge from their friends (29.8%), followed by TV (20.1%) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>]. Relatives were ranked third in providing knowledge about condoms (16.8%) and another important source was the drug store (12.7%).</p><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Source of information about condoms</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JGID-7-103-g002"></graphic></fig><p>Engagement in non-marital sexual activity was reported by 968 (19.4%) participants; the majority (93.2%) of those were men and 54.9% were single; 69.2% of the 65 females who had sexual activity were married.</p><p>The number of sexual encounters one month prior to the survey were once (41.4%), twice (11.4%), and thrice or more (9.6%).</p><p>A significant proportion of those who had engaged in non-marital sexual activity had used condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections, including HIV (35.1%), as well as to avoid pregnancy (5.5%).</p><p>The majority of men who had engaged in non-marital sexual activity had sex with women (64.9%), other men (14.6%), or with both (20.5%). The majority of women (86%) had sex with men. Only 12% reported sex with both men and women, and less than 2% reported sex with just women.</p><p>The reasons respondents provided for engaging in non-marital sexual activity also varied by gender. Men participated in sexual activity for enjoyment at a higher rate (84.6%) than women (21.9%). On the other hand, more women had sex for financial gain (73.4%) than men (5.4%) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Figure 3</xref>].</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Reasons for engaging in sexual activity by gender</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="JGID-7-103-g003"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec2-9"><title>Media use</title><p>Of the surveyed population, 52.2% owned only a TV, 8.1% owned only a radio, 20.3% owned both a TV and a radio, and 19.3% did not own a radio or TV.</p><p>Men tended to listen more to national programs in the evenings (7.5%), while women tended to listen to national programs in the morning (11.9%). Only 737 individuals (14.9%) received printed educational material about HIV/AIDS. A large proportion of the participants (53.9%) believed that TV was the best medium for educating people about HIV/AIDS, followed by schools (32.1%).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-4"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>From 1984 to 2003, in KSA, there was a total of 7807 HIV-infected persons - of whom 22.3% were Saudi.[<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>] In KSA, between 2000 and 2009, there was a total of 10,217 new HIV cases (2,956 Saudis and 7,261 non-Saudis) and 53% of the latter were from Sub-Saharan Africa.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] The mean annual incidence per 100,000 was 1.5 for Saudis and 13.2 for non-Saudis.[<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] Previous studies from KSA reported the attitude of the Saudi nationals toward HIV/AIDS patients.[<xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] This was the first comprehensive HIV-related National Survey of illegal residents in KSA. The survey findings pointed to several positive signs, as well as areas of concern. About one-quarter of the respondents had not heard about HIV/AIDS and a large number of participants expressed discomfort interacting with HIV-positive people in various situations. Premarital sex activity was reported in 31% of the 225 study participants, comprising of young men, in Riyadh city.[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</p><p>In a previous study of students in health institutes and colleges, there were negative attitudes shown toward discussing AIDS topics with others, home-care for HIV/AIDS people, and their right to work.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Less knowledge about HIV/AIDS was associated with more stigmatization of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA).[<xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>] Similarly, a negative attitude was observed among healthcare professionals.[<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</p><p>It is important to learn about participants’ use of media for the purpose of communicating and informing the public about health-related issues such as AIDS.</p><p>This survey queried the participants about their media use, including the types of programs they watched and listened to during the day and evening. A small number of individuals had received printed material about HIV/AIDS. This was a major area of concern that might indicate a lack of availability or distribution of printed materials on HIV/AIDS to this segment of the population. Another important concern was that the least informative sources on HIV/AIDS were the healthcare professionals.</p><p>Until we implement prevention programs with proven efficacy more widely, we will continue to miss opportunities to reduce the spread of HIV infection. It has been reported that health education positively impacts the attitudes toward discussion of AIDS; acceptance of home care for HIV infected people, and their right to work.[<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>] Among the educated men in KSA, 51% agreed that the use of condom prevents sexually transmitted infections (STIs).[<xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</p><p>The need at present is to develop and expand National Saudi AIDS strategies that provide and facilitate access to HIV testing and prevent its spread among illegal residents in Saudi Arabia in a secure non-threatening environment. There is also a need to develop specific mass media HIV-related information and educational and preventive programs in languages spoken by the illegal residents in Saudi Arabia.</p><p>Providing access to HIV testing that is culturally and linguistically suitable for both legal and illegal residents and training healthcare providers to identify and recommend HIV testing to individuals at risk of contracting HIV infection is the need of the hour. Disseminating information on HIV throughout the year and in areas where illegal residents tend to congregate is important to prevent bridging between to prevent spread of the HIV infection from the high-risk population and the community. Improving the understanding of factors that contribute to HIV infection among illegal residents by mapping and conducting further research on this segment of the Saudi population is significant. Strategies need to be developed to combat the AIDS-stigma among both legal and illegal residents. The hidden places that cannot be seen, accessed or changed easily need to be explored and focused on.</p></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> The study was supported by the Saudi Ministry of Health.</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> The authors have nothing to declare.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>Global Health Sector Strategy on hiv/aids 2011–2015 Global health sector strategy on HIV/AIDS 2011–2015</source><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2014 Apr 16</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news60/en/index.html">www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news60/en/index.html</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><article-title>Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization</article-title><source>UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic</source><year>2010</year><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2014 Apr 19</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_globalreport_em.pdf">http://www.unaids.org/documents/20101123_globalreport_em.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abu-Raddad</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Akala</surname><given-names>FA</given-names></name><name><surname>Semini</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Riedner</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name><name><surname>Wilson</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><name><surname>Tawil</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the middle East and North Africa</article-title><source>The World Bank</source><year>2010</year><fpage>65</fpage><lpage>75</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><article-title>Report:HIV/AIDS Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean August 2008</article-title><source>Fifty-fifth Session Original: Arabic Agenda item 4 (a) Progress Report on HIV/AIDS WHO regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean</source><date-in-citation>Last Accessed on 2014, April 25</date-in-citation><comment>Available at: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/122515/1/EM_RC54_inf_doc1_en.pdf?ua=1">http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/122515/1/EM_RC54_inf_doc1_en.pdf?ua=1</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Madani</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-MazrouYY</surname></name><name><surname>Al-Jeffri</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Al Huzaim</surname><given-names>NS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology of the human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia; 18-year surveillance results and prevention from an Islamic perspective</article-title><source>BMC Infect Dis</source><year>2004</year><volume>4</volume><fpage>25</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15298719</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><element-citation publication-type="webpage"><source>UNGASS Country Progress Report 2012, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</source><date-in-citation>Last accessed on 2014 Jul 19</date-in-citation><comment>Available from: <uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/Final%20Version%20Narrative%20Report_Saudi%20Arabia.pdf">http://www.unaids.org/en/dataanalysis/knowyourresponse/countryprogressreports/2012countries/Final%20Version%20Narrative%20Report_Saudi%20Arabia.pdf</uri></comment></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alrajhi</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Halim</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Abdely</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Presentation and reasons for HIV-1 testing in Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>Int J STD AIDS</source><year>2006</year><volume>17</volume><fpage>806</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17212855</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Alrajhi</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></name><name><surname>Halim</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Abdely</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mode of transmission of HIV-1 in Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>AIDS</source><year>2004</year><volume>18</volume><fpage>1478</fpage><lpage>80</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15199329</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abdelmoneim</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>MY</given-names></name><name><surname>Daffalla</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Ghamdi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Gamal</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Knowledge and attitudes toward AIDS among Saudi and non-Saudi bus drivers</article-title><source>East Mediterr Health J</source><year>2002</year><volume>8</volume><fpage>716</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15568448</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Mazrou</surname><given-names>YY</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Jeffri</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name><name><surname>Fidail</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Huzaim</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Gizouli</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>HIV/AIDS epidemic features and trends in Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>Ann Saudi Med</source><year>2005</year><volume>25</volume><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>4</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15977685</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mazroa</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>Kabbash</surname><given-names>IA</given-names></name><name><surname>Felemban</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name><name><surname>Stephens</surname><given-names>GM</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Hakeem</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name><name><surname>Zumla</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></name><etal></etal></person-group><article-title>HIV case notification rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia over the past decade (2000–2009)</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><year>2012</year><volume>7</volume><fpage>e45919</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23049892</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badahdah</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Saudi attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS</article-title><source>Int J STD AIDS</source><year>2005</year><volume>16</volume><fpage>837</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16336775</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Raheel</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Mahmood</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>BinSaeed</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sexual practices of young educated men: Implications for further research and health education in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)</article-title><source>J Public Health (Oxf)</source><year>2013</year><volume>35</volume><fpage>21</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22858505</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Mazrou</surname><given-names>YY</given-names></name><name><surname>Abouzeid</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Jeffri</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Knowledge and attitudes of paramedical students in Saudi Arabia toward HIV/AIDS</article-title><source>Saudi Med J</source><year>2005</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>1183</fpage><lpage>9</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16127510</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Badahdah</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Stigmatization of persons with HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>J Transcult Nurs</source><year>2010</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>386</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20592063</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Ghanim</surname><given-names>SA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Exploring public knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia. A survey of primary health care users</article-title><source>Saudi Med J</source><year>2005</year><volume>26</volume><fpage>812</fpage><lpage>8</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15951875</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saleh</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name><name><surname>al-Ghamdi</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name><name><surname>al-Yahia</surname><given-names>OA</given-names></name><name><surname>Shaqran</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name><name><surname>Mosa</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of health education program on knowledge about AIDS and HIV transmission in students of secondary schools in Buraidah city, Saudi Arabia: An exploratory study</article-title><source>J Family Community Med</source><year>1999</year><volume>6</volume><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23008592</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Abolfotouh</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The impact of a lecture on AIDS on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of male school-age adolescents in the Asir Region of southwestern Saudi Arabia</article-title><source>J Community Health</source><year>1995</year><volume>20</volume><fpage>271</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">7657860</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaSubSaharaV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000115 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000115 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaSubSaharaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |