Economic Outcomes of Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa Are Sustained through Three Years on Treatment
Identifieur interne : 002594 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002593; suivant : 002595Economic Outcomes of Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa Are Sustained through Three Years on Treatment
Auteurs : Sydney Rosen [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud] ; Bruce Larson [États-Unis] ; Alana Brennan [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud] ; Lawrence Long [Afrique du Sud] ; Matthew Fox [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud] ; Constance Mongwenyana [Afrique du Sud] ; Mpefe Ketlhapile [Afrique du Sud] ; Ian Sanne [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2010.
Abstract
Although the medical outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS are well described, less is known about how ART affects patients' economic activities and quality of life, especially after the first year on ART. We assessed symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status among adult antiretroviral therapy patients in South Africa over three full years following ART initiation.
A cohort of 855 adult pre-ART patients and patients on ART for <6 months was enrolled and interviewed an average of 4.4 times each during routine clinic visits for up to three years after treatment initiation using an instrument designed for the study. The probability of pain in the previous week fell from 74% before ART initiation to 32% after three years on ART, fatigue from 66% to 12%, nausea from 28% to 4%, and skin problems from 55% to 10%. The probability of not feeling well physically yesterday fell from 46% to 23%. Before starting ART, 39% of subjects reported not being able to perform their normal activities sometime during the previous week; after three years, this proportion fell to 10%. Employment rose from 27% to 42% of the cohort. Improvement in all outcomes was sustained over 3 years and for some outcomes increased in the second and third year.
Improvements in adult ART patients' symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status were large and were sustained through the first three years on treatment. These results suggest that some of the positive economic and social externalities anticipated as a result of large-scale treatment provision, such as increases in workforce participation and productivity and the ability of patients to carry on normal lives, may indeed be accruing.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012731
PubMed: 20856821
PubMed Central: 2939080
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Although the medical outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS are well described, less is known about how ART affects patients' economic activities and quality of life, especially after the first year on ART. We assessed symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status among adult antiretroviral therapy patients in South Africa over three full years following ART initiation.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title>
<p>A cohort of 855 adult pre-ART patients and patients on ART for <6 months was enrolled and interviewed an average of 4.4 times each during routine clinic visits for up to three years after treatment initiation using an instrument designed for the study. The probability of pain in the previous week fell from 74% before ART initiation to 32% after three years on ART, fatigue from 66% to 12%, nausea from 28% to 4%, and skin problems from 55% to 10%. The probability of not feeling well physically yesterday fell from 46% to 23%. Before starting ART, 39% of subjects reported not being able to perform their normal activities sometime during the previous week; after three years, this proportion fell to 10%. Employment rose from 27% to 42% of the cohort. Improvement in all outcomes was sustained over 3 years and for some outcomes increased in the second and third year.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title>
<p>Improvements in adult ART patients' symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status were large and were sustained through the first three years on treatment. These results suggest that some of the positive economic and social externalities anticipated as a result of large-scale treatment provision, such as increases in workforce participation and productivity and the ability of patients to carry on normal lives, may indeed be accruing.</p>
</sec>
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<author><name sortKey="Mermin, J" uniqKey="Mermin J">J Mermin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Awor, Ac" uniqKey="Awor A">AC Awor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bunnell, Re" uniqKey="Bunnell R">RE Bunnell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosen, S" uniqKey="Rosen S">S Rosen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ketlhapile, M" uniqKey="Ketlhapile M">M Ketlhapile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanne, I" uniqKey="Sanne I">I Sanne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bachman Desilva, M" uniqKey="Bachman Desilva M">M Bachman DeSilva</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosen, S" uniqKey="Rosen S">S Rosen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ketlhapile, M" uniqKey="Ketlhapile M">M Ketlhapile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanne, I" uniqKey="Sanne I">I Sanne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bachman Desilva, M" uniqKey="Bachman Desilva M">M Bachman DeSilva</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rosen, S" uniqKey="Rosen S">S Rosen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ketlhapile, M" uniqKey="Ketlhapile M">M Ketlhapile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sanne, I" uniqKey="Sanne I">I Sanne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bachman Desilva, M" uniqKey="Bachman Desilva M">M Bachman DeSilva</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bock, N" uniqKey="Bock N">N Bock</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, Cw" uniqKey="Lee C">CW Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bechange, S" uniqKey="Bechange S">S Bechange</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, J" uniqKey="Moore J">J Moore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khana, K" uniqKey="Khana K">K Khana</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fox, Mp" uniqKey="Fox M">MP Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccoy, K" uniqKey="Mccoy K">K McCoy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larson, Ba" uniqKey="Larson B">BA Larson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosen, S" uniqKey="Rosen S">S Rosen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bii, M" uniqKey="Bii M">M Bii</name>
</author>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">20856821</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">2939080</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10-PONE-RA-19148R1</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0012731</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS</subject>
<subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Health Services Research and Economics</subject>
<subject>Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Economic Outcomes of Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV/AIDS in South Africa Are Sustained through Three Years on Treatment</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Economic Outcomes on ART</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosen</surname>
<given-names>Sydney</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Larson</surname>
<given-names>Bruce</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brennan</surname>
<given-names>Alana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Long</surname>
<given-names>Lawrence</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fox</surname>
<given-names>Matthew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mongwenyana</surname>
<given-names>Constance</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ketlhapile</surname>
<given-names>Mpefe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sanne</surname>
<given-names>Ian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Boston University Center for Global Health and Development, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Wits Health Consortium, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Clinical HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Yates</surname>
<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1">Albert Einstein College of Medicine, United States of America</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>sbrosen@bu.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: SR IS. Performed the experiments: SR CM MK. Analyzed the data: SR BL ATB LL MF. Wrote the paper: SR BL.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>5</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<elocation-id>e12731</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>21</day>
<month>5</month>
<year>2010</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day>
<month>8</month>
<year>2010</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Rosen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
<abstract><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Although the medical outcomes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS are well described, less is known about how ART affects patients' economic activities and quality of life, especially after the first year on ART. We assessed symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status among adult antiretroviral therapy patients in South Africa over three full years following ART initiation.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title>
<p>A cohort of 855 adult pre-ART patients and patients on ART for <6 months was enrolled and interviewed an average of 4.4 times each during routine clinic visits for up to three years after treatment initiation using an instrument designed for the study. The probability of pain in the previous week fell from 74% before ART initiation to 32% after three years on ART, fatigue from 66% to 12%, nausea from 28% to 4%, and skin problems from 55% to 10%. The probability of not feeling well physically yesterday fell from 46% to 23%. Before starting ART, 39% of subjects reported not being able to perform their normal activities sometime during the previous week; after three years, this proportion fell to 10%. Employment rose from 27% to 42% of the cohort. Improvement in all outcomes was sustained over 3 years and for some outcomes increased in the second and third year.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title>
<p>Improvements in adult ART patients' symptom prevalence, general health, ability to perform normal activities, and employment status were large and were sustained through the first three years on treatment. These results suggest that some of the positive economic and social externalities anticipated as a result of large-scale treatment provision, such as increases in workforce participation and productivity and the ability of patients to carry on normal lives, may indeed be accruing.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="11"></page-count>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Gauteng</li>
<li>Massachusetts</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Johannesbourg</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Massachusetts"><name sortKey="Rosen, Sydney" sort="Rosen, Sydney" uniqKey="Rosen S" first="Sydney" last="Rosen">Sydney Rosen</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Brennan, Alana" sort="Brennan, Alana" uniqKey="Brennan A" first="Alana" last="Brennan">Alana Brennan</name>
<name sortKey="Fox, Matthew" sort="Fox, Matthew" uniqKey="Fox M" first="Matthew" last="Fox">Matthew Fox</name>
<name sortKey="Larson, Bruce" sort="Larson, Bruce" uniqKey="Larson B" first="Bruce" last="Larson">Bruce Larson</name>
</country>
<country name="Afrique du Sud"><region name="Gauteng"><name sortKey="Rosen, Sydney" sort="Rosen, Sydney" uniqKey="Rosen S" first="Sydney" last="Rosen">Sydney Rosen</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Brennan, Alana" sort="Brennan, Alana" uniqKey="Brennan A" first="Alana" last="Brennan">Alana Brennan</name>
<name sortKey="Fox, Matthew" sort="Fox, Matthew" uniqKey="Fox M" first="Matthew" last="Fox">Matthew Fox</name>
<name sortKey="Ketlhapile, Mpefe" sort="Ketlhapile, Mpefe" uniqKey="Ketlhapile M" first="Mpefe" last="Ketlhapile">Mpefe Ketlhapile</name>
<name sortKey="Long, Lawrence" sort="Long, Lawrence" uniqKey="Long L" first="Lawrence" last="Long">Lawrence Long</name>
<name sortKey="Mongwenyana, Constance" sort="Mongwenyana, Constance" uniqKey="Mongwenyana C" first="Constance" last="Mongwenyana">Constance Mongwenyana</name>
<name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name>
<name sortKey="Sanne, Ian" sort="Sanne, Ian" uniqKey="Sanne I" first="Ian" last="Sanne">Ian Sanne</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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