Young Children's Probability of Dying Before and After Their Mother's Death: A Rural South African Population-Based Surveillance Study
Identifieur interne : 001614 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001613; suivant : 001615Young Children's Probability of Dying Before and After Their Mother's Death: A Rural South African Population-Based Surveillance Study
Auteurs : Samuel J. Clark [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud, Ghana] ; Kathleen Kahn [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud, Ghana, Suède] ; Brian Houle [États-Unis] ; Adriane Arteche [Royaume-Uni] ; Mark A. Collinson [Afrique du Sud, Ghana, Suède] ; Stephen M. Tollman [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud, Ghana, Suède] ; Alan Stein [Afrique du Sud, Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS Medicine [ 1549-1277 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Brian Houle and colleagues examine the temporal relationship between mother and child death by using 15 years of data (1994–2008) from household surveys conducted in the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001409
PubMed: 23555200
PubMed Central: 3608552
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Ghana, Royaume-Uni, Suède, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Colorado, Gauteng, Oxfordshire, Région du Grand Accra, Washington (État)
- Accra, Johannesbourg, Oxford, Seattle
- Université d'Oxford, Université de Washington, Université du Witwatersrand
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Clark</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff 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Accra</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>INDEPTH Network, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Houle, Brian" sort="Houle, Brian" uniqKey="Houle B" first="Brian" last="Houle">Brian Houle</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arteche, Adriane" sort="Arteche, Adriane" uniqKey="Arteche A" first="Adriane" last="Arteche">Adriane Arteche</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>The Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Collinson, Mark A" sort="Collinson, Mark A" uniqKey="Collinson M" first="Mark A." last="Collinson">Mark A. Collinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>INDEPTH Network, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tollman, Stephen M" sort="Tollman, Stephen M" uniqKey="Tollman S" first="Stephen M." last="Tollman">Stephen M. Tollman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Colorado</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>INDEPTH Network, Accra</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Accra</settlement><region nuts="2">Région du Grand Accra</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Umeå</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stein, Alan" sort="Stein, Alan" uniqKey="Stein A" first="Alan" last="Stein">Alan Stein</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>The Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>The Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="comté" nuts="2">Oxfordshire</region><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Medicine</title><idno type="ISSN">1549-1277</idno><idno type="eISSN">1549-1676</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Brian Houle and colleagues examine the temporal relationship between mother and child death by using 15 years of data (1994–2008) from household surveys conducted in the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa.</p></div></front><back><div1 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Med</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PLoS</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosmed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1549-1277</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1549-1676</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23555200</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3608552</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PMEDICINE-D-12-02916</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001409</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Global Health</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Public Health</subject><subj-group><subject>Child Health</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Young Children's Probability of Dying Before and After Their Mother's Death: A Rural South African Population-Based Surveillance Study</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Child Mortality and Timing of the Mother's Death</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clark</surname><given-names>Samuel J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kahn</surname><given-names>Kathleen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Houle</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arteche</surname><given-names>Adriane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Collinson</surname><given-names>Mark A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tollman</surname><given-names>Stephen M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stein</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>The Section of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Tumwine</surname><given-names>James K.</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Makerere University Medical School, Uganda</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>brian.houle@colorado.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The content of the work presented here is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: SC AS. Analyzed the data: SC BH. Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: AS AA. Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: SC KK BH AA MC ST AS. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.icmje.org/">ICMJE</ext-link> criteria for authorship read and met: SC KK BH AA MC ST AS. Agree with manuscript results and conclusions: SC KK BH AA MC ST AS.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>3</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>3</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>e1001409</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>2</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Clark et al</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Clark et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="toc"><p>Brian Houle and colleagues examine the temporal relationship between mother and child death by using 15 years of data (1994–2008) from household surveys conducted in the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa.</p></abstract><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>There is evidence that a young child's risk of dying increases following the mother's death, but little is known about the risk when the mother becomes very ill prior to her death. We hypothesized that children would be more likely to die during the period several months before their mother's death, as well as for several months after her death. Therefore we investigated the relationship between young children's likelihood of dying and the timing of their mother's death and, in particular, the existence of a critical period of increased risk.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods and Findings</title><p>Data from a health and socio-demographic surveillance system in rural South Africa were collected on children 0–5 y of age from 1 January 1994 to 31 December 2008. Discrete time survival analysis was used to estimate children's probability of dying before and after their mother's death, accounting for moderators. 1,244 children (3% of sample) died from 1994 to 2008. The probability of child death began to rise 6–11 mo prior to the mother's death and increased markedly during the 2 mo immediately before the month of her death (odds ratio [OR] 7.1 [95% CI 3.9–12.7]), in the month of her death (OR 12.6 [6.2–25.3]), and during the 2 mo following her death (OR 7.0 [3.2–15.6]). This increase in the probability of dying was more pronounced for children whose mothers died of AIDS or tuberculosis compared to other causes of death, but the pattern remained for causes unrelated to AIDS/tuberculosis. Infants aged 0–6 mo at the time of their mother's death were nine times more likely to die than children aged 2–5 y. The limitations of the study included the lack of knowledge about precisely when a very ill mother will die, a lack of information about child nutrition and care, and the diagnosis of AIDS deaths by verbal autopsy rather than serostatus.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Young children in lower income settings are more likely to die not only after their mother's death but also in the months before, when she is seriously ill. Interventions are urgently needed to support families both when the mother becomes very ill and after her death.</p><p><italic>Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary</italic></p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="editors-summary"><title>Editors' Summary</title><sec><title>Background</title><p>Over the past few years, there has been enormous international effort to meet the target set by Millennium Development Goal 4—to reduce the under-five child mortality rate by two-thirds from the 1990 level by 2015. There has been some encouraging progress, and according to the latest figures from the World Health Organization, in 2011, just under 7 million children less than five years died, a fall of almost 3 million from a decade ago. However, such efforts must also consider the health of the mother, as it is now also well established that the health of children is intrinsically linked to their mother's health: there is strong evidence from low- and middle-income countries that children's risk of dying increases around the time of their mother's death, particularly relating to the HIV pandemic in Africa.</p></sec><sec><title>Why Was This Study Done?</title><p>Previous studies examining the timing of a child's death relative to that of their mother have mainly focused on the period after the mother's death. So far, there have been few studies examining the link between a child's death and the period when his/her mother becomes ill and unable to care for and feed her child. In this study from the Agincourt sub-district in northeast South Africa, the researchers investigated the relationship between young children's chance (odds) of dying and the timing of their mother's death, particularly to examine whether there were critical periods of risk for children before their mother's death.</p></sec><sec><title>What Did the Researchers Do and Find?</title><p>The researchers used the health and socio-demographic surveillance system in the area, which had 15 years (1994–2008) of information from yearly household surveys. The researchers focused on young children (0–6 months, 7–23 months, and 24–59 months) whose mothers had died, and through a statistical model, analysed the changes in the child's chance (odds) of dying from a year before the mother's death through to any time after her death during the study period. The cause of the mother's death was identified from verbal autopsy and categorized as being related to AIDS or tuberculosis (chronic) or other (mostly acute) causes not related to these infections. The researchers took other factors into account in their analysis and compared the odds of dying for children whose mothers died with those whose mothers were alive.</p><p>Using these methods, the researchers found that a total of 1,244 children (3% of the total sample) died between 1994 and 2008. Importantly, the researchers found that although the period when children are more likely to die began to increase in the period 6–11 months before their mother's death, there were three distinct periods of a much higher chance (odds) of death: the period 1–2 months before the month in which their mother died (odds ratio 7.1), the month of her death (odds ratio 12.6), and the period 1–2 months following her death (odds ratio 7.0). Furthermore, during the five-month period around the time of their mother's death, children (both boys and girls) aged 0–6 months were about nine times more likely to die than children aged 24–59 months. Finally, children were about 1.5 times more likely to die if their mother died of an AIDS/tuberculosis-related cause.</p></sec><sec><title>What Do These Findings Mean?</title><p>These finding suggest that in low-income settings, young children are more likely to die in the months before their mother's death, when she is seriously ill, not just in the period after her death. The chance of dying is particularly increased in very young children (0–6 months) and in children whose mother died of HIV/tuberculosis-related causes. Although this study had several limitations, such as limited information on the child's cause of death, this study highlights the urgent need for proactive and coordinated community-based interventions to support families, especially vulnerable children, when a mother becomes seriously ill, in addition to the period following her death.</p></sec><sec><title>Additional Information</title><p>Please access these websites via the online version of this summary at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001409">http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001409</ext-link>.</p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>The <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/">Countdown to 2015 initiative</ext-link> has the latest country information on progress in reducing maternal, neonatal, and child deaths</p></list-item><list-item><p>The World Health Organization has more information on <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/child_mortality/en/index.html">Millennium Development Goal 4</ext-link></p></list-item><list-item><p>The <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.unaids.org/en/">Joint United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS</ext-link> has information about the number of deaths from HIV-related causes</p></list-item><list-item><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.agincourt.co.za">MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt)</ext-link> has more information on the research platform that made this study possible</p></list-item></list></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This project was supported by grants K01 HD057246 and R01 HD054511 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). Thanks are due to key funding partners of the MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit who have enabled the ongoing Agincourt health and socio-demographic surveillance system: The Wellcome Trust, UK (grants 058893/Z/99/A, 069683/Z/02/Z and 085477/Z/08/Z); the Medical Research Council, University of the Witwatersrand, and Anglo-American Chairman's Fund, South Africa; the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (grant R24 AG032112), and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, USA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="10"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Ghana</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Suède</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Colorado</li><li>Gauteng</li><li>Oxfordshire</li><li>Région du Grand Accra</li><li>Washington (État)</li></region><settlement><li>Accra</li><li>Johannesbourg</li><li>Oxford</li><li>Seattle</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Oxford</li><li>Université de Washington</li><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Washington (État)"><name sortKey="Clark, Samuel J" sort="Clark, Samuel J" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Samuel J." last="Clark">Samuel J. Clark</name></region><name sortKey="Clark, Samuel J" sort="Clark, Samuel J" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Samuel J." last="Clark">Samuel J. Clark</name><name sortKey="Houle, Brian" sort="Houle, Brian" uniqKey="Houle B" first="Brian" last="Houle">Brian Houle</name><name sortKey="Houle, Brian" sort="Houle, Brian" uniqKey="Houle B" first="Brian" last="Houle">Brian Houle</name><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><name sortKey="Tollman, Stephen M" sort="Tollman, Stephen M" uniqKey="Tollman S" first="Stephen M." last="Tollman">Stephen M. Tollman</name></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><region name="Gauteng"><name sortKey="Clark, Samuel J" sort="Clark, Samuel J" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Samuel J." last="Clark">Samuel J. Clark</name></region><name sortKey="Collinson, Mark A" sort="Collinson, Mark A" uniqKey="Collinson M" first="Mark A." last="Collinson">Mark A. Collinson</name><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><name sortKey="Stein, Alan" sort="Stein, Alan" uniqKey="Stein A" first="Alan" last="Stein">Alan Stein</name><name sortKey="Tollman, Stephen M" sort="Tollman, Stephen M" uniqKey="Tollman S" first="Stephen M." last="Tollman">Stephen M. Tollman</name></country><country name="Ghana"><region name="Région du Grand Accra"><name sortKey="Clark, Samuel J" sort="Clark, Samuel J" uniqKey="Clark S" first="Samuel J." last="Clark">Samuel J. Clark</name></region><name sortKey="Collinson, Mark A" sort="Collinson, Mark A" uniqKey="Collinson M" first="Mark A." last="Collinson">Mark A. Collinson</name><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><name sortKey="Tollman, Stephen M" sort="Tollman, Stephen M" uniqKey="Tollman S" first="Stephen M." last="Tollman">Stephen M. Tollman</name></country><country name="Suède"><noRegion><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Collinson, Mark A" sort="Collinson, Mark A" uniqKey="Collinson M" first="Mark A." last="Collinson">Mark A. Collinson</name><name sortKey="Tollman, Stephen M" sort="Tollman, Stephen M" uniqKey="Tollman S" first="Stephen M." last="Tollman">Stephen M. Tollman</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Arteche, Adriane" sort="Arteche, Adriane" uniqKey="Arteche A" first="Adriane" last="Arteche">Adriane Arteche</name></region><name sortKey="Stein, Alan" sort="Stein, Alan" uniqKey="Stein A" first="Alan" last="Stein">Alan Stein</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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