Gender context of sexual violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among married women in Iringa Region, Tanzania
Identifieur interne : 001367 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001366; suivant : 001368Gender context of sexual violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among married women in Iringa Region, Tanzania
Auteurs : Tumaini M. Nyamhanga ; Gasto FrumenceSource :
- Global Health Action [ 1654-9716 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
There is a dearth of empirical research illuminating possible connections between gender imbalances and sexual violence among married women in Tanzania. There is a need to generate in-depth information on the connectivity between gender imbalances (asymmetrical resource ownership, sexual decision making, roles, and norms) and sexual violence plus associated HIV risky sexual behavior among married women.
This paper is based on a qualitative case study that involved use of focus group discussions (FGDs). A thematic analysis approach was used in analyzing the study findings.
The study findings are presented under the three structures of gender and power theory.
This study suggests that married women experience a sexual risk of acquiring HIV that results from non-consensual sex. That non-consensual sex is a function of gender imbalances – ranging from women's economic dependence on their husbands or partners to socioculturally rooted norms and expectations regarding women's sexual behavior. The HIV risk is especially heightened because masculine sexual norms encourage men [husbands/partners] to engage in unprotected intra- and extramarital sex. It is recommended that the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) should address the gender dimensions of sexual violence in marriage.
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DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25346
PubMed: 25491040
PubMed Central: 4260407
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Gender context of sexual violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among married women in Iringa Region, Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" sort="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" uniqKey="Nyamhanga T" first="Tumaini M." last="Nyamhanga">Tumaini M. Nyamhanga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frumence, Gasto" sort="Frumence, Gasto" uniqKey="Frumence G" first="Gasto" last="Frumence">Gasto Frumence</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25491040</idno><idno type="pmc">4260407</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4260407</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4260407</idno><idno type="doi">10.3402/gha.v7.25346</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002410</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002410</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002409</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002409</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001367</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001367</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Gender context of sexual violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among married women in Iringa Region, Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" sort="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" uniqKey="Nyamhanga T" first="Tumaini M." last="Nyamhanga">Tumaini M. Nyamhanga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frumence, Gasto" sort="Frumence, Gasto" uniqKey="Frumence G" first="Gasto" last="Frumence">Gasto Frumence</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Global Health Action</title><idno type="ISSN">1654-9716</idno><idno type="eISSN">1654-9880</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background</title><p>There is a dearth of empirical research illuminating possible connections between gender imbalances and sexual violence among married women in Tanzania. There is a need to generate in-depth information on the connectivity between gender imbalances (asymmetrical resource ownership, sexual decision making, roles, and norms) and sexual violence plus associated HIV risky sexual behavior among married women.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Design</title><p>This paper is based on a qualitative case study that involved use of focus group discussions (FGDs). A thematic analysis approach was used in analyzing the study findings.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>The study findings are presented under the three structures of gender and power theory. <italic>On sexual division of labor</italic>, our study found that economic powerlessness exposes women to sexual violence.
</p><p><italic>On sexual division of power</italic>, our study found that perception of the man as a more powerful partner in marriage is enhanced by the biased marriage arrangement and alcohol consumption.</p><p><italic>On cathexis</italic>, this study has revealed that because of societal norms and expectations regarding women's sexual behavior characterized by their sexual and emotional attachments to men, women find it hard to leave sexually abusive marriages. That is, because of societal expectations of obedience and compelled tolerance many married women do suffer in silence. They find themselves trapped in marriages that increase their risk of acquiring HIV.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>This study suggests that married women experience a sexual risk of acquiring HIV that results from non-consensual sex. That non-consensual sex is a function of gender imbalances – ranging from women's economic dependence on their husbands or partners to socioculturally rooted norms and expectations regarding women's sexual behavior. The HIV risk is especially heightened because masculine sexual norms encourage men [husbands/partners] to engage in unprotected intra- and extramarital sex. It is recommended that the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) should address the gender dimensions of sexual violence in marriage.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Strebel, A" uniqKey="Strebel A">A Strebel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crawfor, M" uniqKey="Crawfor M">M Crawfor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shefer, T" uniqKey="Shefer T">T Shefer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cloete, A" uniqKey="Cloete A">A Cloete</name></author><author><name sortKey="Henda, N" uniqKey="Henda N">N Henda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaufman, M" uniqKey="Kaufman M">M Kaufman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gillespie, S" uniqKey="Gillespie S">S Gillespie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kadiyala, S" uniqKey="Kadiyala S">S Kadiyala</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Glob Health Action</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Glob Health Action</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">GHA</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Global Health Action</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1654-9716</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1654-9880</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Co-Action Publishing</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25491040</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4260407</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">25346</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3402/gha.v7.25346</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Gender context of sexual violence and HIV sexual risk behaviors among married women in Iringa Region, Tanzania</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nyamhanga</surname><given-names>Tumaini M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frumence</surname><given-names>Gasto</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff>Department of Development Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Correspondence to: Tumaini M. Nyamhanga, Department of Development Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65454 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Email: <email xlink:href="tumaininyamhanga@yahoo.com">tumaininyamhanga@yahoo.com</email></corresp><fn><p>Responsible Editor: Isabel Goicolea, Umeå University, Sweden.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><elocation-id content-type="doi">10.3402/gha.v7.25346</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>02</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>04</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>07</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Tumaini M. Nyamhanga and Gasto Frumence</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background</title><p>There is a dearth of empirical research illuminating possible connections between gender imbalances and sexual violence among married women in Tanzania. There is a need to generate in-depth information on the connectivity between gender imbalances (asymmetrical resource ownership, sexual decision making, roles, and norms) and sexual violence plus associated HIV risky sexual behavior among married women.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Design</title><p>This paper is based on a qualitative case study that involved use of focus group discussions (FGDs). A thematic analysis approach was used in analyzing the study findings.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>The study findings are presented under the three structures of gender and power theory. <italic>On sexual division of labor</italic>, our study found that economic powerlessness exposes women to sexual violence.
</p><p><italic>On sexual division of power</italic>, our study found that perception of the man as a more powerful partner in marriage is enhanced by the biased marriage arrangement and alcohol consumption.</p><p><italic>On cathexis</italic>, this study has revealed that because of societal norms and expectations regarding women's sexual behavior characterized by their sexual and emotional attachments to men, women find it hard to leave sexually abusive marriages. That is, because of societal expectations of obedience and compelled tolerance many married women do suffer in silence. They find themselves trapped in marriages that increase their risk of acquiring HIV.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusions</title><p>This study suggests that married women experience a sexual risk of acquiring HIV that results from non-consensual sex. That non-consensual sex is a function of gender imbalances – ranging from women's economic dependence on their husbands or partners to socioculturally rooted norms and expectations regarding women's sexual behavior. The HIV risk is especially heightened because masculine sexual norms encourage men [husbands/partners] to engage in unprotected intra- and extramarital sex. It is recommended that the Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) should address the gender dimensions of sexual violence in marriage.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Gender</kwd><kwd>sexual violence</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd><kwd>sexual risk</kwd><kwd>married women</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Frumence, Gasto" sort="Frumence, Gasto" uniqKey="Frumence G" first="Gasto" last="Frumence">Gasto Frumence</name><name sortKey="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" sort="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" uniqKey="Nyamhanga T" first="Tumaini M." last="Nyamhanga">Tumaini M. Nyamhanga</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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