High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa
Identifieur interne : 000C59 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000C58; suivant : 000C60High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa
Auteurs : Noelle A. Benzekri [États-Unis] ; Jacques Sambou [Sénégal] ; Binetou Diaw [Sénégal] ; El Hadji Ibrahima Sall [Sénégal] ; Fatima Sall [Sénégal] ; Alassane Niang [Sénégal] ; Selly Ba [Sénégal] ; Ndèye Fatou Ngom Guèye [Sénégal] ; Mouhamadou Baïla Diallo [Sénégal] ; Stephen E. Hawes [États-Unis] ; Moussa Seydi [Sénégal] ; Geoffrey S. Gottlieb [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Malnutrition and food insecurity are associated with increased mortality and poor clinical outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS; however, the prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity among people living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal, West Africa is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of food insecurity and malnutrition among HIV-infected adults in Senegal, and to identify associations between food insecurity, malnutrition, and HIV outcomes.
We conducted a cross-sectional study at outpatient clinics in Dakar and Ziguinchor, Senegal. Data were collected using participant interviews, anthropometry, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, the Individual Dietary Diversity Scale, and chart review.
One hundred and nine HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 participants were enrolled. The prevalence of food insecurity was 84.6% in Dakar and 89.5% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of severe food insecurity was 59.6% in Dakar and 75.4% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of malnutrition (BMI <18.5) was 19.2% in Dakar and 26.3% in Ziguinchor. Severe food insecurity was associated with missing clinic appointments (p = 0.01) and not taking antiretroviral therapy due to hunger (p = 0.02). Malnutrition was associated with lower CD4 cell counts (p = 0.01).
Severe food insecurity and malnutrition are highly prevalent among HIV-infected adults in both Dakar and Ziguinchor, and are associated with poor HIV outcomes. Our findings warrant further studies to determine the root causes of malnutrition and food insecurity in Senegal, and the short- and long-term impacts of malnutrition and food insecurity on HIV care. Urgent interventions are needed to address the unacceptably high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity in this population.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141819
PubMed: 26529509
PubMed Central: 4631507
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Hawes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seydi, Moussa" sort="Seydi, Moussa" uniqKey="Seydi M" first="Moussa" last="Seydi">Moussa Seydi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" sort="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Gottlieb G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Gottlieb">Geoffrey S. 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Benzekri</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sambou, Jacques" sort="Sambou, Jacques" uniqKey="Sambou J" first="Jacques" last="Sambou">Jacques Sambou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ziguinchor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diaw, Binetou" sort="Diaw, Binetou" uniqKey="Diaw B" first="Binetou" last="Diaw">Binetou Diaw</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, El Hadji Ibrahima" sort="Sall, El Hadji Ibrahima" uniqKey="Sall E" first="El Hadji Ibrahima" last="Sall">El Hadji Ibrahima Sall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ziguinchor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Fatima" sort="Sall, Fatima" uniqKey="Sall F" first="Fatima" last="Sall">Fatima Sall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Niang, Alassane" sort="Niang, Alassane" uniqKey="Niang A" first="Alassane" last="Niang">Alassane Niang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ziguinchor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ba, Selly" sort="Ba, Selly" uniqKey="Ba S" first="Selly" last="Ba">Selly Ba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngom Gueye, Ndeye Fatou" sort="Ngom Gueye, Ndeye Fatou" uniqKey="Ngom Gueye N" first="Ndèye Fatou" last="Ngom Guèye">Ndèye Fatou Ngom Guèye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diallo, Mouhamadou Baila" sort="Diallo, Mouhamadou Baila" uniqKey="Diallo M" first="Mouhamadou Baïla" last="Diallo">Mouhamadou Baïla Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawes, Stephen E" sort="Hawes, Stephen E" uniqKey="Hawes S" first="Stephen E." last="Hawes">Stephen E. Hawes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seydi, Moussa" sort="Seydi, Moussa" uniqKey="Seydi M" first="Moussa" last="Seydi">Moussa Seydi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" sort="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Gottlieb G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Gottlieb">Geoffrey S. Gottlieb</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Washington (État)</region><settlement type="city">Seattle</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Washington</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Malnutrition and food insecurity are associated with increased mortality and poor clinical outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS; however, the prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity among people living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal, West Africa is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of food insecurity and malnutrition among HIV-infected adults in Senegal, and to identify associations between food insecurity, malnutrition, and HIV outcomes.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We conducted a cross-sectional study at outpatient clinics in Dakar and Ziguinchor, Senegal. Data were collected using participant interviews, anthropometry, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, the Individual Dietary Diversity Scale, and chart review.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>One hundred and nine HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 participants were enrolled. The prevalence of food insecurity was 84.6% in Dakar and 89.5% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of severe food insecurity was 59.6% in Dakar and 75.4% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of malnutrition (BMI <18.5) was 19.2% in Dakar and 26.3% in Ziguinchor. Severe food insecurity was associated with missing clinic appointments (p = 0.01) and not taking antiretroviral therapy due to hunger (p = 0.02). Malnutrition was associated with lower CD4 cell counts (p = 0.01).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Severe food insecurity and malnutrition are highly prevalent among HIV-infected adults in both Dakar and Ziguinchor, and are associated with poor HIV outcomes. Our findings warrant further studies to determine the root causes of malnutrition and food insecurity in Senegal, and the short- and long-term impacts of malnutrition and food insecurity on HIV care. Urgent interventions are needed to address the unacceptably high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity in this population.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Js" uniqKey="Stringer J">JS Stringer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zulu, I" uniqKey="Zulu I">I Zulu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Levy, J" uniqKey="Levy J">J Levy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stringer, Em" uniqKey="Stringer E">EM Stringer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwango, A" uniqKey="Mwango A">A Mwango</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chi, Bh" uniqKey="Chi B">BH Chi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferradini, L" uniqKey="Ferradini L">L Ferradini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeannin, A" uniqKey="Jeannin A">A Jeannin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinoges, L" uniqKey="Pinoges L">L Pinoges</name></author><author><name sortKey="Izopet, J" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26529509</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4631507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0141819</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-30525</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>High Prevalence of Severe Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal, West Africa</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Food Insecurity and Malnutrition among HIV-Infected Adults in Senegal</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Benzekri</surname><given-names>Noelle A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sambou</surname><given-names>Jacques</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diaw</surname><given-names>Binetou</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>El Hadji Ibrahima</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>Fatima</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Niang</surname><given-names>Alassane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ba</surname><given-names>Selly</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ngom Guèye</surname><given-names>Ndèye Fatou</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>Mouhamadou Baïla</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hawes</surname><given-names>Stephen E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seydi</surname><given-names>Moussa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gottlieb</surname><given-names>Geoffrey S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Centre de Santé de Ziguinchor, Ziguinchor, Sénégal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Landay</surname><given-names>Alan</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Rush University, UNITED STATES</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: NB GG SH. Performed the experiments: NB JS BD FS. Analyzed the data: NB GG SH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NB GG SH MS AN EHIS SB NG MD. Wrote the paper: NB GG SH.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>benzekri@uw.edu</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>3</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>e0141819</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Benzekri et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0141819.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Malnutrition and food insecurity are associated with increased mortality and poor clinical outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS; however, the prevalence of malnutrition and food insecurity among people living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal, West Africa is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of food insecurity and malnutrition among HIV-infected adults in Senegal, and to identify associations between food insecurity, malnutrition, and HIV outcomes.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title><p>We conducted a cross-sectional study at outpatient clinics in Dakar and Ziguinchor, Senegal. Data were collected using participant interviews, anthropometry, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, the Individual Dietary Diversity Scale, and chart review.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Results</title><p>One hundred and nine HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 participants were enrolled. The prevalence of food insecurity was 84.6% in Dakar and 89.5% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of severe food insecurity was 59.6% in Dakar and 75.4% in Ziguinchor. The prevalence of malnutrition (BMI <18.5) was 19.2% in Dakar and 26.3% in Ziguinchor. Severe food insecurity was associated with missing clinic appointments (p = 0.01) and not taking antiretroviral therapy due to hunger (p = 0.02). Malnutrition was associated with lower CD4 cell counts (p = 0.01).</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Severe food insecurity and malnutrition are highly prevalent among HIV-infected adults in both Dakar and Ziguinchor, and are associated with poor HIV outcomes. Our findings warrant further studies to determine the root causes of malnutrition and food insecurity in Senegal, and the short- and long-term impacts of malnutrition and food insecurity on HIV care. Urgent interventions are needed to address the unacceptably high rates of malnutrition and food insecurity in this population.</p></sec></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This study was funded by the University of Washington Center for AIDS Research, International Pilot Grant. NIH grant P30 AI027757. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="0"></fig-count><table-count count="6"></table-count><page-count count="17"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper.</p></notes></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Sénégal</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Washington (État)</li></region><settlement><li>Seattle</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université de Washington</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Washington (État)"><name sortKey="Benzekri, Noelle A" sort="Benzekri, Noelle A" uniqKey="Benzekri N" first="Noelle A." last="Benzekri">Noelle A. Benzekri</name></region><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" sort="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Gottlieb G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Gottlieb">Geoffrey S. Gottlieb</name><name sortKey="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" sort="Gottlieb, Geoffrey S" uniqKey="Gottlieb G" first="Geoffrey S." last="Gottlieb">Geoffrey S. Gottlieb</name><name sortKey="Hawes, Stephen E" sort="Hawes, Stephen E" uniqKey="Hawes S" first="Stephen E." last="Hawes">Stephen E. Hawes</name><name sortKey="Hawes, Stephen E" sort="Hawes, Stephen E" uniqKey="Hawes S" first="Stephen E." last="Hawes">Stephen E. Hawes</name></country><country name="Sénégal"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sambou, Jacques" sort="Sambou, Jacques" uniqKey="Sambou J" first="Jacques" last="Sambou">Jacques Sambou</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ba, Selly" sort="Ba, Selly" uniqKey="Ba S" first="Selly" last="Ba">Selly Ba</name><name sortKey="Diallo, Mouhamadou Baila" sort="Diallo, Mouhamadou Baila" uniqKey="Diallo M" first="Mouhamadou Baïla" last="Diallo">Mouhamadou Baïla Diallo</name><name sortKey="Diaw, Binetou" sort="Diaw, Binetou" uniqKey="Diaw B" first="Binetou" last="Diaw">Binetou Diaw</name><name sortKey="Ngom Gueye, Ndeye Fatou" sort="Ngom Gueye, Ndeye Fatou" uniqKey="Ngom Gueye N" first="Ndèye Fatou" last="Ngom Guèye">Ndèye Fatou Ngom Guèye</name><name sortKey="Niang, Alassane" sort="Niang, Alassane" uniqKey="Niang A" first="Alassane" last="Niang">Alassane Niang</name><name sortKey="Sall, El Hadji Ibrahima" sort="Sall, El Hadji Ibrahima" uniqKey="Sall E" first="El Hadji Ibrahima" last="Sall">El Hadji Ibrahima Sall</name><name sortKey="Sall, Fatima" sort="Sall, Fatima" uniqKey="Sall F" first="Fatima" last="Sall">Fatima Sall</name><name sortKey="Seydi, Moussa" sort="Seydi, Moussa" uniqKey="Seydi M" first="Moussa" last="Seydi">Moussa Seydi</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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