Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State
Identifieur interne : 000628 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000627; suivant : 000629Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State
Auteurs : Salwa Dawaki [Malaisie] ; Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi [Malaisie, Yémen] ; Init Ithoi [Malaisie] ; Jamaiah Ibrahim [Malaisie] ; Wahib M. Atroosh [Malaisie] ; Awatif M. Abdulsalam [Malaisie] ; Hany Sady [Malaisie] ; Fatin Nur Elyana [Malaisie] ; Ado U. Adamu ; Saadatu I. Yelwa ; Abdulhamid Ahmed ; Mona A. Al-Areeqi [Malaisie] ; Lahvanya R. Subramaniam [Malaisie] ; Nabil A. Nasr [Malaisie] ; Yee-Ling Lau [Malaisie]Source :
- Malaria Journal [ 1475-2875 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most severe global public health problems worldwide, particularly in Africa, where Nigeria has the greatest number of malaria cases. This community-based study was designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of malaria and to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among rural Hausa communities in Kano State, Nigeria.
A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted on 551 participants from five local government areas in Kano State. Blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of
A total of 334 (60.6 %) participants were found positive for
Malaria is still highly prevalent among rural Hausa communities in Nigeria. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, significant gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices, particularly the use of ITNs. Innovative and Integrated control measures to reduce the burden of malaria should be identified and implemented in these communities. Community mobilization and health education regarding the importance of using ITNs to prevent malaria and save lives should be considered.
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DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3
PubMed: 27392040
PubMed Central: 4938925
Affiliations:
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Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State</title><author><name sortKey="Dawaki, Salwa" sort="Dawaki, Salwa" uniqKey="Dawaki S" first="Salwa" last="Dawaki">Salwa Dawaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">School of Health Technology, Club Road, Nassarawa, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" sort="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" uniqKey="Al Mekhlafi H" first="Hesham M." last="Al-Mekhlafi">Hesham M. 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Atroosh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" sort="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" uniqKey="Abdulsalam A" first="Awatif M." last="Abdulsalam">Awatif M. 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Adamu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">North West Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yelwa, Saadatu I" sort="Yelwa, Saadatu I" uniqKey="Yelwa S" first="Saadatu I." last="Yelwa">Saadatu I. Yelwa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso College of Advanced and Remedial Studies, Tudun Wada, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" sort="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Abdulhamid" last="Ahmed">Abdulhamid Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Katsina State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Katsina State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Areeqi, Mona A" sort="Al Areeqi, Mona A" uniqKey="Al Areeqi M" first="Mona A." last="Al-Areeqi">Mona A. Al-Areeqi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" sort="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" uniqKey="Subramaniam L" first="Lahvanya R." last="Subramaniam">Lahvanya R. Subramaniam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasr, Nabil A" sort="Nasr, Nabil A" uniqKey="Nasr N" first="Nabil A." last="Nasr">Nabil A. Nasr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, Yee Ling" sort="Lau, Yee Ling" uniqKey="Lau Y" first="Yee-Ling" last="Lau">Yee-Ling Lau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27392040</idno><idno type="pmc">4938925</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4938925</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4938925</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000934</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000934</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000933</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000933</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000628</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000628</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State</title><author><name sortKey="Dawaki, Salwa" sort="Dawaki, Salwa" uniqKey="Dawaki S" first="Salwa" last="Dawaki">Salwa Dawaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2">School of Health Technology, Club Road, Nassarawa, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" sort="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" uniqKey="Al Mekhlafi H" first="Hesham M." last="Al-Mekhlafi">Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Endemic and Tropical Diseases Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff4">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Yémen</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sana’a</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ithoi, Init" sort="Ithoi, Init" uniqKey="Ithoi I" first="Init" last="Ithoi">Init Ithoi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Jamaiah" sort="Ibrahim, Jamaiah" uniqKey="Ibrahim J" first="Jamaiah" last="Ibrahim">Jamaiah Ibrahim</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Atroosh, Wahib M" sort="Atroosh, Wahib M" uniqKey="Atroosh W" first="Wahib M." last="Atroosh">Wahib M. Atroosh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" sort="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" uniqKey="Abdulsalam A" first="Awatif M." last="Abdulsalam">Awatif M. Abdulsalam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sady, Hany" sort="Sady, Hany" uniqKey="Sady H" first="Hany" last="Sady">Hany Sady</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elyana, Fatin Nur" sort="Elyana, Fatin Nur" uniqKey="Elyana F" first="Fatin Nur" last="Elyana">Fatin Nur Elyana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Adamu, Ado U" sort="Adamu, Ado U" uniqKey="Adamu A" first="Ado U." last="Adamu">Ado U. Adamu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5">North West Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yelwa, Saadatu I" sort="Yelwa, Saadatu I" uniqKey="Yelwa S" first="Saadatu I." last="Yelwa">Saadatu I. Yelwa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff6">Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso College of Advanced and Remedial Studies, Tudun Wada, Kano State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kano State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" sort="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Abdulhamid" last="Ahmed">Abdulhamid Ahmed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff7">Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Katsina State Nigeria</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Katsina State Nigeria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Areeqi, Mona A" sort="Al Areeqi, Mona A" uniqKey="Al Areeqi M" first="Mona A." last="Al-Areeqi">Mona A. Al-Areeqi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" sort="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" uniqKey="Subramaniam L" first="Lahvanya R." last="Subramaniam">Lahvanya R. Subramaniam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nasr, Nabil A" sort="Nasr, Nabil A" uniqKey="Nasr N" first="Nabil A." last="Nasr">Nabil A. Nasr</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, Yee Ling" sort="Lau, Yee Ling" uniqKey="Lau Y" first="Yee-Ling" last="Lau">Yee-Ling Lau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malaisie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>50603 Kuala Lumpur</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Malaria Journal</title><idno type="eISSN">1475-2875</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Malaria is one of the most severe global public health problems worldwide, particularly in Africa, where Nigeria has the greatest number of malaria cases. This community-based study was designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of malaria and to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among rural Hausa communities in Kano State, Nigeria.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted on 551 participants from five local government areas in Kano State. Blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of <italic>Plasmodium</italic> species by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films, and PCR. Moreover, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental information as well as KAP data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 334 (60.6 %) participants were found positive for <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>. The prevalence differed significantly by age group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01), but not by gender or location. A multivariate analysis showed that malaria was associated significantly with being aged 12 years or older, having a low household family income, not using insecticide treated nets (ITNs), and having no toilets in the house. Overall, 95.6 % of the respondents had prior knowledge about malaria, and 79.7, 87.6 and 95.7 % of them knew about the transmission, symptoms, and prevention of malaria, respectively. The majority (93.4 %) of the respondents considered malaria a serious disease. Although 79.5 % of the respondents had at least one ITN in their household, utilization rate of ITNs was 49.5 %. Significant associations between the respondents’ knowledge concerning malaria and their age, gender, education, and household monthly income were reported.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Malaria is still highly prevalent among rural Hausa communities in Nigeria. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, significant gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices, particularly the use of ITNs. Innovative and Integrated control measures to reduce the burden of malaria should be identified and implemented in these communities. Community mobilization and health education regarding the importance of using ITNs to prevent malaria and save lives should be considered.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Korenromp, El" uniqKey="Korenromp E">EL Korenromp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseini, M" uniqKey="Hosseini M">M Hosseini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newman, Rd" uniqKey="Newman R">RD Newman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cibulskis, Re" uniqKey="Cibulskis R">RE Cibulskis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murray, Cj" uniqKey="Murray C">CJ Murray</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ortblad, Kf" uniqKey="Ortblad K">KF Ortblad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guinovart, C" uniqKey="Guinovart C">C Guinovart</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lim, Ss" uniqKey="Lim S">SS Lim</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Malar J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Malar. J</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Malaria Journal</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1475-2875</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name><publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27392040</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4938925</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1394</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12936-016-1394-3</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dawaki</surname><given-names>Salwa</given-names></name><address><email>saldawaki@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2582-7410</contrib-id><name><surname>Al-Mekhlafi</surname><given-names>Hesham M.</given-names></name><address><phone>+6-03-7967 3789</phone><email>halmekhlafi@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Ithoi</surname><given-names>Init</given-names></name><address><email>init@um.edu.my</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ibrahim</surname><given-names>Jamaiah</given-names></name><address><email>jamaiahibrahim@um.edu.my</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Atroosh</surname><given-names>Wahib M.</given-names></name><address><email>wahib_atrosh@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdulsalam</surname><given-names>Awatif M.</given-names></name><address><email>fafo_1979@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sady</surname><given-names>Hany</given-names></name><address><email>hanysady@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Elyana</surname><given-names>Fatin Nur</given-names></name><address><email>elyana121@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Adamu</surname><given-names>Ado U.</given-names></name><address><email>adoumar2014@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yelwa</surname><given-names>Saadatu I.</given-names></name><address><email>saadatuyelwa15@gmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ahmed</surname><given-names>Abdulhamid</given-names></name><address><email>hamidmck@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Al-Areeqi</surname><given-names>Mona A.</given-names></name><address><email>mona_areeqi@hotmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Subramaniam</surname><given-names>Lahvanya R.</given-names></name><address><email>s.j_ho@hotmail.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nasr</surname><given-names>Nabil A.</given-names></name><address><email>nabilnesr@yahoo.com</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>Yee-Ling</given-names></name><address><email>lauyeeling@um.edu.my</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label></label>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label></label>School of Health Technology, Club Road, Nassarawa, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label></label>Endemic and Tropical Diseases Unit, Medical Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label></label>Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label></label>North West Zonal Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Kano State Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff6"><label></label>Rabi’u Musa Kwankwaso College of Advanced and Remedial Studies, Tudun Wada, Kano State Nigeria</aff><aff id="Aff7"><label></label>Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Katsina State Nigeria</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>8</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>8</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><elocation-id>351</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>19</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2016</copyright-statement><license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Malaria is one of the most severe global public health problems worldwide, particularly in Africa, where Nigeria has the greatest number of malaria cases. This community-based study was designed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of malaria and to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding malaria among rural Hausa communities in Kano State, Nigeria.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted on 551 participants from five local government areas in Kano State. Blood samples were collected and examined for the presence of <italic>Plasmodium</italic> species by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), Giemsa-stained thin and thick blood films, and PCR. Moreover, demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental information as well as KAP data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A total of 334 (60.6 %) participants were found positive for <italic>Plasmodium falciparum</italic>. The prevalence differed significantly by age group (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01), but not by gender or location. A multivariate analysis showed that malaria was associated significantly with being aged 12 years or older, having a low household family income, not using insecticide treated nets (ITNs), and having no toilets in the house. Overall, 95.6 % of the respondents had prior knowledge about malaria, and 79.7, 87.6 and 95.7 % of them knew about the transmission, symptoms, and prevention of malaria, respectively. The majority (93.4 %) of the respondents considered malaria a serious disease. Although 79.5 % of the respondents had at least one ITN in their household, utilization rate of ITNs was 49.5 %. Significant associations between the respondents’ knowledge concerning malaria and their age, gender, education, and household monthly income were reported.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Malaria is still highly prevalent among rural Hausa communities in Nigeria. Despite high levels of knowledge and attitudes in the study area, significant gaps persist in appropriate preventive practices, particularly the use of ITNs. Innovative and Integrated control measures to reduce the burden of malaria should be identified and implemented in these communities. Community mobilization and health education regarding the importance of using ITNs to prevent malaria and save lives should be considered.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Malaria</kwd><kwd>Epidemiology</kwd><kwd>Prevalence</kwd><kwd>Knowledge</kwd><kwd>Attitude</kwd><kwd>Practice</kwd><kwd>Nigeria</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="FundRef">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004386</institution-id><institution>Universiti Malaya</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/MED/16</award-id><award-id>RG510-13HTM</award-id><award-id>RG331-15AFR</award-id><principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Al-Mekhlafi</surname><given-names>Hesham M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ithoi</surname><given-names>Init</given-names></name><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>Yee-Ling</given-names></name></principal-award-recipient></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© The Author(s) 2016</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Malaisie</li><li>Yémen</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Adamu, Ado U" sort="Adamu, Ado U" uniqKey="Adamu A" first="Ado U." last="Adamu">Ado U. Adamu</name><name sortKey="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" sort="Ahmed, Abdulhamid" uniqKey="Ahmed A" first="Abdulhamid" last="Ahmed">Abdulhamid Ahmed</name><name sortKey="Yelwa, Saadatu I" sort="Yelwa, Saadatu I" uniqKey="Yelwa S" first="Saadatu I." last="Yelwa">Saadatu I. Yelwa</name></noCountry><country name="Malaisie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Dawaki, Salwa" sort="Dawaki, Salwa" uniqKey="Dawaki S" first="Salwa" last="Dawaki">Salwa Dawaki</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" sort="Abdulsalam, Awatif M" uniqKey="Abdulsalam A" first="Awatif M." last="Abdulsalam">Awatif M. Abdulsalam</name><name sortKey="Al Areeqi, Mona A" sort="Al Areeqi, Mona A" uniqKey="Al Areeqi M" first="Mona A." last="Al-Areeqi">Mona A. Al-Areeqi</name><name sortKey="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" sort="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" uniqKey="Al Mekhlafi H" first="Hesham M." last="Al-Mekhlafi">Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi</name><name sortKey="Atroosh, Wahib M" sort="Atroosh, Wahib M" uniqKey="Atroosh W" first="Wahib M." last="Atroosh">Wahib M. Atroosh</name><name sortKey="Elyana, Fatin Nur" sort="Elyana, Fatin Nur" uniqKey="Elyana F" first="Fatin Nur" last="Elyana">Fatin Nur Elyana</name><name sortKey="Ibrahim, Jamaiah" sort="Ibrahim, Jamaiah" uniqKey="Ibrahim J" first="Jamaiah" last="Ibrahim">Jamaiah Ibrahim</name><name sortKey="Ithoi, Init" sort="Ithoi, Init" uniqKey="Ithoi I" first="Init" last="Ithoi">Init Ithoi</name><name sortKey="Lau, Yee Ling" sort="Lau, Yee Ling" uniqKey="Lau Y" first="Yee-Ling" last="Lau">Yee-Ling Lau</name><name sortKey="Nasr, Nabil A" sort="Nasr, Nabil A" uniqKey="Nasr N" first="Nabil A." last="Nasr">Nabil A. Nasr</name><name sortKey="Sady, Hany" sort="Sady, Hany" uniqKey="Sady H" first="Hany" last="Sady">Hany Sady</name><name sortKey="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" sort="Subramaniam, Lahvanya R" uniqKey="Subramaniam L" first="Lahvanya R." last="Subramaniam">Lahvanya R. Subramaniam</name></country><country name="Yémen"><noRegion><name sortKey="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" sort="Al Mekhlafi, Hesham M" uniqKey="Al Mekhlafi H" first="Hesham M." last="Al-Mekhlafi">Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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