Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women: an analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey, South Africa
Identifieur interne : 004399 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 004398; suivant : 004400Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women: an analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey, South Africa
Auteurs : Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu [Afrique du Sud] ; Carine Van Malderen [Belgique] ; Ameena Goga [Afrique du Sud] ; Niko Speybroeck [Belgique]Source :
- BMJ Open [ 2044-6055 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Wealth-related inequality across the South African antenatal HIV care cascade has not been considered in detail as a potential hindrance to eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission (EMTCT). We aimed to measure wealth-related inequality in early (before enrolling into antenatal care) uptake of HIV testing and identify the contributing determinants.
Cross-sectional survey.
South African primary public health facilities in 2012.
A national-level sample of 8618 pregnant women.
Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing was measured using the Erreygers concentration index (CI) further adjusted for inequality introduced by predicted healthcare need (ie, need-standardised). Determinants contributing to the observed inequality were identified using the Erreygers and Wagstaff decomposition methods.
Participants were aged 13 to 49 years. Antenatal HIV prevalence was 33.2%, of which 43.7% came from the lowest 40% wealth group. A pro-poor wealth-related inequality in early HIV testing was observed. The need-standardised concentration index was −0.030 (95% confidence interval −0.038 to −0.022). The proportion of early HIV testing was significantly better in the lower 40% wealth group compared with the higher 40% wealth group (p value=0.040). The largest contributions to the observed inequality were from underlying inequalities in province (contribution, 65.27%), age (−44.38%), wealth group (24.73%) and transport means (21.61%).
Our results on better early uptake of HIV testing among the poorer subpopulation compared with the richer highlights inequity in uptake of HIV testing in South Africa. This socioeconomic difference could contribute to fast-tracking EMTCT given the high HIV prevalence among the lower wealth group. The high contribution of provinces and age to inequality highlights the need to shift from reliance on national-level estimates alone but identify subregional-specific and age-specific bottlenecks. Future interventions need to be context specific and tailored for specific subpopulations and subregional settings.
Url:
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013362
PubMed: 28706083
PubMed Central: 5577866
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women: an analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" sort="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" uniqKey="Ngandu N" first="Nobubelo Kwanele" last="Ngandu">Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">Health Systems Research Unit</institution>,<institution>South African Medical Research Council</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Malderen, Carine" sort="Van Malderen, Carine" uniqKey="Van Malderen C" first="Carine" last="Van Malderen">Carine Van Malderen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Brussels</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goga, Ameena" sort="Goga, Ameena" uniqKey="Goga A" first="Ameena" last="Goga">Ameena Goga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">Health Systems Research Unit</institution>,<institution>South African Medical Research Council</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="department">Department of Paediatrics and Child Health</institution>,<institution>Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Pretoria</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Speybroeck, Niko" sort="Speybroeck, Niko" uniqKey="Speybroeck N" first="Niko" last="Speybroeck">Niko Speybroeck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Brussels</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28706083</idno><idno type="pmc">5577866</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5577866</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5577866</idno><idno type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013362</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002260</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002260</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002259</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002259</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004399</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women: an analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" sort="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" uniqKey="Ngandu N" first="Nobubelo Kwanele" last="Ngandu">Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">Health Systems Research Unit</institution>,<institution>South African Medical Research Council</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Malderen, Carine" sort="Van Malderen, Carine" uniqKey="Van Malderen C" first="Carine" last="Van Malderen">Carine Van Malderen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Brussels</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goga, Ameena" sort="Goga, Ameena" uniqKey="Goga A" first="Ameena" last="Goga">Ameena Goga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution content-type="department">Health Systems Research Unit</institution>,<institution>South African Medical Research Council</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution content-type="department">Department of Paediatrics and Child Health</institution>,<institution>Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Pretoria</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Speybroeck, Niko" sort="Speybroeck, Niko" uniqKey="Speybroeck N" first="Niko" last="Speybroeck">Niko Speybroeck</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Brussels</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMJ Open</title><idno type="eISSN">2044-6055</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Wealth-related inequality across the South African antenatal HIV care cascade has not been considered in detail as a potential hindrance to eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission (EMTCT). We aimed to measure wealth-related inequality in early (before enrolling into antenatal care) uptake of HIV testing and identify the contributing determinants.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Cross-sectional survey.</p></sec><sec><title>Settings</title><p>South African primary public health facilities in 2012.</p></sec><sec><title>Participants</title><p>A national-level sample of 8618 pregnant women.</p></sec><sec><title>Outcome measures</title><p>Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing was measured using the Erreygers concentration index (CI) further adjusted for inequality introduced by predicted healthcare need (ie, need-standardised). Determinants contributing to the observed inequality were identified using the Erreygers and Wagstaff decomposition methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Participants were aged 13 to 49 years. Antenatal HIV prevalence was 33.2%, of which 43.7% came from the lowest 40% wealth group. A pro-poor wealth-related inequality in early HIV testing was observed. The need-standardised concentration index was −0.030 (95% confidence interval −0.038 to −0.022). The proportion of early HIV testing was significantly better in the lower 40% wealth group compared with the higher 40% wealth group (p value=0.040). The largest contributions to the observed inequality were from underlying inequalities in province (contribution, 65.27%), age (−44.38%), wealth group (24.73%) and transport means (21.61%).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our results on better early uptake of HIV testing among the poorer subpopulation compared with the richer highlights inequity in uptake of HIV testing in South Africa. This socioeconomic difference could contribute to fast-tracking EMTCT given the high HIV prevalence among the lower wealth group. The high contribution of provinces and age to inequality highlights the need to shift from reliance on national-level estimates alone but identify subregional-specific and age-specific bottlenecks. Future interventions need to be context specific and tailored for specific subpopulations and subregional settings.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Skaftun, Ek" uniqKey="Skaftun E">EK Skaftun</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, M" uniqKey="Ali M">M Ali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norheim, Of" uniqKey="Norheim O">OF Norheim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hiarlaithe, Mo" uniqKey="Hiarlaithe M">MO hIarlaithe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Grede, N" uniqKey="Grede N">N Grede</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Pee, S" uniqKey="De Pee S">S de Pee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barros, Aj" uniqKey="Barros A">AJ Barros</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ronsmans, C" uniqKey="Ronsmans C">C Ronsmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Axelson, H" uniqKey="Axelson H">H 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMJ Open</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMJ Open</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="hwp">bmjopen</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">bmjopen</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BMJ Open</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2044-6055</issn><publisher><publisher-name>BMJ Open</publisher-name><publisher-loc>BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28706083</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5577866</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">bmjopen-2016-013362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013362</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>HIV/AIDS</subject><subj-group><subject>Research</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="hwp-journal-coll"><subject>1506</subject><subject>1842</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women: an analysis of data from a national cross-sectional survey, South Africa</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib id="author-45419459" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ngandu</surname><given-names>Nobubelo Kwanele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Van Malderen</surname><given-names>Carine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goga</surname><given-names>Ameena</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Speybroeck</surname><given-names>Niko</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution content-type="department">Health Systems Research Unit</institution>,<institution>South African Medical Research Council</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Cape Town</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Institute of Health and Society (IRSS), Université catholique de Louvain</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Brussels</addr-line>,<country>Belgium</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution content-type="department">Department of Paediatrics and Child Health</institution>,<institution>Kalafong Hospital, University of Pretoria</institution>,<addr-line content-type="city">Pretoria</addr-line>,<country>South Africa</country></aff><author-notes><corresp><label>Correspondence to</label> Dr Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu; <email>nobubelo.ngandu@mrc.ac.za</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>7</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e013362</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>01</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>4</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:title="pdf" xlink:href="bmjopen-2016-013362.pdf"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="reviewers-comments-pdf" xlink:href="bmjopen-2016-013362.reviewer_comments.pdf"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="draft-revisions-pdf" xlink:href="bmjopen-2016-013362.draft_revisions.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Wealth-related inequality across the South African antenatal HIV care cascade has not been considered in detail as a potential hindrance to eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission (EMTCT). We aimed to measure wealth-related inequality in early (before enrolling into antenatal care) uptake of HIV testing and identify the contributing determinants.</p></sec><sec><title>Design</title><p>Cross-sectional survey.</p></sec><sec><title>Settings</title><p>South African primary public health facilities in 2012.</p></sec><sec><title>Participants</title><p>A national-level sample of 8618 pregnant women.</p></sec><sec><title>Outcome measures</title><p>Wealth-related inequality in early uptake of HIV testing was measured using the Erreygers concentration index (CI) further adjusted for inequality introduced by predicted healthcare need (ie, need-standardised). Determinants contributing to the observed inequality were identified using the Erreygers and Wagstaff decomposition methods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Participants were aged 13 to 49 years. Antenatal HIV prevalence was 33.2%, of which 43.7% came from the lowest 40% wealth group. A pro-poor wealth-related inequality in early HIV testing was observed. The need-standardised concentration index was −0.030 (95% confidence interval −0.038 to −0.022). The proportion of early HIV testing was significantly better in the lower 40% wealth group compared with the higher 40% wealth group (p value=0.040). The largest contributions to the observed inequality were from underlying inequalities in province (contribution, 65.27%), age (−44.38%), wealth group (24.73%) and transport means (21.61%).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Our results on better early uptake of HIV testing among the poorer subpopulation compared with the richer highlights inequity in uptake of HIV testing in South Africa. This socioeconomic difference could contribute to fast-tracking EMTCT given the high HIV prevalence among the lower wealth group. The high contribution of provinces and age to inequality highlights the need to shift from reliance on national-level estimates alone but identify subregional-specific and age-specific bottlenecks. Future interventions need to be context specific and tailored for specific subpopulations and subregional settings.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>wealth-related inequality</kwd><kwd>early HIV testing</kwd><kwd>pregnant women</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group id="funding-1"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution>President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group id="funding-2"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution>National Department of Health, South Africa</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group id="funding-3"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution>The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group id="funding-4"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution>South Africa National Research Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>special-feature</meta-name><meta-value>unlocked</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Belgique</li></country></list><tree><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" sort="Ngandu, Nobubelo Kwanele" uniqKey="Ngandu N" first="Nobubelo Kwanele" last="Ngandu">Nobubelo Kwanele Ngandu</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Goga, Ameena" sort="Goga, Ameena" uniqKey="Goga A" first="Ameena" last="Goga">Ameena Goga</name><name sortKey="Goga, Ameena" sort="Goga, Ameena" uniqKey="Goga A" first="Ameena" last="Goga">Ameena Goga</name></country><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Van Malderen, Carine" sort="Van Malderen, Carine" uniqKey="Van Malderen C" first="Carine" last="Van Malderen">Carine Van Malderen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Speybroeck, Niko" sort="Speybroeck, Niko" uniqKey="Speybroeck N" first="Niko" last="Speybroeck">Niko Speybroeck</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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