Le SIDA en Afrique subsaharienne (serveur d'exploration)

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Factors Associated with PMTCT Cascade Completion in Four African Countries

Identifieur interne : 003B59 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003B58; suivant : 003B60

Factors Associated with PMTCT Cascade Completion in Four African Countries

Auteurs : Jodie Dionne-Odom [États-Unis] ; Thomas K. Welty [Cameroun] ; Andrew O. Westfall [États-Unis] ; Benjamin H. Chi [États-Unis] ; Didier Koumavi Ekouevi [France, Côte d'Ivoire] ; Margaret Kasaro [États-Unis] ; Pius M. Tih [Cameroun] ; Alan T. N. Tita [États-Unis]

Source :

RBID : PMC:5107823

Abstract

Background. Many countries are working to reduce or eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Prevention efforts have been conceptualized as steps in a cascade but cascade completion rates during and after pregnancy are low. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was performed across 26 communities in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Zambia. Women who reported a pregnancy within two years were enrolled. Participant responses were used to construct the PMTCT cascade with all of the following steps required for completion: at least one antenatal visit, HIV testing performed, HIV testing result received, initiation of maternal prophylaxis, and initiation of infant prophylaxis. Factors associated with cascade completion were identified using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Results. Of 976 HIV-infected women, only 355 (36.4%) completed the PMTCT cascade. Although most women (69.2%) did not know their partner's HIV status; awareness of partner HIV status was associated with cascade completion (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01–2.0). Completion was also associated with receiving an HIV diagnosis prior to pregnancy compared with HIV diagnosis during or after pregnancy (aOR 14.1, 95% CI 5.2–38.6). Conclusions. Pregnant women with HIV infection in Africa who were aware of their partner's HIV status and who were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy were more likely to complete the PMTCT cascade.


Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2403936
PubMed: 27872760
PubMed Central: 5107823

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PMC:5107823

Le document en format XML

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<name sortKey="Dionne Odom, Jodie" sort="Dionne Odom, Jodie" uniqKey="Dionne Odom J" first="Jodie" last="Dionne-Odom">Jodie Dionne-Odom</name>
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<name sortKey="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" sort="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" uniqKey="Ekouevi D" first="Didier Koumavi" last="Ekouevi">Didier Koumavi Ekouevi</name>
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<name sortKey="Tita, Alan T N" sort="Tita, Alan T N" uniqKey="Tita A" first="Alan T. N." last="Tita">Alan T. N. Tita</name>
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<nlm:aff id="I1">University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA</nlm:aff>
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<p>
<italic>Background. </italic>
Many countries are working to reduce or eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Prevention efforts have been conceptualized as steps in a cascade but cascade completion rates during and after pregnancy are low.
<italic> Methods. </italic>
A cross-sectional survey was performed across 26 communities in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Zambia. Women who reported a pregnancy within two years were enrolled. Participant responses were used to construct the PMTCT cascade with all of the following steps required for completion: at least one antenatal visit, HIV testing performed, HIV testing result received, initiation of maternal prophylaxis, and initiation of infant prophylaxis. Factors associated with cascade completion were identified using multivariable logistic regression modeling.
<italic> Results. </italic>
Of 976 HIV-infected women, only 355 (36.4%) completed the PMTCT cascade. Although most women (69.2%) did not know their partner's HIV status; awareness of partner HIV status was associated with cascade completion (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01–2.0). Completion was also associated with receiving an HIV diagnosis prior to pregnancy compared with HIV diagnosis during or after pregnancy (aOR 14.1, 95% CI 5.2–38.6).
<italic> Conclusions. </italic>
Pregnant women with HIV infection in Africa who were aware of their partner's HIV status and who were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy were more likely to complete the PMTCT cascade.</p>
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</TEI>
<pmc article-type="research-article">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">AIDS Res Treat</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">AIDS Res Treat</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ART</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>AIDS Research and Treatment</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2090-1240</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2090-1259</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27872760</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5107823</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/2403936</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Factors Associated with PMTCT Cascade Completion in Four African Countries</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3625-5174</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Dionne-Odom</surname>
<given-names>Jodie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">
<sup>*</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Welty</surname>
<given-names>Thomas K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Westfall</surname>
<given-names>Andrew O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Chi</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Ekouevi</surname>
<given-names>Didier Koumavi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-998X</contrib-id>
<name>
<surname>Kasaro</surname>
<given-names>Margaret</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tih</surname>
<given-names>Pius M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tita</surname>
<given-names>Alan T. N.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="I1">
<sup>1</sup>
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA</aff>
<aff id="I2">
<sup>2</sup>
Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Bamenda, Cameroon</aff>
<aff id="I3">
<sup>3</sup>
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA</aff>
<aff id="I4">
<sup>4</sup>
Research Center INSERM U1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</aff>
<aff id="I5">
<sup>5</sup>
PAC-CI Program, ANRS Site, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1">*Jodie Dionne-Odom:
<email>jdionne@uabmc.edu</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="other">
<p>Academic Editor: Glenda Gray</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>31</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2016</volume>
<elocation-id>2403936</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>22</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>7</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>10</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Jodie Dionne-Odom et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract>
<p>
<italic>Background. </italic>
Many countries are working to reduce or eliminate mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. Prevention efforts have been conceptualized as steps in a cascade but cascade completion rates during and after pregnancy are low.
<italic> Methods. </italic>
A cross-sectional survey was performed across 26 communities in Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, South Africa, and Zambia. Women who reported a pregnancy within two years were enrolled. Participant responses were used to construct the PMTCT cascade with all of the following steps required for completion: at least one antenatal visit, HIV testing performed, HIV testing result received, initiation of maternal prophylaxis, and initiation of infant prophylaxis. Factors associated with cascade completion were identified using multivariable logistic regression modeling.
<italic> Results. </italic>
Of 976 HIV-infected women, only 355 (36.4%) completed the PMTCT cascade. Although most women (69.2%) did not know their partner's HIV status; awareness of partner HIV status was associated with cascade completion (aOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01–2.0). Completion was also associated with receiving an HIV diagnosis prior to pregnancy compared with HIV diagnosis during or after pregnancy (aOR 14.1, 95% CI 5.2–38.6).
<italic> Conclusions. </italic>
Pregnant women with HIV infection in Africa who were aware of their partner's HIV status and who were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy were more likely to complete the PMTCT cascade.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group>
<fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<p>PEARL PMTCT cascade among 976 HIV-infected pregnant women in four African countries (data from Chi et al. [
<xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
]).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ART2016-2403936.001"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<p>Baseline characteristics of survey respondents
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
(
<italic>n</italic>
= 976).</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Completed
<break></break>
PMTCT cascade (
<italic>n</italic>
= 355)
<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Did not complete PMTCT cascade
<break></break>
(
<italic>n</italic>
= 621)
<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
(%)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>p</italic>
value
<sup>
<italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total
<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
  (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Sociodemographics</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Country of origin</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cameroon</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (15.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (9.5)</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (11.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cote d'Ivoire</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (8.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (5.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> South Africa</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112 (31.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">253 (40.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365 (37.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Zambia</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187 (52.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">257 (41.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">444 (45.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (3.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (6)</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (4.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228 (64.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">409 (65.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">637 (65.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116 (32.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (28.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291 (29.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222 (62.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321 (52.2)</td>
<td rowspan="6" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">543 (56)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Living together</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (5.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (10.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (8.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Divorced</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (2.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (1.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Separated</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (4.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (6.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (6.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Widowed</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (5.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (4.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (4.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No partner</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (18.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151 (24.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">218 (22.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None/primary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157 (44.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270 (44)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">427 (44.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or higher</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197 (55.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">344 (56)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">541 (55.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parity</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (25.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 (33.4)</td>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">289 (30.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (30.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182 (30.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286 (30.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73 (21.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (17.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178 (18.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (12.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (8.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 (10.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5+</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (10.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60 (10)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95 (10.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household size</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1-2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (15.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135 (22)</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188 (19.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (26.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198 (32.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291 (30.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101 (28.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141 (23)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242 (25.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5+</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104 (29.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139 (22.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243 (25.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source of water</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Public tap</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (33.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145 (23.4)</td>
<td rowspan="5" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265 (27.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Protected well or piped</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">131 (36.9)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">277 (44.6)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">408 (41.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> into plot</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Piped into house</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (17.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (19.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183 (18.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (11.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (12.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (12.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a television</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196 (55.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">373 (60.6)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">569 (58.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155 (44.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243 (39.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">398 (41.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a cell phone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252 (71.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440 (71)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">692 (71.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (28.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180 (29)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280 (28.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current employment Outside home</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">142 (40.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">225 (36.3)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">367 (37.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211 (59.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">394 (63.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">605 (62.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a method of transportation</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (22.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156 (25.4)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">233 (24.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">266 (77.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">459 (74.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">725 (75.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">
<hr></hr>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">
<italic>Health related</italic>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timing of HIV diagnosis</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before pregnancy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (12.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (1.1)</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (5.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> During pregnancy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (51.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (6.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215 (22.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> After pregnancy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 (36.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">565 (92.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">689 (72.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partner HIV testing</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (11.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (19.5)</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (16.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 (28.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (6.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138 (14.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not tested/do not know</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">212 (60.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">458 (74.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">670 (69.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Use of birth control (ever)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Modern method</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="13" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  Injectables/implants</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119 (33.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156 (25.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275 (28.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  Pill</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68 (19.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123 (19.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">191 (19.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  Condoms</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (10.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (4.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (6.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  M/F sterilization or</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2 (0.6)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">4 (0.7)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">6 (0.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  hysterectomy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  Intrauterine device</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (0.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (0.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  Lactational</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">1 (0.3)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">2 (0.3)</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">3 (0.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  amenorrhea</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Traditional or no</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> method</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  No method</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125 (35.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298 (48.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">423 (43.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">  NFP or withdrawal</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (0.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (0.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timing of ANC entry</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.29</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1st trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (15.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (21.7)</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185 (19.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2nd trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">254 (71.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390 (65.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">644 (67.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3rd trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (12.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74 (12.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119 (12.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANC location</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (14.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (14.2)</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139 (14.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health center</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">291 (82)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">460 (77)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">751 (77)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health post</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (2.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (3.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (3.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (1.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (5.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (5.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANC facility type</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Governmental</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">312 (87.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">529 (85.2)</td>
<td rowspan="3" align="center" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">841 (86.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Faith based organization</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (10.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (6.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79 (8.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (1.4)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (8.2)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (5.7)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
Missing values: marital status 7, education 8, parity 33, household size 12, own a television 9, own a cell phone 4, current employment outside home 4, own a method of transportation 18, timing of HIV diagnosis 22, partner HIV testing 7, use of birth control (ever) 6, and timing of ANC entry 28.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>
<italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
<italic>p</italic>
values calculated from univariate logistic regression models which included site as a stratification factor. The
<italic>p</italic>
value for family planning compares modern methods to traditional/no method.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>PMTCT: prevention of mother to child HIV transmission, ANC: antenatal clinic, and NFP: natural family planning.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Table 2</label>
<caption>
<p>Factors associated with cascade completion in the PEARL study
<sup>
<italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Univariate analysis
<break></break>
OR (95% CI)</th>
<th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Multivariable analysis
<break></break>
OR (95% CI)
<break></break>
<italic>n</italic>
= 843</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal age (years)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.9–3.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (0.8–4.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >30</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.2 (1.1–4.5)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.8–4.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marital status</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No partner</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Partner</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.8–1.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.5–1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Education</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None/primary</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or higher</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.8–1.5)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.8–1.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Parity</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.9–1.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.5–1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.9–2.1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.3–1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (1.2–3.2)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.4–2.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5+</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.6–1.7)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5 (0.2–1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household size</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1-2</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.8–1.8)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.7–2.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 4</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (1.1–2.5)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 (1.0–5.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 5+</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (1.04–2.4)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 (0.8–6.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Source of water</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Protected well or piped into plot</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Piped into house</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.7–1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Public tap</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.9–1.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.5–1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a television</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.8–1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a cellphone</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.9–1.6)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.9–1.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Employment</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (0.7–1.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Own a method of transportation</td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8 (0.5–1)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7 (0.5–0.98)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timing of HIV diagnosis</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> During/after pregnancy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Before pregnancy</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.3 (5.3–28.6)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.1 (5.2–38.6)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Partner HIV status</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Known</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (1.3–2.2)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (1.01–2.0)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family planning</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Traditional/none</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Short acting modern method</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (1–1.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.8–1.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Long acting modern method</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 (1.6–3.2)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.0 (1.3–3.0)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Timing of ANC entry</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1st trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2nd trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.9–1.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.9–2.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3rd trimester</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 (0.9–2.3)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3 (0.7–2.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANC location</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health center</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td rowspan="4" align="center" colspan="1">N/A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.7–1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Health post</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.4–3.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.1–0.5)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ANC facility type</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Governmental</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ref</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Faith based organization</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.7–1.9)</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.7–2.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2 (0.1–0.5)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3 (0.1–0.9)
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>
<italic></italic>
</sup>
<italic>p</italic>
value < 0.05.</p>
</fn>
<fn>
<p>
<sup>
<italic>∗∗</italic>
</sup>
Logistic regression models. All models include site as a stratification factor. The adjusted model includes all of the variables in the table with odds ratios listed. Data for variables that were not included in the multivariable model are labeled “N/A.”</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
<affiliations>
<list>
<country>
<li>Cameroun</li>
<li>Côte d'Ivoire</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region>
<li>Alabama</li>
<li>Aquitaine</li>
<li>Caroline du Nord</li>
<li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li>
</region>
<settlement>
<li>Bordeaux</li>
<li>Chapel Hill (Caroline du Nord)</li>
</settlement>
<orgName>
<li>Université de Bordeaux</li>
<li>Université de Caroline du Nord à Chapel Hill</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree>
<country name="États-Unis">
<region name="Alabama">
<name sortKey="Dionne Odom, Jodie" sort="Dionne Odom, Jodie" uniqKey="Dionne Odom J" first="Jodie" last="Dionne-Odom">Jodie Dionne-Odom</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Chi, Benjamin H" sort="Chi, Benjamin H" uniqKey="Chi B" first="Benjamin H." last="Chi">Benjamin H. Chi</name>
<name sortKey="Kasaro, Margaret" sort="Kasaro, Margaret" uniqKey="Kasaro M" first="Margaret" last="Kasaro">Margaret Kasaro</name>
<name sortKey="Tita, Alan T N" sort="Tita, Alan T N" uniqKey="Tita A" first="Alan T. N." last="Tita">Alan T. N. Tita</name>
<name sortKey="Westfall, Andrew O" sort="Westfall, Andrew O" uniqKey="Westfall A" first="Andrew O." last="Westfall">Andrew O. Westfall</name>
</country>
<country name="Cameroun">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Welty, Thomas K" sort="Welty, Thomas K" uniqKey="Welty T" first="Thomas K." last="Welty">Thomas K. Welty</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Tih, Pius M" sort="Tih, Pius M" uniqKey="Tih P" first="Pius M." last="Tih">Pius M. Tih</name>
</country>
<country name="France">
<region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">
<name sortKey="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" sort="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" uniqKey="Ekouevi D" first="Didier Koumavi" last="Ekouevi">Didier Koumavi Ekouevi</name>
</region>
</country>
<country name="Côte d'Ivoire">
<noRegion>
<name sortKey="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" sort="Ekouevi, Didier Koumavi" uniqKey="Ekouevi D" first="Didier Koumavi" last="Ekouevi">Didier Koumavi Ekouevi</name>
</noRegion>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>

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