Suicidal Ideation, Attempt, and Determining Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients, Ethiopia
Identifieur interne : 003A74 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003A73; suivant : 003A75Suicidal Ideation, Attempt, and Determining Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients, Ethiopia
Auteurs : Huluagresh Bitew [Éthiopie] ; Gashaw Andargie [Éthiopie] ; Agitu Tadesse [Éthiopie] ; Amsalu Belete [Éthiopie] ; Wubalem Fekadu [Éthiopie] ; Tesfa Mekonen [Éthiopie]Source :
- Depression Research and Treatment [ 2090-1321 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
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DOI: 10.1155/2016/8913160
PubMed: 27747101
PubMed Central: 5055996
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Suicidal Ideation, Attempt, and Determining Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients, Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Bitew, Huluagresh" sort="Bitew, Huluagresh" uniqKey="Bitew H" first="Huluagresh" last="Bitew">Huluagresh Bitew</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Debark District Hospital Northwest, Debark, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Debark District Hospital Northwest, Debark</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Debark</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andargie, Gashaw" sort="Andargie, Gashaw" uniqKey="Andargie G" first="Gashaw" last="Andargie">Gashaw Andargie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadesse, Agitu" sort="Tadesse, Agitu" uniqKey="Tadesse A" first="Agitu" last="Tadesse">Agitu Tadesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belete, Amsalu" sort="Belete, Amsalu" uniqKey="Belete A" first="Amsalu" last="Belete">Amsalu Belete</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Debre Tabor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fekadu, Wubalem" sort="Fekadu, Wubalem" uniqKey="Fekadu W" first="Wubalem" last="Fekadu">Wubalem Fekadu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mekonen, Tesfa" sort="Mekonen, Tesfa" uniqKey="Mekonen T" first="Tesfa" last="Mekonen">Tesfa Mekonen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27747101</idno><idno type="pmc">5055996</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055996</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5055996</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2016/8913160</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002334</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002334</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002333</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002333</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000464</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000464</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003A74</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Suicidal Ideation, Attempt, and Determining Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients, Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Bitew, Huluagresh" sort="Bitew, Huluagresh" uniqKey="Bitew H" first="Huluagresh" last="Bitew">Huluagresh Bitew</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Debark District Hospital Northwest, Debark, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Debark District Hospital Northwest, Debark</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Debark</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andargie, Gashaw" sort="Andargie, Gashaw" uniqKey="Andargie G" first="Gashaw" last="Andargie">Gashaw Andargie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Gondar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tadesse, Agitu" sort="Tadesse, Agitu" uniqKey="Tadesse A" first="Agitu" last="Tadesse">Agitu Tadesse</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Addis Ababa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belete, Amsalu" sort="Belete, Amsalu" uniqKey="Belete A" first="Amsalu" last="Belete">Amsalu Belete</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Debre Tabor</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fekadu, Wubalem" sort="Fekadu, Wubalem" uniqKey="Fekadu W" first="Wubalem" last="Fekadu">Wubalem Fekadu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mekonen, Tesfa" sort="Mekonen, Tesfa" uniqKey="Mekonen T" first="Tesfa" last="Mekonen">Tesfa Mekonen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I5">Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Depression Research and Treatment</title><idno type="ISSN">2090-1321</idno><idno type="eISSN">2090-133X</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Background</italic>. Suicide is a serious cause of mortality worldwide and is considered as a psychiatric emergency. Suicide is more frequent in peoples living with HIV/AIDS than in general population.<italic> Objective</italic>. To assess the proportion and determining factors of suicidal ideation and attempt among peoples living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia.<italic> Methods</italic>. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 by selecting 393 participants using systematic random sampling technique. Suicide manual of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to collect data. Logistic regression was carried out and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was computed.<italic> Results</italic>. The proportion of suicidal ideation and attempt was 33.6% and 20.1%, respectively. Female sex (AOR = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.27–5.22), marital status (AOR = 13.5, 95%CI: 4.69–39.13), depression (AOR = 17.0, 95%CI: 8.76–33.26), CD4 level (AOR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.34–4.90), and presence of opportunistic infection (AOR = 5.23, 95%CI: 2.51–10.88) were associated with suicidal ideation, whereas marital status (AOR = 8.44, 95%CI: 3.117–22.84), perceived HIV stigma (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.45–5.99), opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.18–4.76), and poor social support (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.58–5.41) were significantly associated with suicidal attempt.<italic> Conclusion</italic>. Suicidal ideation and attempt were high among HIV positive patients. Therefore early screening, treatment, and referral of suicidal patients are necessary in HIV clinics.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sadock, B J" uniqKey="Sadock B">B. J. Sadock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sadock, V A" uniqKey="Sadock V">V. A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Depress Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Depress Res Treat</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">DRT</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Depression Research and Treatment</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2090-1321</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2090-133X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27747101</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5055996</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/8913160</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Suicidal Ideation, Attempt, and Determining Factors among HIV/AIDS Patients, Ethiopia</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bitew</surname><given-names>Huluagresh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Andargie</surname><given-names>Gashaw</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tadesse</surname><given-names>Agitu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Belete</surname><given-names>Amsalu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-2133</contrib-id><name><surname>Fekadu</surname><given-names>Wubalem</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3188-0173</contrib-id><name><surname>Mekonen</surname><given-names>Tesfa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Debark District Hospital Northwest, Debark, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="I5"><sup>5</sup>Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Wubalem Fekadu: <email>wubfek@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Janusz K. Rybakowski</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>2016</volume><elocation-id>8913160</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>28</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Huluagresh Bitew et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Background</italic>. Suicide is a serious cause of mortality worldwide and is considered as a psychiatric emergency. Suicide is more frequent in peoples living with HIV/AIDS than in general population.<italic> Objective</italic>. To assess the proportion and determining factors of suicidal ideation and attempt among peoples living with HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia.<italic> Methods</italic>. Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 by selecting 393 participants using systematic random sampling technique. Suicide manual of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to collect data. Logistic regression was carried out and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was computed.<italic> Results</italic>. The proportion of suicidal ideation and attempt was 33.6% and 20.1%, respectively. Female sex (AOR = 2.6, 95%CI: 1.27–5.22), marital status (AOR = 13.5, 95%CI: 4.69–39.13), depression (AOR = 17.0, 95%CI: 8.76–33.26), CD4 level (AOR = 2.57, 95%CI: 1.34–4.90), and presence of opportunistic infection (AOR = 5.23, 95%CI: 2.51–10.88) were associated with suicidal ideation, whereas marital status (AOR = 8.44, 95%CI: 3.117–22.84), perceived HIV stigma (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.45–5.99), opportunistic infection (AOR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.18–4.76), and poor social support (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI: 1.58–5.41) were significantly associated with suicidal attempt.<italic> Conclusion</italic>. Suicidal ideation and attempt were high among HIV positive patients. Therefore early screening, treatment, and referral of suicidal patients are necessary in HIV clinics.</p></abstract><funding-group><award-group><funding-source>Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital</funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic characteristics of HIV patients at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015 (<italic>n</italic> = 393).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Category</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">Age in year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18–27</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28–37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38–47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48+</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Sex </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">163</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Ethnicity </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amhara</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">388</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tigre</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">Marital status </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widowed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Religion </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Orthodox</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">371</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muslim</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">Educational status </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not literate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Higher education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Occupation </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unemployed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Employed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Living condition </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">With family</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">313</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alone</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="left" colspan="1">Wealth index </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lowest</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Second</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Medium</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fourth</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Highest</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Social support </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intermediate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.9</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Clinical characteristics of HIV positive patients at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015 (<italic>n</italic> = 393).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Category</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Serum status knowing duration</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">352</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left" colspan="1">WHO AIDS stage </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">319</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">T3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">CD4 level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Starting HAART</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">369</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Partner serum status </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Positive</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">146</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Negative</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not known</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Opportunistic infections (OI)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TB</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Herpes zoster</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Others</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Depression </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">149</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">244</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Perceived HIV stigma </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Substance use of HIV positive respondents at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015 (<italic>n</italic> = 393).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Categories</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Life time alcohol use</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Life time khat chewing</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">365</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92.9</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Life time smoking </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">376</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95.7</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Current alcohol use </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Current khat chewing </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">382</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Current smoking </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">385</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Suicidal ideation and attempt among respondents attending ART clinic at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Categories</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frequency (<italic>n</italic>)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percent (%)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Suicidal ideation </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Duration of suicidal ideation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Suicidal attempt in the last 1 month</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.5</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Life time suicidal attempt </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Duration of suicidal attempt</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥6 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Intentional (self-inflicted) injury </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66.7</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Factors associated with suicidal ideation of participants at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Variables </th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Categories</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"> Suicidal ideation</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Sex </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.8 (3.3–9.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.6</bold> (1.3–5.2)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Social support </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">207</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 (1.3–6.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.5</bold> (1.3–4.9)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">Marital status </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6 (7.6–32.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>13.5</bold> (4.7–39.1)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widowed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 (0.6–4.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26 (0.9–5.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 (1.3–5.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.7</bold> (1.3–4.7)<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">CD4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">≤500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 (2.8–6.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.5</bold> (1.3–4.9)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">>500</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Depression </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">159</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1 (13.8–42.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>17</bold> (8.8–33.3)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Perceived stigma</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8 (1.2–2.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 (0.9–3.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">OI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.3 (4.9–14.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>5.2</bold> (2.5–10.9)<sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.01, and <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 6</label><caption><p>Factors associated with suicidal attempt of participants at Debark Hospital Northwest, Ethiopia, 2015.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Variables </th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Categories</th><th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1"> Suicidal attempt</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">COR (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">AOR (95% CI)</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Sex </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.8 (2.1–6.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.8</bold> (1.3–6.2)<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left" colspan="1">Marital status </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7 (5.1–27.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>8.4</bold> (3.1–22.8)<sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widowed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.9 (1.9–8.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.5 (1.9–10.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.5 (0.6–4.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 (0.5–4.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">OI</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.6 (1.3–5.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.3</bold> (1.2–4.8)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">333</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1">Perceived stigma </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">216</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.7 (1.3–5.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>2.9</bold> (1.4–5.9)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="center" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1">Social support </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Poor</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.1 (1.6–6.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>3.0</bold> (1.6–5.9)<sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup></td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Intermediate</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 (0.5–2.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.2 (0.5–2.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Good</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.05, <sup><italic>∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.01, and <sup><italic>∗∗∗</italic></sup><italic>P</italic> value < 0.001.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Éthiopie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Éthiopie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bitew, Huluagresh" sort="Bitew, Huluagresh" uniqKey="Bitew H" first="Huluagresh" last="Bitew">Huluagresh Bitew</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Andargie, Gashaw" sort="Andargie, Gashaw" uniqKey="Andargie G" first="Gashaw" last="Andargie">Gashaw Andargie</name><name sortKey="Belete, Amsalu" sort="Belete, Amsalu" uniqKey="Belete A" first="Amsalu" last="Belete">Amsalu Belete</name><name sortKey="Fekadu, Wubalem" sort="Fekadu, Wubalem" uniqKey="Fekadu W" first="Wubalem" last="Fekadu">Wubalem Fekadu</name><name sortKey="Mekonen, Tesfa" sort="Mekonen, Tesfa" uniqKey="Mekonen T" first="Tesfa" last="Mekonen">Tesfa Mekonen</name><name sortKey="Tadesse, Agitu" sort="Tadesse, Agitu" uniqKey="Tadesse A" first="Agitu" last="Tadesse">Agitu Tadesse</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce 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