Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia
Identifieur interne : 003913 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 003912; suivant : 003914Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia
Auteurs : Aida De Lucio [Espagne] ; Aranzazu Amor-Aramendía [Espagne] ; Bego A Bailo [Espagne] ; José M. Saugar [Espagne] ; Melaku Anegagrie [Espagne] ; Ana Arroyo [Espagne] ; Beatriz L Pez-Quintana [Espagne] ; Derjew Zewdie [Éthiopie] ; Zimmam Ayehubizu [Éthiopie] ; Endalew Yizengaw [Éthiopie] ; Bayeh Abera [Éthiopie] ; Mulat Yimer [Éthiopie] ; Wondemagen Mulu [Éthiopie] ; Tadesse Hailu [Éthiopie] ; Zaida Herrador [Espagne] ; Isabel Fuentes [Espagne] ; David Carmena [Espagne]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
We report here the prevalence and genetic diversity of
The PCR-based prevalences of
Our data suggest an epidemiological scenario with an elevated transmission intensity of a wide range of
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159992
PubMed: 27466809
PubMed Central: 4965151
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PMC:4965151Le document en format XML
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and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia</title>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of <italic>Giardia duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia</title>
<author><name sortKey="De Lucio, Aida" sort="De Lucio, Aida" uniqKey="De Lucio A" first="Aida" last="De Lucio">Aida De Lucio</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" sort="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" uniqKey="Amor Aramendia A" first="Aranzazu" last="Amor-Aramendía">Aranzazu Amor-Aramendía</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Mundo Sano Foundation, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Mundo Sano Foundation, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
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<author><name sortKey="Bailo, Bego A" sort="Bailo, Bego A" uniqKey="Bailo B" first="Bego A" last="Bailo">Bego A Bailo</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Saugar, Jose M" sort="Saugar, Jose M" uniqKey="Saugar J" first="José M." last="Saugar">José M. Saugar</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Anegagrie, Melaku" sort="Anegagrie, Melaku" uniqKey="Anegagrie M" first="Melaku" last="Anegagrie">Melaku Anegagrie</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Arroyo, Ana" sort="Arroyo, Ana" uniqKey="Arroyo A" first="Ana" last="Arroyo">Ana Arroyo</name>
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<author><name sortKey="L Pez Quintana, Beatriz" sort="L Pez Quintana, Beatriz" uniqKey="L Pez Quintana B" first="Beatriz" last="L Pez-Quintana">Beatriz L Pez-Quintana</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zewdie, Derjew" sort="Zewdie, Derjew" uniqKey="Zewdie D" first="Derjew" last="Zewdie">Derjew Zewdie</name>
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</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Ayehubizu, Zimmam" sort="Ayehubizu, Zimmam" uniqKey="Ayehubizu Z" first="Zimmam" last="Ayehubizu">Zimmam Ayehubizu</name>
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</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion>
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<author><name sortKey="Yizengaw, Endalew" sort="Yizengaw, Endalew" uniqKey="Yizengaw E" first="Endalew" last="Yizengaw">Endalew Yizengaw</name>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Abera, Bayeh" sort="Abera, Bayeh" uniqKey="Abera B" first="Bayeh" last="Abera">Bayeh Abera</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Yimer, Mulat" sort="Yimer, Mulat" uniqKey="Yimer M" first="Mulat" last="Yimer">Mulat Yimer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mulu, Wondemagen" sort="Mulu, Wondemagen" uniqKey="Mulu W" first="Wondemagen" last="Mulu">Wondemagen Mulu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country>
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<wicri:noRegion>Bahir Dar</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Hailu, Tadesse" sort="Hailu, Tadesse" uniqKey="Hailu T" first="Tadesse" last="Hailu">Tadesse Hailu</name>
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</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herrador, Zaida" sort="Herrador, Zaida" uniqKey="Herrador Z" first="Zaida" last="Herrador">Zaida Herrador</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fuentes, Isabel" sort="Fuentes, Isabel" uniqKey="Fuentes I" first="Isabel" last="Fuentes">Isabel Fuentes</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carmena, David" sort="Carmena, David" uniqKey="Carmena D" first="David" last="Carmena">David Carmena</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement>
<region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno>
<imprint><date when="2016">2016</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Backgroud</title>
<p><italic>Giardia duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. are enteric protozoan causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are not formally considered as neglected tropical diseases, but belong to the group of poverty-related infectious diseases that impair the development and socio-economic potential of infected individuals in developing countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title>
<p>We report here the prevalence and genetic diversity of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. in children attending rural primary schools in the Bahir Dar district of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 393 children and analysed by molecular methods. <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
was detected by real-time PCR, and the assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. Detection and identification of <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
species was carried out by sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Principal Findings</title>
<p>The PCR-based prevalences of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. were 55.0% (216/393) and 4.6% (18/393), respectively. A total of 78 <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
isolates were successfully characterized, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages AII (10.3%), BIII (28.2%), and BIV (32.0%). Discordant typing results AII/AIII and BIII/BIV were identified in 7.7% and 15.4% of the isolates, respectively. An additional five (6.4%) isolates were assigned to assemblage B. No mixed infections of assemblages A+B were found. Extensive genetic variation at the nucleotide level was observed within assemblage B (but no within assemblage A), resulting in the identification of a large number of sub-types. <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
diversity was demonstrated by the occurrence of <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>hominis</italic>
, <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>parvum</italic>
, and <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>viatorum</italic>
in the population under study.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our data suggest an epidemiological scenario with an elevated transmission intensity of a wide range of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
genetic variants. Importantly, the elevated degree of genetic diversity observed within assemblage B is consistent with the occurrence of intra-assemblage recombination in <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27466809</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4965151</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0159992</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-16-11038</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Genetics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Gene Amplification</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Protozoans</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Parasitic Protozoans</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Protozoans</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Cryptosporidium</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Alignment</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Alignment</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and life sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular biology techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>DNA sequence analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and analysis methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular biology techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence analysis</subject>
<subj-group><subject>DNA sequence analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sociology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Education</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Schools</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequencing Techniques</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Sequence Analysis</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Africa</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Ethiopia</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of <italic>Giardia duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. among School Children in a Rural Area of the Amhara Region, North-West Ethiopia</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head"><italic>G. duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. Infections in Children from the Amhara Region, Ethiopia</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>de Lucio</surname>
<given-names>Aida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amor-Aramendía</surname>
<given-names>Aranzazu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bailo</surname>
<given-names>Begoña</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Saugar</surname>
<given-names>José M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anegagrie</surname>
<given-names>Melaku</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arroyo</surname>
<given-names>Ana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>López-Quintana</surname>
<given-names>Beatriz</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zewdie</surname>
<given-names>Derjew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ayehubizu</surname>
<given-names>Zimmam</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yizengaw</surname>
<given-names>Endalew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abera</surname>
<given-names>Bayeh</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yimer</surname>
<given-names>Mulat</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mulu</surname>
<given-names>Wondemagen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hailu</surname>
<given-names>Tadesse</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Herrador</surname>
<given-names>Zaida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fuentes</surname>
<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carmena</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>National Centre of Tropical Medicine, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Mundo Sano Foundation, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>Microbiology and Parasitology Service, La Paz-Carlos III Hospital, Madrid, Spain</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff005"><label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Adam</surname>
<given-names>Rodney D</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, KENYA</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: AAA DC. Performed the experiments: AL AAA BB MA AA BLQ DZ ZA EY BA MY WM TH ZH. Analyzed the data: AL AAA JMS DC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IF. Wrote the paper: DC.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>dacarmena@isciii.es</email>
; <email>d.carmena71@gmail.com</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day>
<month>7</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<elocation-id>e0159992</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 de Lucio et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>de Lucio et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pone.0159992.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Backgroud</title>
<p><italic>Giardia duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. are enteric protozoan causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are not formally considered as neglected tropical diseases, but belong to the group of poverty-related infectious diseases that impair the development and socio-economic potential of infected individuals in developing countries.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec002"><title>Methods</title>
<p>We report here the prevalence and genetic diversity of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. in children attending rural primary schools in the Bahir Dar district of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Stool samples were collected from 393 children and analysed by molecular methods. <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
was detected by real-time PCR, and the assemblages and sub-assemblages were determined by multilocus sequence-based genotyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes of the parasite. Detection and identification of <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
species was carried out by sequencing of a partial fragment of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec003"><title>Principal Findings</title>
<p>The PCR-based prevalences of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
and <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
spp. were 55.0% (216/393) and 4.6% (18/393), respectively. A total of 78 <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
isolates were successfully characterized, revealing the presence of sub-assemblages AII (10.3%), BIII (28.2%), and BIV (32.0%). Discordant typing results AII/AIII and BIII/BIV were identified in 7.7% and 15.4% of the isolates, respectively. An additional five (6.4%) isolates were assigned to assemblage B. No mixed infections of assemblages A+B were found. Extensive genetic variation at the nucleotide level was observed within assemblage B (but no within assemblage A), resulting in the identification of a large number of sub-types. <italic>Cryptosporidium</italic>
diversity was demonstrated by the occurrence of <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>hominis</italic>
, <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>parvum</italic>
, and <italic>C</italic>
. <italic>viatorum</italic>
in the population under study.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Our data suggest an epidemiological scenario with an elevated transmission intensity of a wide range of <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
genetic variants. Importantly, the elevated degree of genetic diversity observed within assemblage B is consistent with the occurrence of intra-assemblage recombination in <italic>G</italic>
. <italic>duodenalis</italic>
.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<funding-group><award-group id="award001"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004587</institution-id>
<institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>CP12/03081</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Carmena</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<award-group id="award002"><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="funder-id">http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004587</institution-id>
<institution>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
</institution-wrap>
</funding-source>
<award-id>PI13/01106</award-id>
<principal-award-recipient><name><surname>Fuentes</surname>
<given-names>Isabel</given-names>
</name>
</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<award-group id="award003"><funding-source><institution>Fundación Mundo Sano</institution>
</funding-source>
<principal-award-recipient>Aranzazu Amor</principal-award-recipient>
</award-group>
<funding-statement>This project was funded by Fundación Mundo Sano (AAA), Argentina Research project CP12/03081 (DC), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain. It was also supported by Research project PI13/01106 (IF), Carlos III Health Institute, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count>
<table-count count="5"></table-count>
<page-count count="24"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Espagne</li>
<li>Éthiopie</li>
</country>
<region><li>Communauté de Madrid</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>Madrid</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Espagne"><region name="Communauté de Madrid"><name sortKey="De Lucio, Aida" sort="De Lucio, Aida" uniqKey="De Lucio A" first="Aida" last="De Lucio">Aida De Lucio</name>
</region>
<name sortKey="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" sort="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" uniqKey="Amor Aramendia A" first="Aranzazu" last="Amor-Aramendía">Aranzazu Amor-Aramendía</name>
<name sortKey="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" sort="Amor Aramendia, Aranzazu" uniqKey="Amor Aramendia A" first="Aranzazu" last="Amor-Aramendía">Aranzazu Amor-Aramendía</name>
<name sortKey="Anegagrie, Melaku" sort="Anegagrie, Melaku" uniqKey="Anegagrie M" first="Melaku" last="Anegagrie">Melaku Anegagrie</name>
<name sortKey="Anegagrie, Melaku" sort="Anegagrie, Melaku" uniqKey="Anegagrie M" first="Melaku" last="Anegagrie">Melaku Anegagrie</name>
<name sortKey="Arroyo, Ana" sort="Arroyo, Ana" uniqKey="Arroyo A" first="Ana" last="Arroyo">Ana Arroyo</name>
<name sortKey="Bailo, Bego A" sort="Bailo, Bego A" uniqKey="Bailo B" first="Bego A" last="Bailo">Bego A Bailo</name>
<name sortKey="Carmena, David" sort="Carmena, David" uniqKey="Carmena D" first="David" last="Carmena">David Carmena</name>
<name sortKey="Fuentes, Isabel" sort="Fuentes, Isabel" uniqKey="Fuentes I" first="Isabel" last="Fuentes">Isabel Fuentes</name>
<name sortKey="Herrador, Zaida" sort="Herrador, Zaida" uniqKey="Herrador Z" first="Zaida" last="Herrador">Zaida Herrador</name>
<name sortKey="L Pez Quintana, Beatriz" sort="L Pez Quintana, Beatriz" uniqKey="L Pez Quintana B" first="Beatriz" last="L Pez-Quintana">Beatriz L Pez-Quintana</name>
<name sortKey="Saugar, Jose M" sort="Saugar, Jose M" uniqKey="Saugar J" first="José M." last="Saugar">José M. Saugar</name>
</country>
<country name="Éthiopie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zewdie, Derjew" sort="Zewdie, Derjew" uniqKey="Zewdie D" first="Derjew" last="Zewdie">Derjew Zewdie</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Abera, Bayeh" sort="Abera, Bayeh" uniqKey="Abera B" first="Bayeh" last="Abera">Bayeh Abera</name>
<name sortKey="Ayehubizu, Zimmam" sort="Ayehubizu, Zimmam" uniqKey="Ayehubizu Z" first="Zimmam" last="Ayehubizu">Zimmam Ayehubizu</name>
<name sortKey="Hailu, Tadesse" sort="Hailu, Tadesse" uniqKey="Hailu T" first="Tadesse" last="Hailu">Tadesse Hailu</name>
<name sortKey="Mulu, Wondemagen" sort="Mulu, Wondemagen" uniqKey="Mulu W" first="Wondemagen" last="Mulu">Wondemagen Mulu</name>
<name sortKey="Yimer, Mulat" sort="Yimer, Mulat" uniqKey="Yimer M" first="Mulat" last="Yimer">Mulat Yimer</name>
<name sortKey="Yizengaw, Endalew" sort="Yizengaw, Endalew" uniqKey="Yizengaw E" first="Endalew" last="Yizengaw">Endalew Yizengaw</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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