Condom use, risk perception, and HIV knowledge: a comparison across sexes in Nigeria
Identifieur interne : 002459 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002458; suivant : 002460Condom use, risk perception, and HIV knowledge: a comparison across sexes in Nigeria
Auteurs : Judith Lammers [Pays-Bas] ; Sweder Jg Van Wijnbergen [Pays-Bas] ; Daan Willebrands [Pays-Bas]Source :
- HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) [ 1179-1373 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
This paper analyzes how different types of
The empirical work was based on a household survey conducted among 1979 households of a representative group of stallholders in Lagos, Nigeria in 2008. Condom use during last sexual intercourse was analyzed using a multivariate model corrected for clustering effects. The data included questions on socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge of the existence of HIV, HIV prevention, HIV stigma, intended pregnancy, and risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex.
A large HIV knowledge gap between males and females was observed. Across the sexes, different types of knowledge are important in condom use. Low-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex and not knowing that condoms prevent HIV infection appear to be the best predictors for risky sexual behavior among men. For females, stigma leads to lower condom use. Obviously, lack of knowledge on where condoms are available (9.4% and 29.1% of male and female respondents, respectively) reduced condom use in both males and females.
The results call for programmatic approaches to differentiate between males and females in the focus of HIV prevention campaigns. Moreover, the high predictive power of high-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex (while correcting for other HIV knowledge indicators) calls for further exploration on how to influence these risk perceptions in HIV prevention programs.
Url:
DOI: 10.2147/HIV.S31687
PubMed: 24187512
PubMed Central: 3810499
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Condom use, risk perception, and HIV knowledge: a comparison across sexes in Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Lammers, Judith" sort="Lammers, Judith" uniqKey="Lammers J" first="Judith" last="Lammers">Judith Lammers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-5-283">Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" sort="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" uniqKey="Van Wijnbergen S" first="Sweder Jg" last="Van Wijnbergen">Sweder Jg Van Wijnbergen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-5-283">Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willebrands, Daan" sort="Willebrands, Daan" uniqKey="Willebrands D" first="Daan" last="Willebrands">Daan Willebrands</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-5-283">Atradius Credit Insurance, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Atradius Credit Insurance, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement 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type="main">Condom use, risk perception, and HIV knowledge: a comparison across sexes in Nigeria</title><author><name sortKey="Lammers, Judith" sort="Lammers, Judith" uniqKey="Lammers J" first="Judith" last="Lammers">Judith Lammers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af1-hiv-5-283">Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" sort="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" uniqKey="Van Wijnbergen S" first="Sweder Jg" last="Van Wijnbergen">Sweder Jg Van Wijnbergen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af2-hiv-5-283">Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Willebrands, Daan" sort="Willebrands, Daan" uniqKey="Willebrands D" first="Daan" last="Willebrands">Daan Willebrands</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af3-hiv-5-283">Atradius Credit Insurance, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Atradius Credit Insurance, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1179-1373</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>This paper analyzes how different types of <italic>Human immunodeficiency virus</italic> (HIV) knowledge influences condom use across the sexes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The empirical work was based on a household survey conducted among 1979 households of a representative group of stallholders in Lagos, Nigeria in 2008. Condom use during last sexual intercourse was analyzed using a multivariate model corrected for clustering effects. The data included questions on socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge of the existence of HIV, HIV prevention, HIV stigma, intended pregnancy, and risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A large HIV knowledge gap between males and females was observed. Across the sexes, different types of knowledge are important in condom use. Low-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex and not knowing that condoms prevent HIV infection appear to be the best predictors for risky sexual behavior among men. For females, stigma leads to lower condom use. Obviously, lack of knowledge on where condoms are available (9.4% and 29.1% of male and female respondents, respectively) reduced condom use in both males and females.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The results call for programmatic approaches to differentiate between males and females in the focus of HIV prevention campaigns. Moreover, the high predictive power of high-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex (while correcting for other HIV knowledge indicators) calls for further exploration on how to influence these risk perceptions in HIV prevention programs.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Royce, Ra" uniqKey="Royce R">RA Royce</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sena, A" uniqKey="Sena A">A Sena</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cates, W" uniqKey="Cates W">W Cates</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Ms" uniqKey="Cohen M">MS Cohen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seeley, Ja" uniqKey="Seeley J">JA Seeley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Malamba, Ss" uniqKey="Malamba S">SS Malamba</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nunn, Aj" uniqKey="Nunn A">AJ Nunn</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">HIV AIDS (Auckl)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1179-1373</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24187512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3810499</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/HIV.S31687</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">hiv-5-283</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Condom use, risk perception, and HIV knowledge: a comparison across sexes in Nigeria</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lammers</surname><given-names>Judith</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-hiv-5-283">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Wijnbergen</surname><given-names>Sweder JG</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-hiv-5-283">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-hiv-5-283"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Willebrands</surname><given-names>Daan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-hiv-5-283">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-hiv-5-283"><label>1</label>Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="af2-hiv-5-283"><label>2</label>Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><aff id="af3-hiv-5-283"><label>3</label>Atradius Credit Insurance, Amsterdam, The Netherlands</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-hiv-5-283">Correspondence: Sweder JG van, Wijnbergen University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel +31 20 525 4206, Fax +31 20 525 4254, Email <email>s.j.g.vanwijnbergen@uva.nl</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><fpage>283</fpage><lpage>293</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Lammers et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>This paper analyzes how different types of <italic>Human immunodeficiency virus</italic> (HIV) knowledge influences condom use across the sexes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>The empirical work was based on a household survey conducted among 1979 households of a representative group of stallholders in Lagos, Nigeria in 2008. Condom use during last sexual intercourse was analyzed using a multivariate model corrected for clustering effects. The data included questions on socioeconomic characteristics, knowledge of the existence of HIV, HIV prevention, HIV stigma, intended pregnancy, and risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>A large HIV knowledge gap between males and females was observed. Across the sexes, different types of knowledge are important in condom use. Low-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex and not knowing that condoms prevent HIV infection appear to be the best predictors for risky sexual behavior among men. For females, stigma leads to lower condom use. Obviously, lack of knowledge on where condoms are available (9.4% and 29.1% of male and female respondents, respectively) reduced condom use in both males and females.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The results call for programmatic approaches to differentiate between males and females in the focus of HIV prevention campaigns. Moreover, the high predictive power of high-risk perceptions of engaging in unprotected sex (while correcting for other HIV knowledge indicators) calls for further exploration on how to influence these risk perceptions in HIV prevention programs.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Africa</kwd><kwd>condom</kwd><kwd>males</kwd><kwd>females</kwd><kwd>HIV/AIDS</kwd><kwd>knowledge</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd><kwd>risk perception</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-hiv-5-283" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Response to risk perception of engaging in unprotected sex.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="hiv-5-283Fig1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-hiv-5-283" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>HIV knowledge and behavior</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">n</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total sample</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>P</italic>-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-hiv-5-283">†</xref> (H<sub>0</sub>: M = F)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Knowledge on the existence of HIV/AIDS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never heard of HIV/AIDS</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1929</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.5%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">HIV prevention knowledge<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-hiv-5-283">#</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV prevention knowledge indicator, total score (0–11)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-hiv-5-283">‡</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1657</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.01</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.85</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV prevention knowledge indicator, average score (−1 to 2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1657</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> a. Mentions abstaining from sex can prevent HIV contraction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22.7%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.101</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> b. Mentions being faithful can prevent HIV contraction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.7%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.4%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.270</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> c. Mentions condoms can prevent HIV infection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mentions one of the abc</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.2%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Mentions abc</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.6%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.651</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Does not know where to get condoms</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1932</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.4%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.4%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">HIV-related perceptions</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV stigma indicator (0–4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1723</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV transmission misperception indicator (0–3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1723</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.306</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk perception of unprotected sex (1–7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1914</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.52</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.40</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.258</td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">HIV-related behavior</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV prevention indicator, total score (0–11)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1676</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.67</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.54</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.158</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> HIV prevention indicator, average score (−1 to 2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1676</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.22</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> a. Mentions abstaining from sex to prevent HIV contraction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.2%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> b. Mentions being faithful to prevent HIV contraction</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.8%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.4%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52.4%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.225</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> c. Uses condoms to prevent HIV</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1726</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.0%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.3%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Used condom during most recent sex</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1961</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.9%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.8%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Had more than one sexual partner in past year</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1855</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.8%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.8%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Married respondents that had more than one sexual partner in the past year</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1258</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.5%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV prevalence</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">964</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.45%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.06%</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.114</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn1-hiv-5-283"><label>†</label><p>Statistical differences based on Wilcoxon rank-sum test</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-hiv-5-283"><label>*</label><p>significant results (<italic>P</italic> < 0.05)</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-hiv-5-283"><label>‡</label><p>these results are calculated only for those respondents who had ever heard of HIV (results including those who had never heard of HIV were also calculated, but this hardly changed the results). The difference in abstaining from sex became much less significant (<italic>P</italic> = 0.78).</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-hiv-5-283"><label>#</label><p>Based on a subsample of those who had heard of HIV/AIDS.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-hiv-5-283"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ABC, abstinence, be faithful, use a condom; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; F, female; HIV, <italic>Human immunodeficiency virus</italic>; M, male.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-hiv-5-283" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Condom use during most recent intercourse across the sexes</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Condom use</th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Model 1A (AII)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Model 1B (males)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Model 1C (females)
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Risk perception (1–7)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.01–1.22)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.03–1.28)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.92–1.21)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV prevention knowledge indicator (0–11)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.94–2.18)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.88–1.11)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.96–3.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV stigma indicator (0–4)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.75–1.05)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.77–1.12)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.61–1.00)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV transmission misperception indicator (0–3)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.73–1.17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.82–1.40)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.43–0.96)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of sexual partners</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.92–1.23)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.9–1.21)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.64–2.57)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Don’t know where to get condoms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-hiv-5-283">#</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.00–0.31)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.01–0.75)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Single</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.57–5.20)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.77</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(2.54–5.60)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.27</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.70–6.25)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Divorced</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.74</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.51–4.98)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.48–14.7)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.83–3.94)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Widowed</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.52–4.22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.29</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.03–51.0)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.07–3.34)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consensual union</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.63–1.19)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.45–1.24)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.50–2.40)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Birth control, no condom</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.56–1.48)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.06–4.97)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.54–1.68)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Want child, one partner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.38–0.83)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.30–0.87)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.34–1.11)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.09</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.20–3.09)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn6-hiv-5-283">***</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age 18–24 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.28</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.68–7.08)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.52–12.9)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.36</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.81–6.53)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age 25–49 years</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.71</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.97–3.00)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-hiv-5-283">*</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.55–4.24)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.05–6.09)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational level</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.01–1.09)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.00–1.11)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.96–1.09)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted <italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observations</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1405</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">595</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">788</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn6-hiv-5-283"><label>***</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.01</p></fn><fn id="tfn7-hiv-5-283"><label>**</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.05</p></fn><fn id="tfn8-hiv-5-283"><label>*</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.1</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-hiv-5-283"><label>#</label><p>for males, no estimates are provided because this variable predicts non-condom use among males perfectly. All males (n = 62) not knowing where to get condoms had to be dropped from the analysis.</p></fn><fn id="tfn10-hiv-5-283"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; HIV, <italic>Human immunodeficiency virus</italic>; OR, odds ratio.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-hiv-5-283" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Other HIV prevention knowledge measures</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Condom use during last sex</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Adjusted <italic>r</italic><sup>2</sup></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Indicator evaluation A (AII)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Indicator evaluation B (males)
<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Indicator evaluation C (females)
<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR</th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% CI</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV prevention knowledge indicator, average score (−1 to 2)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.66</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.26–2.18)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.05–2.42)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.03–3.05)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Never heard of HIV/AIDS</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.02–1.20)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.24–2.98)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.10–1.92)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">a. Mentions abstaining prevents HIV infection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.57–1.06)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.68</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.41–1.14)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.45–2.30)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">b. Mentions being faithful prevents HIV infection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.45–1.43</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.34–1.44)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.59–1.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">c. Mentions condom prevents HIV infection</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.98</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.17–3.35)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.47</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.06–5.74)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.77–2.36)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mentions one of the abc</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(1.02–2.55)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn11-hiv-5-283">**</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.86–4.03)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.62–2.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mentions full abc</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.31–1.17)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.15–1.67)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(0.93–1.25)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn11-hiv-5-283"><label>**</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.05. Estimations of all variables as specified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2-hiv-5-283">Table 2</xref> (except for the HIV prevention knowledge indicator).</p></fn><fn id="tfn12-hiv-5-283"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> ABC, abstinence, be faithful, use a condom; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CI, confidence interval; HIV, <italic>Human immunodeficiency virus</italic>; OR, odds ratio.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Pays-Bas</li></country><region><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="Lammers, Judith" sort="Lammers, Judith" uniqKey="Lammers J" first="Judith" last="Lammers">Judith Lammers</name></region><name sortKey="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" sort="Van Wijnbergen, Sweder Jg" uniqKey="Van Wijnbergen S" first="Sweder Jg" last="Van Wijnbergen">Sweder Jg Van Wijnbergen</name><name sortKey="Willebrands, Daan" sort="Willebrands, Daan" uniqKey="Willebrands D" first="Daan" last="Willebrands">Daan Willebrands</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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