Predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected women
Identifieur interne : 001964 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001963; suivant : 001965Predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected women
Auteurs : Christine M. Mcdonald ; Roland Kupka ; Karim P. Manji ; James Okuma ; Ronald J. Bosch ; Said Aboud ; Rodrick Kisenge ; Donna Spiegelman ; Wafaie W. Fawzi ; Christopher P. DugganSource :
- European journal of clinical nutrition [ 0954-3007 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Children born to HIV-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized.
To identify maternal, socioeconomic, and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks for 24 months.
Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant’s birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight.
2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birthweight (<2500g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 8.7, 7.2, and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birthweight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted.
Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.136
PubMed: 23031850
PubMed Central: 3491141
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Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aboud, Said" sort="Aboud, Said" uniqKey="Aboud S" first="Said" last="Aboud">Said Aboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kisenge, Rodrick" sort="Kisenge, Rodrick" uniqKey="Kisenge R" first="Rodrick" last="Kisenge">Rodrick Kisenge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie W" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie W" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie W." last="Fawzi">Wafaie W. Fawzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duggan, Christopher P" sort="Duggan, Christopher P" uniqKey="Duggan C" first="Christopher P." last="Duggan">Christopher P. Duggan</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23031850</idno><idno type="pmc">3491141</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491141</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3491141</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/ejcn.2012.136</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002D29</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002D29</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002D28</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002D28</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001D04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001D04</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001964</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected women</title><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, Christine M" sort="Mcdonald, Christine M" uniqKey="Mcdonald C" first="Christine M." last="Mcdonald">Christine M. Mcdonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kupka, Roland" sort="Kupka, Roland" uniqKey="Kupka R" first="Roland" last="Kupka">Roland Kupka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manji, Karim P" sort="Manji, Karim P" uniqKey="Manji K" first="Karim P." last="Manji">Karim P. Manji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okuma, James" sort="Okuma, James" uniqKey="Okuma J" first="James" last="Okuma">James Okuma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bosch, Ronald J" sort="Bosch, Ronald J" uniqKey="Bosch R" first="Ronald J." last="Bosch">Ronald J. Bosch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aboud, Said" sort="Aboud, Said" uniqKey="Aboud S" first="Said" last="Aboud">Said Aboud</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kisenge, Rodrick" sort="Kisenge, Rodrick" uniqKey="Kisenge R" first="Rodrick" last="Kisenge">Rodrick Kisenge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie W" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie W" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie W." last="Fawzi">Wafaie W. Fawzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duggan, Christopher P" sort="Duggan, Christopher P" uniqKey="Duggan C" first="Christopher P." last="Duggan">Christopher P. Duggan</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">European journal of clinical nutrition</title><idno type="ISSN">0954-3007</idno><idno type="eISSN">1476-5640</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">Children born to HIV-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Objective</title><p id="P2">To identify maternal, socioeconomic, and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks for 24 months.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Methods</title><p id="P3">Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant’s birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Results</title><p id="P4">2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birthweight (<2500g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 8.7, 7.2, and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birthweight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P5">Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arpadi, Sm" uniqKey="Arpadi S">SM Arpadi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bobat, R" uniqKey="Bobat R">R Bobat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coovadia, H" uniqKey="Coovadia H">H Coovadia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moodley, D" uniqKey="Moodley D">D Moodley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coutsoudis, A" uniqKey="Coutsoudis A">A Coutsoudis</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">8804070</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">3570</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Eur J Clin Nutr</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Eur J Clin Nutr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>European journal of clinical nutrition</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0954-3007</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1476-5640</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23031850</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3491141</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ejcn.2012.136</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NIHMS405599</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected women</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>McDonald</surname><given-names>Christine M.</given-names></name><degrees>DSc</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kupka</surname><given-names>Roland</given-names></name><degrees>DSc</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manji</surname><given-names>Karim P.</given-names></name><degrees>MBBS, MPH</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Okuma</surname><given-names>James</given-names></name><degrees>MS</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bosch</surname><given-names>Ronald J.</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aboud</surname><given-names>Said</given-names></name><degrees>MD, MPhil, MMed</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kisenge</surname><given-names>Rodrick</given-names></name><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Spiegelman</surname><given-names>Donna</given-names></name><degrees>DSc</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fawzi</surname><given-names>Wafaie W.</given-names></name><degrees>MBBS, DrPH</degrees></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duggan</surname><given-names>Christopher P.</given-names></name><degrees>MD, MPH</degrees></contrib><aff id="A1">Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 (CMM, RKu, JO, WWF, CPD). Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 (DS, WWF). Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 (RJB, DS). Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 (WWF). Division of GI/Nutrition, Children’s Hospital, Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115 (CPD). Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (KPM, SA, RKi). UNICEF West and Central Africa Regional Office, P.O. Box 29720, Yoff, Dakar, Senegal (RKu)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="FN1">Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Christopher Duggan, Division of GI/Nutrition, Children’s Hospital, Boston, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, <email>christopher.duggan@childrens.harvard.edu</email>, Phone: 617-355-7612, Fax: 617-730-0494</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>7</day><month>9</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>10</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>01</day><month>5</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>66</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>1265</fpage><lpage>1276</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.136</pmc-comment>
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<uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms">http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms</uri></license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">Children born to HIV-infected women are susceptible to undernutrition, but modifiable risk factors and the time course of the development of undernutrition have not been well characterized.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Objective</title><p id="P2">To identify maternal, socioeconomic, and child characteristics that are associated with stunting, wasting, and underweight among Tanzanian children born to HIV-infected mothers, followed from 6 weeks for 24 months.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Methods</title><p id="P3">Maternal and socioeconomic characteristics were recorded during pregnancy, data pertaining to the infant’s birth were collected immediately after delivery, morbidity histories and anthropometric measurements were performed monthly. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards methods were used to assess the association between potential predictors and the time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Results</title><p id="P4">2387 infants (54.0% male) were enrolled and followed for a median duration of 21.2 months. The respective prevalence of prematurity (<37 weeks) and low birthweight (<2500g) was 15.2% and 7.0%; 11.3% of infants were HIV-positive at 6 weeks. Median time to first episode of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 8.7, 7.2, and 7.0 months, respectively. Low maternal education, few household possessions, low infant birthweight, child HIV infection and male sex were all independent predictors of stunting, wasting, and underweight. In addition, preterm infants were more likely to become wasted and underweight, whereas those with a low Apgar score at birth were more likely to become stunted.</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P5">Interventions to improve maternal education and nutritional status, reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV, and increase birth weight may lower the risk of undernutrition among children born to HIV-infected women.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Child undernutrition</kwd><kwd>child growth</kwd><kwd>HIV</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Length-for-Age Z-Scores, by age (weeks), stratified by HIV status at 6 weeks<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup> Bands represent 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms405599f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Weight-for-Length Z-Scores, by age (weeks), stratified by HIV status at 6 weeks<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup>Bands represent 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms405599f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Weight-for-Age Z-Score, by age (weeks), stratified by baseline HIV status<sup>1</sup></p><p><sup>1</sup> Bands represent 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms405599f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristics</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maternal characteristics</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N<xref rid="TFN1" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref> (%) or Mean ± SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Age at delivery (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (3.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">540 (23.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1666 (72.8)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single/Widowed/Divorced/Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">310 (13.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2051 (86.9)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Number of prior pregnancies</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">539 (22.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1632 (69.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">191 (8.1)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Formal education (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158 (6.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1700 (71.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">507 (21.4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife without income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1528 (66.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife with income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200 (8.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business woman</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">130 (5.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440 (19.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-Upper Arm Circumference during pregnancy (cm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.9 ± 3.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (cm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155.2 ± 6.1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">WHO HIV disease stage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1040 (72.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215 (15.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">174 (12.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Received ARVs during pregnancy<xref rid="TFN2" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">429 (20.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold>Socioeconomic characteristics</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Daily food expenditure per person in household <500 TShs</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304 (13.6)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Household possessions<xref rid="TFN3" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">339 (14.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1091 (46.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">931 (39.4)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold>Child characteristics</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female sex</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1098 (46.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low birthweight (<2,500 g)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161 (7.0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Preterm birth (gestational age < 37 weeks)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">357 (15.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Place of birth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Home</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (2.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital/clinic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2233 (97.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 min</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (4.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child fed colostrum at birth</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1861 (90.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child received BCG immunization as a newborn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1859 (90.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV-positive at 6 weeks</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264 (11.3)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label>1</label><p>Total N=2387</p></fn><fn id="TFN2"><label>2</label><p>The standard first line regimen for mothers was stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine</p></fn><fn id="TFN3"><label>3</label><p>From a list that includes fan, refrigerator, sofa, radio/television</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T2" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Maternal, socioeconomic and child risk factors for time to stunting</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N<xref rid="TFN4" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Events</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Univariate</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Multivariate</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN5" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN5" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref>,<xref rid="TFN6" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Maternal Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Age at delivery (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.66, 1.54)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1477</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">453</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.58, 1.31)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single/Widowed/Divorced/Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1831</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">564</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.69, 1.07)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Number of prior pregnancies</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">490</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1460</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">486</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21 (1.00, 1.47)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.63, 1.27)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Formal education (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">139</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1521</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">509</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.69, 1.22)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.75, 1.34)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">455</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (0.40, 0.77)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.54, 1.08)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife without income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1377</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">444</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife with income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.68, 1.20)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business woman</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.49, 1.05)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">388</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.77, 1.15)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-Upper Arm Circumference during pregnancy (cm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">135</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">606</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.58, 1.01)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 (0.71, 1.26)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Height (cm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1027</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">410</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1107</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">255</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (0.43, 0.59)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 (0.45, 0.61)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">WHO HIV disease stage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">947</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">288</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">195</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (0.88, 1.50)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.08 (0.80, 1.47)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Received ARVs during pregnancy<xref rid="TFN7" ref-type="table-fn">4</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1549</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">511</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">376</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">115</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (0.76, 1.14)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Vital status<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Alive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30914</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">665</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dead</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44 (0.06, 3.11)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Socioeconomic Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household food expenditure (TShs/person/day)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">276</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1725</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">516</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.60, 0.91)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32 (0.67, 1.02)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Household possessions<xref rid="TFN9" ref-type="table-fn">6</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">977</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">327</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.66, 1.01)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.91 (0.73, 1.13)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">843</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 (0.47, 0.73)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 (0.56, 0.90)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Child Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">987</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1148</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">382</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 (1.03, 1.40)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (1.09, 1.49)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Birth weight (g)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1988</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">598</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.76 (2.00, 3.80)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.50 (1.80, 3.47)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Gestational age at birth (weeks)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1830</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">556</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 (1.02, 1.56)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 (0.94, 1.46)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Place of birth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Home</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital/clinic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2010</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">625</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 (0.45, 1.36)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Apgar score at 5 min</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> > 7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1848</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">561</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤ 7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.52 (1.07, 2.17)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 (1.04, 2.13)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Child fed colostrum</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1680</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">524</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">173</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (0.76, 1.33)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child received BCG immunization as a newborn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1682</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">517</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.20 (0.92, 1.57)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Exclusively breastfed<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,054</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">477</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,866</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39 (1.07, 1.80)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29 (1.00, 1.67)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Anemia (Hb <11 g/dL)<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,789</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,970</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">523</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 (0.96, 1.44)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cotrimoxazole consumption last month<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,848</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–20 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,235</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.64, 1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 21 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,296</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">325</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.60, 1.14)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">HIV status<xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,533</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">537</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,472</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.65 (2.19, 3.22)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79 (2.29, 3.40)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Cumulative morbidity episodes</italic><xref rid="TFN8" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref>,<xref rid="TFN10" ref-type="table-fn">7</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Diarrhea</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,200</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">519</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,930</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.82, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">909</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 (0.78, 2.02)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,837</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">422</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,991</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.77, 1.15)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,370</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.84, 1.62)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">840</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 (0.53, 1.70)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Common cold</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,436</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">260</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,646</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81 (0.66, 0.98)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,599</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85 (0.64, 1.13)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,358</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (0.77, 1.44)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Vomiting</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,975</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">605</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,493</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.17 (0.87, 1.57)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">571</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.47, 1.79)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Refusal to eat, drink or breastfeed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,962</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">603</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,025</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 (0.611.12)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,052</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84 (0.51, 1.40)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Cough alone</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,660</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,912</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.62, 0.96)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,154</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">113</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00 (0.75, 1.33)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,312</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.55, 1.06)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Cough and fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,808</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">496</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,845</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">140</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.96 (0.78, 1.18)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,386</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (0.87, 1.89)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough plus difficulty breathing, rapid respiratory rate or refusal to eat</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,916</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">582</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,123</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (0.90, 1.46)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN4"><label>1</label><p>N represents the number of children for time-fixed predictors, and number of person-months for time-varying predictors</p></fn><fn id="TFN5"><label>2</label><p>Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models</p></fn><fn id="TFN6"><label>3</label><p>Multivariate results additionally adjusted for parent study treatment regimen</p></fn><fn id="TFN7"><label>4</label><p>The standard first line regimen for mothers was stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine</p></fn><fn id="TFN8"><label>5</label><p>Time-updated variable; N refers to person-months</p></fn><fn id="TFN9"><label>6</label><p>From a list that includes fan, refrigerator, sofa, radio/television</p></fn><fn id="TFN10"><label>7</label><p>An episode was defined if the symptom was reported during the 4 weeks prior to the visit</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T3" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Maternal, socioeconomic and child risk factors of time to wasting</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N<xref rid="TFN11" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Events</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Univariate</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Multivariate</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN12" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref>,<xref rid="TFN13" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Maternal Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Age at delivery (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.99</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">488</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.57, 1.33)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1513</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">497</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.61, 1.35)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single/Widowed/Divorced/Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1858</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">606</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (0.74, 1.15)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Number of prior pregnancies</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">472</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">148</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1487</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">492</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.85, 1.23)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.74, 1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Formal education (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.005</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1539</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">539</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.74, 1.29)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.75, 1.32)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">455</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59 (0.43, 0.83)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 (0.50, 0.98)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife without income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1393</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">469</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife with income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.76, 1.29)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business woman</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">123</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.42, 0.92)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">383</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.86, 1.26)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-Upper Arm Circumference during pregnancy (cm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1989</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">630</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.60 (0.47, 0.77)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.70 (0.54, 0.90)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Height (cm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1076</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1077</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">344</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.81, 1.09)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">WHO Stage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">975</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">292</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">194</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (1.11, 1.82)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 (1.05, 1.75)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">158</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61 (1.23, 2.10)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40 (1.07, 1.84)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Received ARVs during pregnancy<xref rid="TFN14" ref-type="table-fn">4</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1561</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">393</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.31 (1.10, 1.57)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (1.07, 1.55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Vital status<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Alive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3415</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">703</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dead</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.24, 3.90)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Socioeconomic Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household food expenditure (TShs/person/day)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1759</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">564</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.70, 1.07)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Household possessions<xref rid="TFN16" ref-type="table-fn">6</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">390</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1021</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.71, 1.08)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92 (0.75, 1.14)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">723</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.54, 0.84)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75 (0.60, 0.94)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Child Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">986</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0002</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1168</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">421</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.33 (1.15, 1.55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.40 (1.20, 1.63)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Birth weight (g)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1941</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">616</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.004</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.78 (1.37, 2.31)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49 (1.20, 1.63)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Gestational age at birth (weeks)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1816</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">572</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37 (1.13, 1.67)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (1.05, 1.57)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Place of birth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Home</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital/clinic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2022</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">667</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 (0.69, 2.42)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Child fed colostrum</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1686</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">543</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">170</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.75, 1.31)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child received BCG immunization as a newborn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1685</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">540</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.79, 1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Exclusively breastfed<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,432</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">516</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,021</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">185</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.82, 1.31)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Anemia (Hb <11 g/dL)<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,423</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,769</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">543</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.85, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cotrimoxazole consumption last month<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,822</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–20 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,025</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.59, 1.29)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 21 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15,952</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">334</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.59, 1.14)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">HIV status<xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,975</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">573</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,521</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">128</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.39 (1.98, 2.90)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26 (1.86, 2.74)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Cumulative morbidity episodes</italic><xref rid="TFN15" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref>,<xref rid="TFN17" ref-type="table-fn">7</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Diarrhea</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,117</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">601</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,596</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76 (0.60, 0.96)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78 (0.61, 0.98)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">818</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.43, 1.55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.42, 1.52)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17,950</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">480</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,645</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">184</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.85, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,241</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.21 (0.84, 1.75)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">694</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 (0.18, 1.35)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Common Cold</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,667</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,400</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">298</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (0.92, 1.32)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,304</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 (0.72, 1.27)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,159</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.59, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Vomiting</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,821</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">664</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,235</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.72, 1.42)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">473</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 (0.23, 1.58)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Refusal to eat, drink or breastfeed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,725</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">656</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,874</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.65, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">931</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54 (0.25, 1.15)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Cough and fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21,725</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">551</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.52</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,581</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">136</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (0.86, 1.29)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,224</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (0.70, 1.86)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough plus difficulty breathing, rapid respiratory rate or refusal to eat</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,590</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">641</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,941</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.74, 1.27)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN11"><label>1</label><p>N represents the number of children for time-fixed predictors, and number of person-months for time-varying</p></fn><fn id="TFN12"><label>2</label><p>Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models</p></fn><fn id="TFN13"><label>3</label><p>Multivariate results additionally adjusted for parent study treatment regimen</p></fn><fn id="TFN14"><label>4</label><p>The standard first line regimen for mothers was stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine</p></fn><fn id="TFN15"><label>5</label><p>Time-updated variable; N refers to person-months</p></fn><fn id="TFN16"><label>6</label><p>From a list that includes fan, refrigerator, sofa, radio/television</p></fn><fn id="TFN17"><label>7</label><p>An episode was defined if the symptom was reported during the 4 weeks prior to the visit</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="T4" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Maternal, socioeconomic and child risk factors of time to underweight</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="1"></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">N<xref rid="TFN18" ref-type="table-fn">1</xref></th><th valign="bottom" rowspan="2" align="center" colspan="1">Events</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Univariate</th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Multivariate</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN19" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HR (95% CI)<xref rid="TFN19" ref-type="table-fn">2</xref>,<xref rid="TFN20" ref-type="table-fn">3</xref></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">p</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Maternal Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Age at delivery (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 20–24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">498</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">156</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (0.61, 1.43)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1476</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">438</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.55, 1.24)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Marital status</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single/Widowed/Divorced/Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1834</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">562</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.79, 1.25)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Number of prior pregnancies</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">477</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.62</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1467</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">461</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (0.90, 1.32)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.74, 1.42)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Formal education (years)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1519</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">494</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.65, 1.14)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.71, 1.25)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">452</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 (0.37, 0.72)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.51, 1.01)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Occupation</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife without income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1370</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">437</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Housewife with income</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.85 (0.64, 1.15)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business woman</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 (0.40, 0.92)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">393</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.79, 1.19)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid-Upper Arm Circumference during pregnancy (cm)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">132</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 22.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1976</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">587</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 (0.49, 0.84)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77 (0.59, 1.02)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Height (cm)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1038</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">371</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 155.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1091</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 (0.55, 0.75)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.67 (0.58, 0.79)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">WHO HIV disease stage</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">955</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">268</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.07 (0.80, 1.42)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">147</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 (0.97, 1.76)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Received ARVs during pregnancy<xref rid="TFN21" ref-type="table-fn">4</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1552</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">473</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">380</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">119</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 (0.87, 1.30)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vital status<xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Alive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31459</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">648</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.59</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Dead</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.08, 4.12)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Socioeconomic Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Household food expenditure (TShs/person/day)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1729</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">521</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.70, 1.08)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Household possessions<xref rid="TFN23" ref-type="table-fn">6</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">296</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">116</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">967</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.67, 1.02)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.69, 1.07)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">846</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">206</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.57 (0.45, 0.72)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.49, 0.79)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="bottom" rowspan="1"><bold><italic>Child Characteristics</italic></bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">985</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">280</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1145</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">369</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.18 (1.01, 1.38)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.28 (1.09, 1.50)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Birth weight (g)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1977</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">577</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0006</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 2,500</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.16 (1.55, 3.02)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81 (1.29, 2.55)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Gestational age at birth (weeks)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1825</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">535</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> < 37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (1.15, 1.75)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.30 (1.05, 1.61)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Place of birth</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Home</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hospital/clinic</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1997</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66 (0.40, 1.08)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Child fed colostrum</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1667</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">495</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.74, 1.32)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Child received BCG immunization as a newborn</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1665</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">484</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 (0.97, 1.65)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04 (0.79, 1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Exclusively breastfed<xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25,463</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">477</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">171</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.29 (1.01, 1.64)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (0.89, 1.44)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Anemia (Hb <11 g/dL)<xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,674</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24,553</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">499</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.09 (0.89, 1.34)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cotrimoxazole consumption last month<xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,788</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.91</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–20 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,211</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06 (0.71, 1.58)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 21 times</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16,759</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">324</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88 (0.62, 1.26)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HIV status<xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29,065</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">509</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,463</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">138</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.13 (2.59, 3.78)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.21 (2.65, 3.89)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1"><italic>Cumulative morbidity episodes</italic><xref rid="TFN22" ref-type="table-fn">5</xref>,<xref rid="TFN24" ref-type="table-fn">7</xref></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Diarrhea</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,580</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">536</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.06</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,011</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.87 (0.69, 1.09)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.98 (0.78, 1.24)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">971</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (0.27, 1.12)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.65 (0.31, 1.34)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18,281</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">435</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,019</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">165</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 (0.78, 1.17)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,395</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25 (0.88, 1.78)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">866</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.52 (0.22, 1.18)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Common Cold</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,702</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,603</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12 (0.92, 1.35)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,695</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.70, 1.27)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,562</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.86 (0.60, 1.24)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Vomiting</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28,552</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">609</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,431</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.95 (0.68, 1.34)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">610</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.35 (0.11, 1.08)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Refusal to eat, drink or breastfeed</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,487</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">609</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.07</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,939</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.69 (0.48, 0.99)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 (0.56, 1.23)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,137</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 (0.19, 0.86)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (0.23, 1.13)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Cough alone</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,905</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">273</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,967</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">231</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.14 (0.93, 1.38)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 3–4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,263</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.74, 1.37)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,426</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81 (0.56, 1.17)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1">Cough and fever</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22,315</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">499</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="2" colspan="1">0.75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1–2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,854</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">131</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.05 (0.85, 1.30)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,394</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.01 (0.62, 1.64)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough plus difficulty breathing, rapid respiratory rate or refusal to eat</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27,363</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">599</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.00</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.19</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≥ 1</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,199</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72 (0.53, 0.97)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.32, 1.97)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN18"><label>1</label><p>N represents the number of children for time-fixed predictors, and number of person-months for time-varying</p></fn><fn id="TFN19"><label>2</label><p>Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were obtained from Cox proportional hazards models</p></fn><fn id="TFN20"><label>3</label><p>Multivariate results additionally adjusted for parent study treatment regimen</p></fn><fn id="TFN21"><label>4</label><p>The standard first line regimen for mothers was stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine</p></fn><fn id="TFN22"><label>5</label><p>Time-updated variable; N refers to person-months</p></fn><fn id="TFN23"><label>6</label><p>From a list that includes fan, refrigerator, sofa, radio/television</p></fn><fn id="TFN24"><label>7</label><p>An episode was defined if the symptom was reported during the 4 weeks prior to the visit</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Aboud, Said" sort="Aboud, Said" uniqKey="Aboud S" first="Said" last="Aboud">Said Aboud</name><name sortKey="Bosch, Ronald J" sort="Bosch, Ronald J" uniqKey="Bosch R" first="Ronald J." last="Bosch">Ronald J. Bosch</name><name sortKey="Duggan, Christopher P" sort="Duggan, Christopher P" uniqKey="Duggan C" first="Christopher P." last="Duggan">Christopher P. Duggan</name><name sortKey="Fawzi, Wafaie W" sort="Fawzi, Wafaie W" uniqKey="Fawzi W" first="Wafaie W." last="Fawzi">Wafaie W. Fawzi</name><name sortKey="Kisenge, Rodrick" sort="Kisenge, Rodrick" uniqKey="Kisenge R" first="Rodrick" last="Kisenge">Rodrick Kisenge</name><name sortKey="Kupka, Roland" sort="Kupka, Roland" uniqKey="Kupka R" first="Roland" last="Kupka">Roland Kupka</name><name sortKey="Manji, Karim P" sort="Manji, Karim P" uniqKey="Manji K" first="Karim P." last="Manji">Karim P. Manji</name><name sortKey="Mcdonald, Christine M" sort="Mcdonald, Christine M" uniqKey="Mcdonald C" first="Christine M." last="Mcdonald">Christine M. Mcdonald</name><name sortKey="Okuma, James" sort="Okuma, James" uniqKey="Okuma J" first="James" last="Okuma">James Okuma</name><name sortKey="Spiegelman, Donna" sort="Spiegelman, Donna" uniqKey="Spiegelman D" first="Donna" last="Spiegelman">Donna Spiegelman</name></noCountry></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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