Awareness and Interest in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use among HIV-Positive Women in Cape Town, South Africa
Identifieur interne : 001822 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001821; suivant : 001823Awareness and Interest in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use among HIV-Positive Women in Cape Town, South Africa
Auteurs : Catherine S. Todd [États-Unis] ; Heidi E. Jones [États-Unis] ; Tracy C. Garber [États-Unis] ; Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes [Afrique du Sud] ; Helen Woolgar [Afrique du Sud] ; Linda-Gail Bekker [Afrique du Sud] ; Landon Myer [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology [ 1064-7449 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Url:
DOI: 10.1155/2012/956145
PubMed: 22778537
PubMed Central: 3388580
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Awareness and Interest in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use among HIV-Positive Women in Cape Town, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Todd, Catherine S" sort="Todd, Catherine S" uniqKey="Todd C" first="Catherine S." last="Todd">Catherine S. Todd</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, PH16-69, New York, NY 10032, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, PH16-69, New York, NY 10032</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Heidi E" sort="Jones, Heidi E" uniqKey="Jones H" first="Heidi E." last="Jones">Heidi E. Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garber, Tracy C" sort="Garber, Tracy C" uniqKey="Garber T" first="Tracy C." last="Garber">Tracy C. Garber</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afnan Holmes, Hoviyeh" sort="Afnan Holmes, Hoviyeh" uniqKey="Afnan Holmes H" first="Hoviyeh" last="Afnan-Holmes">Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woolgar, Helen" sort="Woolgar, Helen" uniqKey="Woolgar H" first="Helen" last="Woolgar">Helen Woolgar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bekker, Linda Gail" sort="Bekker, Linda Gail" uniqKey="Bekker L" first="Linda-Gail" last="Bekker">Linda-Gail Bekker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myer, Landon" sort="Myer, Landon" uniqKey="Myer L" first="Landon" last="Myer">Landon Myer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">22778537</idno><idno type="pmc">3388580</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3388580</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3388580</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2012/956145</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000F04</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000F04</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000F03</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000F03</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001F53</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001F53</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001822</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Awareness and Interest in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use among HIV-Positive Women in Cape Town, South Africa</title><author><name sortKey="Todd, Catherine S" sort="Todd, Catherine S" uniqKey="Todd C" first="Catherine S." last="Todd">Catherine S. Todd</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="I1">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, PH16-69, New York, NY 10032, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, PH16-69, New York, NY 10032</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region><settlement type="city">New York</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Heidi E" sort="Jones, Heidi E" uniqKey="Jones H" first="Heidi E." last="Jones">Heidi E. Jones</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garber, Tracy C" sort="Garber, Tracy C" uniqKey="Garber T" first="Tracy C." last="Garber">Tracy C. Garber</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Afnan Holmes, Hoviyeh" sort="Afnan Holmes, Hoviyeh" uniqKey="Afnan Holmes H" first="Hoviyeh" last="Afnan-Holmes">Hoviyeh Afnan-Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Woolgar, Helen" sort="Woolgar, Helen" uniqKey="Woolgar H" first="Helen" last="Woolgar">Helen Woolgar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bekker, Linda Gail" sort="Bekker, Linda Gail" uniqKey="Bekker L" first="Linda-Gail" last="Bekker">Linda-Gail Bekker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myer, Landon" sort="Myer, Landon" uniqKey="Myer L" first="Landon" last="Myer">Landon Myer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology</title><idno type="ISSN">1064-7449</idno><idno type="eISSN">1098-0997</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Objective</italic>. To assess awareness of and interest in intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use among HIV-positive women in Cape Town, South Africa. <italic>Design</italic>. Cross-sectional survey. <italic>Methods</italic>. HIV-positive women aged 18 through 45 years presenting for care at a primary health care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa participated in this study. Consented participants completed a staff-administered questionnaire in a private setting. Descriptive statistics were generated. Comparisons between demographic and reproductive health-related variables and IUCD awareness and interest were performed with multiple logistic regression. Analyses for IUCD interest excluded women with prior surgical sterilization. <italic>Results</italic>. Of 277 HIV-positive women, 37% were aware of the IUCD; awareness was independently associated with greater age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.15, 95%; confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.20) and not switching contraceptive methods in the last year (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.03–5.83). Following an IUCD information session, 86% of women (<italic>n</italic> = 206/240) were interested in IUCD use. IUCD interest was inversely associated with age (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.97) and marginally positively associated with current menstrual bleeding pattern complaints (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 0.98–4.68). <italic>Conclusions</italic>. Despite low levels of method awareness, HIV-positive women in this setting are frequently interested in IUCD use, indicating need for programming to expand method access.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sweat, Md" uniqKey="Sweat M">MD Sweat</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Eilly, Kr" uniqKey="O Eilly K">KR O’Reilly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmid, Gp" uniqKey="Schmid G">GP Schmid</name></author><author><name sortKey="Denison, J" uniqKey="Denison J">J Denison</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Zoysa, I" uniqKey="De Zoysa I">I de Zoysa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reynolds, Hw" uniqKey="Reynolds H">HW Reynolds</name></author><author><name sortKey="Janowitz, B" uniqKey="Janowitz B">B Janowitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Homan, R" uniqKey="Homan R">R Homan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Johnson, L" uniqKey="Johnson L">L 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IDOG</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1064-7449</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1098-0997</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">22778537</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3388580</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2012/956145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Awareness and Interest in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Use among HIV-Positive Women in Cape Town, South Africa</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Todd</surname><given-names>Catherine S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>Heidi E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Garber</surname><given-names>Tracy C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Afnan-Holmes</surname><given-names>Hoviyeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woolgar</surname><given-names>Helen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bekker</surname><given-names>Linda-Gail</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Myer</surname><given-names>Landon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, PH16-69, New York, NY 10032, USA</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>City University of New York School of Public Health, Hunter College, 2180 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10035, USA</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Catherine S. Todd: <email>cst2121@columbia.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Jean R. Anderson</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>6</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>2012</volume><elocation-id>956145</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2012</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2012</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2012 Catherine S. Todd et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p><italic>Objective</italic>. To assess awareness of and interest in intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) use among HIV-positive women in Cape Town, South Africa. <italic>Design</italic>. Cross-sectional survey. <italic>Methods</italic>. HIV-positive women aged 18 through 45 years presenting for care at a primary health care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa participated in this study. Consented participants completed a staff-administered questionnaire in a private setting. Descriptive statistics were generated. Comparisons between demographic and reproductive health-related variables and IUCD awareness and interest were performed with multiple logistic regression. Analyses for IUCD interest excluded women with prior surgical sterilization. <italic>Results</italic>. Of 277 HIV-positive women, 37% were aware of the IUCD; awareness was independently associated with greater age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.15, 95%; confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.20) and not switching contraceptive methods in the last year (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.03–5.83). Following an IUCD information session, 86% of women (<italic>n</italic> = 206/240) were interested in IUCD use. IUCD interest was inversely associated with age (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.86–0.97) and marginally positively associated with current menstrual bleeding pattern complaints (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 0.98–4.68). <italic>Conclusions</italic>. Despite low levels of method awareness, HIV-positive women in this setting are frequently interested in IUCD use, indicating need for programming to expand method access.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tab1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Sociodemographic and health characteristics of HIV-positive women participating in a contraceptive preference assessment in Cape Town, South Africa (<italic>N</italic> = 277). </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age group</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 19–25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 31–35</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 36–40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 41–45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently unemployed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">196</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Educational level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None/primary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">247</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Native language</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IsiXhosa</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> IsiZulu</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Afrikaans</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sotho</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of persons living in household</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Just respondent (1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 2–5 people</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">217</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 6–9 people</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 12–16 people</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Home type</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Informal dwelling/hokkie</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Home ownership</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Flat/municipal house</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time from HIV diagnosis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <=1 year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >1–3 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >3–5 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >5–7 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >7 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sexually active in last year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">239</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Of those sexually active (<italic>N</italic> = 239) in the last year, number of sexual partners in that time period</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One partner</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Two partners</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Three to five partners</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently in relationship</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">227</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Relationship status</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married, living together</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married, not living together</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not married, living together</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Not married not living together</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Taking antiretrovirals (ARVs)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration on ARVs</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> <=1 year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >1–3 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >3–5 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >5 years</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ever pregnant</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">254</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of prior pregnancies (<italic>N</italic> = 254)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Two</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Three</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Four or greater</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of abortions/terminations (<italic>N</italic> = 253)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">209</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Two</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of live births (<italic>N</italic> = 254)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Two</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Three to Five</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of living children (<italic>N</italic> = 254)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Two</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Three to Five</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><italic>N</italic> = number.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Contraceptive method awareness and current and prior contraceptive use among HIV-positive women in Cape Town, South Africa (<italic>N</italic> = 277). </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Method</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Awareness</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Prior use</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Current use</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pill/oral contraceptive</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Injectables</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">277</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">269</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUCD</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diaphragm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male condom</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">261</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21%*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female condom</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">264</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%*</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tubal ligation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13%</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male sterilization</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Overall, many (83%, <italic>N</italic> = 230) participants reported male condom use; statistic reported reflects those using male condoms alone rather than double coverage. Similarly, 6/10 women using the diaphragm and 33/37 of those reporting female condom use were using other methods concomitantly.</p></fn><fn><p><italic>N</italic> = number. </p></fn><fn><p>IUCD = intrauterine contraceptive device.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tab3" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Correlates of intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) awareness and interest in IUCD use among HIV-positive women in Cape Town, South Africa by univariable logistic regression analysis. </p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Variable (mean, SD)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUCD aware</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not aware</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">OR, 95% CI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IUCD interest</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not interested</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">OR, 95% CI</th></tr><tr><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>n</italic> = 103)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>n</italic> = 174)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>n</italic> = 206)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(<italic>n</italic> = 34)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age (years)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.2 ± 5.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.1 ± 5.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15, 1.10–1.21</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.7 + 5.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.0 ± 7.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.92, 0.86–0.97</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Years education</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.9 ± 2.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.6 ± 2.0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.88, 0.80–0.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.5 ± 2.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9.3 ± 2.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04, 0.89–1.22</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Years since HIV diagnosis</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.1 ± 3.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 ± 3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.06, 0.99–1.13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 ± 3.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.0 ± 3.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03, 0.93–1.16</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total prior pregnancies</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.8 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.9 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68, 1.37–2.06</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.1 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.4 ± 1.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83, 0.64–1.09</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total living children</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.3 ± 1.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.6 ± 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70, 1.35–2.14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7 + 1.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 1.9 ± 1.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.84, 0.62–1.15</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(%, Number)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Employed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29%, 30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29%, 51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99, 0.58–1.69</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26%, 53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41%, 14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49, 0.23–1.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Using antiretrovirals</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71%, 73</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62%, 108</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.49, 0.88–2.51</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65%, 133</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65%, 22</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99, 0.47–2.12</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Not changing contraceptive method in last 12 months</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92%, 91</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81%, 140</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.86, 1.28–6.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18%, 38</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 9%, 3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.34, 0.68–8.05</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">More than 1 sexual partner in last year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9%, 9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11%, 19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78, 0.34–1.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13%, 26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0%, 0</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">N/A</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Currently in relationship</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78%, 80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85%, 147</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64, 0.34–1.19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84%, 172</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74%, 25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.82, 0.78–4.24</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sexually active in last year</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82%, 84</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90%, 156</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51, 0.25–1.02</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89%, 184</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77%, 26</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.57, 1.04–6.38</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Current menstrual complaints</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45%, 103</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53%, 92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.72, 0.44–1.17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%, 102</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32%, 11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.05, 0.95–4.42</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Regular menstrual cycle (<italic>n</italic> = 166)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75%, 53</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68%, 87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.39, 0.72–2.66</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69%, 100</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50%, 11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.27, 0.92–5.63</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>*Excludes women previously sterilized.</p></fn><fn><p>CI = confidence interval. </p></fn><fn><p><italic>n</italic> = number. </p></fn><fn><p>OR = odds ratio. </p></fn><fn><p>SD = standard deviation.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>État de New York</li></region><settlement><li>New York</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Columbia</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="État de New York"><name sortKey="Todd, Catherine S" sort="Todd, Catherine S" uniqKey="Todd C" first="Catherine S." last="Todd">Catherine S. 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