Time of highest tuberculosis death risk and associated factors: an observation of 12 years in Northern Thailand
Identifieur interne : 001252 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 001251; suivant : 001253Time of highest tuberculosis death risk and associated factors: an observation of 12 years in Northern Thailand
Auteurs : Saiyud Moolphate [Thaïlande, Japon] ; Myo Nyein Aung [Thaïlande, Birmanie] ; Oranuch Nampaisan [Thaïlande] ; Supalert Nedsuwan [Thaïlande] ; Pacharee Kantipong [Thaïlande] ; Narin Suriyon [Thaïlande] ; Chamnarn Hansudewechakul [Thaïlande] ; Hideki Yanai [Japon] ; Norio Yamada [Japon] ; Nobukatsu Ishikawa [Japon]Source :
- International Journal of General Medicine [ 1178-7074 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
Northern Thailand is a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area with a high TB death rate. We aimed to establish the time of highest death risk during TB treatment, and to identify the risk factors taking place during that period of high risk.
We explored the TB surveillance data of the Chiang Rai province, Northern Thailand, retrospectively for 12 years. A total of 19,174 TB patients (including 5,009 deaths) were investigated from 1997 to 2008, and the proportion of deaths in each month of TB treatment was compared. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of patients who died in the first month of TB treatment. A total of 5,626 TB patients from 2005 to 2008 were included in this regression analysis.
The numbers of deaths in the first month of TB treatment were 38%, 39%, and 46% in the years 1997–2000, 2001–2004, and 2005–2008, respectively. The first month of TB treatment is the time of the maximum number of deaths. Moreover, advancing age, HIV infection, and being a Thai citizen were significant factors contributing to these earlier deaths in the course of TB treatment.
Our findings have pointed to the specific time period and patients at higher risk for TB death. These findings would be useful for prioritizing interventions in order to diminish TB-related deaths globally. Studies based on these findings are necessary for the introduction of newer intervention strategies.
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DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S16486
PubMed: 21475634
PubMed Central: 3068883
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last="Nampaisan">Oranuch Nampaisan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijgm-4-181">TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nedsuwan, Supalert" sort="Nedsuwan, Supalert" uniqKey="Nedsuwan S" first="Supalert" last="Nedsuwan">Supalert Nedsuwan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijgm-4-181">Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kantipong, Pacharee" sort="Kantipong, Pacharee" uniqKey="Kantipong P" first="Pacharee" last="Kantipong">Pacharee Kantipong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijgm-4-181">Department of Health Service System Development, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Service System Development, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suriyon, Narin" sort="Suriyon, Narin" uniqKey="Suriyon N" first="Narin" last="Suriyon">Narin Suriyon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-ijgm-4-181">Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" sort="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" uniqKey="Hansudewechakul C" first="Chamnarn" last="Hansudewechakul">Chamnarn Hansudewechakul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-ijgm-4-181">Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanai, Hideki" sort="Yanai, Hideki" uniqKey="Yanai H" first="Hideki" last="Yanai">Hideki Yanai</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af7-ijgm-4-181">Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, Norio" sort="Yamada, Norio" uniqKey="Yamada N" first="Norio" last="Yamada">Norio Yamada</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181">Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" sort="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" uniqKey="Ishikawa N" first="Nobukatsu" last="Ishikawa">Nobukatsu Ishikawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181">Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement 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tuberculosis death risk and associated factors: an observation of 12 years in Northern Thailand</title><author><name sortKey="Moolphate, Saiyud" sort="Moolphate, Saiyud" uniqKey="Moolphate S" first="Saiyud" last="Moolphate">Saiyud Moolphate</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijgm-4-181">TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181">Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aung, Myo Nyein" sort="Aung, Myo Nyein" uniqKey="Aung M" first="Myo Nyein" last="Aung">Myo Nyein Aung</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijgm-4-181">TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ijgm-4-181">Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Birmanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine, Mandalay</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mandalay</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nampaisan, Oranuch" sort="Nampaisan, Oranuch" uniqKey="Nampaisan O" first="Oranuch" last="Nampaisan">Oranuch Nampaisan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ijgm-4-181">TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nedsuwan, Supalert" sort="Nedsuwan, Supalert" uniqKey="Nedsuwan S" first="Supalert" last="Nedsuwan">Supalert Nedsuwan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-ijgm-4-181">Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kantipong, Pacharee" sort="Kantipong, Pacharee" uniqKey="Kantipong P" first="Pacharee" last="Kantipong">Pacharee Kantipong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijgm-4-181">Department of Health Service System Development, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Health Service System Development, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suriyon, Narin" sort="Suriyon, Narin" uniqKey="Suriyon N" first="Narin" last="Suriyon">Narin Suriyon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-ijgm-4-181">Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" sort="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" uniqKey="Hansudewechakul C" first="Chamnarn" last="Hansudewechakul">Chamnarn Hansudewechakul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af6-ijgm-4-181">Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Rai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yanai, Hideki" sort="Yanai, Hideki" uniqKey="Yanai H" first="Hideki" last="Yanai">Hideki Yanai</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af7-ijgm-4-181">Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yamada, Norio" sort="Yamada, Norio" uniqKey="Yamada N" first="Norio" last="Yamada">Norio Yamada</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181">Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" sort="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" uniqKey="Ishikawa N" first="Nobukatsu" last="Ishikawa">Nobukatsu Ishikawa</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181">Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Tokyo</settlement><region type="région">Région de Kantō</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of General Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1178-7074</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose:</title><p>Northern Thailand is a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area with a high TB death rate. We aimed to establish the time of highest death risk during TB treatment, and to identify the risk factors taking place during that period of high risk.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods:</title><p>We explored the TB surveillance data of the Chiang Rai province, Northern Thailand, retrospectively for 12 years. A total of 19,174 TB patients (including 5,009 deaths) were investigated from 1997 to 2008, and the proportion of deaths in each month of TB treatment was compared. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of patients who died in the first month of TB treatment. A total of 5,626 TB patients from 2005 to 2008 were included in this regression analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Result:</title><p>The numbers of deaths in the first month of TB treatment were 38%, 39%, and 46% in the years 1997–2000, 2001–2004, and 2005–2008, respectively. The first month of TB treatment is the time of the maximum number of deaths. Moreover, advancing age, HIV infection, and being a Thai citizen were significant factors contributing to these earlier deaths in the course of TB treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Our findings have pointed to the specific time period and patients at higher risk for TB death. These findings would be useful for prioritizing interventions in order to diminish TB-related deaths globally. Studies based on these findings are necessary for the introduction of newer intervention strategies.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moolphate, S" uniqKey="Moolphate S">S Moolphate</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Amnuaiphon, W" uniqKey="Amnuaiphon W">W Amnuaiphon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anuwatnonthakate, A" uniqKey="Anuwatnonthakate A">A Anuwatnonthakate</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nuyongphak, P" uniqKey="Nuyongphak P">P Nuyongphak</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harries, Ad" uniqKey="Harries A">AD Harries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hargreaves, Nj" uniqKey="Hargreaves N">NJ Hargreaves</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Gen Med</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of General Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1178-7074</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Dove Medical Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">21475634</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3068883</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/IJGM.S16486</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ijgm-4-181</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Research</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Time of highest tuberculosis death risk and associated factors: an observation of 12 years in Northern Thailand</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moolphate</surname><given-names>Saiyud</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijgm-4-181">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijgm-4-181">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aung</surname><given-names>Myo Nyein</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijgm-4-181">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ijgm-4-181">3</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-ijgm-4-181"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nampaisan</surname><given-names>Oranuch</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ijgm-4-181">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nedsuwan</surname><given-names>Supalert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-ijgm-4-181">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kantipong</surname><given-names>Pacharee</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-ijgm-4-181">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Suriyon</surname><given-names>Narin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-ijgm-4-181">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hansudewechakul</surname><given-names>Chamnarn</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6-ijgm-4-181">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yanai</surname><given-names>Hideki</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7-ijgm-4-181">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yamada</surname><given-names>Norio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijgm-4-181">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ishikawa</surname><given-names>Nobukatsu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ijgm-4-181">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-ijgm-4-181"><label>1</label>TB/HIV Research Foundation, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</aff><aff id="af2-ijgm-4-181"><label>2</label>Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association (RIT-JATA), Tokyo, Japan;</aff><aff id="af3-ijgm-4-181"><label>3</label>Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, Myanmar;</aff><aff id="af4-ijgm-4-181"><label>4</label>Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</aff><aff id="af5-ijgm-4-181"><label>5</label>Department of Health Service System Development, Chiang Rai Regional Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</aff><aff id="af6-ijgm-4-181"><label>6</label>Provincial Health Office, Chiang Rai, Thailand;</aff><aff id="af7-ijgm-4-181"><label>7</label>Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-ijgm-4-181">Correspondence: Myo Nyein Aung, TB/HIV Research Foundation, 1050 Sathanpayabarn Road, Muang District, Chiang Rai, Thailand 57000, Tel +66 53 713135, Fax +66 53 752448, or Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine, Mandalay, 30th street, block between 73rd and 74th streets, Chan Aye Thar Zan, Mandalay, Myanmar 05071, Tel +95 95341453, Email <email>dr.myonyeinaung@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>2</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><fpage>181</fpage><lpage>190</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2011</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2011 Moolphate et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Purpose:</title><p>Northern Thailand is a tuberculosis (TB) endemic area with a high TB death rate. We aimed to establish the time of highest death risk during TB treatment, and to identify the risk factors taking place during that period of high risk.</p></sec><sec><title>Patients and methods:</title><p>We explored the TB surveillance data of the Chiang Rai province, Northern Thailand, retrospectively for 12 years. A total of 19,174 TB patients (including 5,009 deaths) were investigated from 1997 to 2008, and the proportion of deaths in each month of TB treatment was compared. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of patients who died in the first month of TB treatment. A total of 5,626 TB patients from 2005 to 2008 were included in this regression analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Result:</title><p>The numbers of deaths in the first month of TB treatment were 38%, 39%, and 46% in the years 1997–2000, 2001–2004, and 2005–2008, respectively. The first month of TB treatment is the time of the maximum number of deaths. Moreover, advancing age, HIV infection, and being a Thai citizen were significant factors contributing to these earlier deaths in the course of TB treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>Our findings have pointed to the specific time period and patients at higher risk for TB death. These findings would be useful for prioritizing interventions in order to diminish TB-related deaths globally. Studies based on these findings are necessary for the introduction of newer intervention strategies.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>TB death</kwd><kwd>Thailand</kwd><kwd>time of death</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-ijgm-4-181" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p><bold>A</bold>) Deaths of TB patients in each month of TB treatment in Chiang Rai, Thailand (1997–2000). <bold>B</bold>) Deaths of TB patients in each month of TB treatment in Chiang Rai, Thailand (2001–2004). <bold>C</bold>) Deaths of TB patients in each month of TB treatment in Chiang Rai, Thailand (2005–2008).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijgm-4-181f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-ijgm-4-181" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Smoothed hazard estimation of on-treatment TB deaths in Chiang Rai, Thailand (1997–2008). Y-axis is showing the probability of on-treatment TB death. X-aixs is showing the timeline of TB treatment.</p><p><bold>Note:</bold> N = 19174, total death = 5009.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijgm-4-181f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-ijgm-4-181" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Risk of TB death during the first month of TB treatment in different age groups in Chiang Rai, Thailand (2005–2008).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="ijgm-4-181f3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-ijgm-4-181" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of TB patients included in the analysis</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristics</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Patient died in 1 month N = 534 n (%)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Patient alive at 1 month N = 5,092 n (%)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">362 (67.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3332 (65.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 (32.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1760 (34.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Above 65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188 (35.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">756 (14.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 56–65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77 (14.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">569 (11.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 46–55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83 (15.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">950 (18.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 36–45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84 (15.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1214 (23.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93 (17.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1153 (22.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16–25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (1.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">446 (8.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (0.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Median (range)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (16–104)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (16–95)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Race</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Thai</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">461 (86.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3732 (73.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hill tribe</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (9.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">846 (16.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Thai<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ijgm-4-181">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (3.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">514 (10.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272 (50.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3105 (61%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Divorced</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (7.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">329 (6.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Widowed</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (19.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">641 (12.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70 (13.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">818 (16.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (9.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">199 (3.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Education</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Uneducated</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114 (21.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1196 (23.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary or lower</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193 (36.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1877 (36.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or higher</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (6.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">735 (14.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (35.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1284 (25.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Occupation</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Household work</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (20.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">494 (9.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unemployed</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (6.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">284 (5.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prisoner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (2.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (1.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business owner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183 (3.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Government employee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (1.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105 (2.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Farmer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90 (18%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1275 (26.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Casual laborer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (22.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1816 (38.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (0.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">126 (2.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152 (28.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">733 (14.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (3.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">215 (4.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">338 (63.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3884 (76.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (32.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">993 (19.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Intravenous drug user</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (3.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">191 (3.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360 (67.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3934 (77.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157 (29.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">967 (19%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Prisoner</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (1.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121 (2.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">526 (98.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4971 (97.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BCG scar</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85 (15.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1421 (27.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (32.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2159 (42.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274 (51.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1512 (29.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cough</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111 (20.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">941 (18.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >14 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151 (28.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1973 (38.7%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤14 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106 (19.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1129 (22.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166 (31.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1049 (20.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HIV status</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190 (35.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1559 (30.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62 (11.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">258 (5.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">282 (52.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3275 (64.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Site of tuberculosis</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Extrapulmonary TB</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118 (22.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1137 (22.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pulmonary TB smear positive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262 (49.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2450 (48.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pulmonary TB smear unknown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (3.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">120 (2.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pulmonary TB smear negative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133 (24.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1385 (27.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Chest X-ray</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cavity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53 (8.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">568 (9.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Noncavity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287 (47%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2753 (48.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (12.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">634 (11.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Patient type</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Relapse</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (2.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99 (1.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Failure</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (0.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90 (1.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> TAD</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (3.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198 (3.9%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (3.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">270 (5.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> New</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">483 (90.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4435 (87.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sputum culture</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Growth</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226 (54.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2314 (58.5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No growth</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80 (19.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">764 (19.3%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110 (26.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">877 (22.2%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>MDR TB</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (1.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (1.8%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197 (87.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1947 (84.1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (11.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">325 (14%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Drug resistance</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One or more<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ijgm-4-181">b</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (14.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360 (15.6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168 (74.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1629 (70.4%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Missing</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (11.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">325 (14%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn2-ijgm-4-181"><label>a</label><p>Non-Thai means migrants from Lao and Myanmar;</p></fn><fn id="tfn3-ijgm-4-181"><label>b</label><p>Resistance to at least one or more anti-TB drug: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Data source:</bold> TB surveillance database collaboration between Chiang Rai Provincial Health Office, Thailand, and Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan.</p></fn><fn id="tfn5-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; TAD, treatment after default.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-ijgm-4-181" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Factors associated with TB patients who died in the first month of TB treatment in Chiang Rai, Thailand (2005–2008)</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristics</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Patient died n/N (%)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Bivariate OR (95% CI)</bold></th><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Adjusted OR (95% CI)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Gender</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">362/3694 (9.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (0.92–1.34)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03 (0.84–1.26)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172/1932 (8.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age (years)</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">188/944 (19.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.32 (6.25–24.30)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.71 (8.54–36.73)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 56–65</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77/646 (11.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.71 (3.33–13.52)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.76 (4.15–18.45)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 46–55</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83/1033 (8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.33 (2.16–8.69)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.60 (2.22–9.54)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 36–45</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84/1298 (6.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.43 (1.71–6.88)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.53 (1.23–5.21)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 26–35</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93/1246 (7.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.00 (2.00–7.99)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.57 (1.26–5.24)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 16–25</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/455 (2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Race</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Thai</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">461/4193 (11%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.17 (2.01–5.01)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.26 (1.28–4.00)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Hill tribe</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53/899 (5.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.61 (0.95–2.72)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76 (0.94–3.30)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-Thai<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn7-ijgm-4-181">a</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/534 (3.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Married</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">272/3377 (8.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.02 (0.78–1.35)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.61 (0.45–0.83)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Divorced</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38/367 (10.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.35 (0.89–2.04)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.80 (0.52–1.23)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Widowed</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">105/746 (14.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.91 (1.39–2.64)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.71 (0.49–1.02)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Single</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70/888 (7.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Education</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Uneducated</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">114/1310 (8.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89 (1.29–2.77)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Primary or lower</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">193/2070 (9.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.04 (1.42–2.93)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Secondary or higher</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37/772 (4.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Occupation</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Household work</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">110/604 (18.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.64 (2.75–4.83)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unemployed</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36/320 (11.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.07 (1.40–3.08)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Prisoner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9/85 (10.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94 (0.95–3.97)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Business owner</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16/199 (8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.43 (0.83–2.47)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Government employee</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/113 (7.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.25 (0.59–2.62)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Farmer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90/1365 (6.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.15 (0.87–1.54)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/128 (1.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.26 (0.06–1.06)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Casual laborer</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111/1927 (5.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21/236 (8.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.12 (0.71–1.78)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">338/4222 (8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Intravenous drug users</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/208 (8.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.97 (0.59–1.62)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">360/4294 (8.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Prisoner</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/129 (6.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.62 (0.30–1.29)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">526/5497 (9.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BCG scar</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85/1506 (5.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.74 (0.56–0.96)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175/2334 (7.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cough</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">111/1052 (10.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.26 (0.95–1.66)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> >14 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">151/2124 (7.1%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.82 (0.63–1.06)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> ≤14 days</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">106/1235 (8.6%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>HIV status</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Positive</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">190/1749 (10.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.42 (1.17–1.72)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.24 (2.46–4.26)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Unknown</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62/320 (19.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.79 (2.06–3.78)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77 (1.28–2.46)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Negative</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">282/3557 (7.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Site of tuberculosis</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Extra-pulmonary TB</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">118/1255 (9.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.99 (0.80–1.22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Pulmonary TB</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">416/4371 (9.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Chest X-ray</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Cavity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53/621 (8.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.90 (0.66–1.22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-cavity</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287/3040 (9.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Patient type</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Relapse</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12/111 (10.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11 (0.61–2.04)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Failure</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/95 (5.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 (0.21–1.26)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> TAD</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/215 (7.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79 (0.48–1.31)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/287 (5.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58 (0.35–0.95)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn9-ijgm-4-181">c</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> New</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">483/4918 (9.8%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Sputum culture</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Growth</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">226/2540 (8.9%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.93 (0.71–1.22)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No growth</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80/844 (9.5%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>MDR TB</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Yes</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4/46 (8.7%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.94 (0.33–2.65)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> No</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197/2144 (9.2%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Drug resistance</bold></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> One or more<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn8-ijgm-4-181">b</xref></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33/393 (8.4%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89 (0.6–1.31)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NS</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168/1797 (9.3%)</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Referent</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn6-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Notes:</bold></p></fn><fn id="tfn7-ijgm-4-181"><label>a</label><p>Non-Thai means migrants from Lao and Myanmar;</p></fn><fn id="tfn8-ijgm-4-181"><label>b</label><p>Resistance to at least one or more anti-TB drug: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and streptomycin;</p></fn><fn id="tfn9-ijgm-4-181"><label>c</label><p><italic>P</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn><fn id="tfn10-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Data source:</bold> TB surveillance database collaboration between Chiang Rai Provincial Health Office, Thailand, and Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan.</p></fn><fn id="tfn11-ijgm-4-181"><p><bold>Abbreviations:</bold> CI, confidence interval; MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; NS, not significant; OR, odds ratio; TAD, treatment after default.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Birmanie</li><li>Japon</li><li>Thaïlande</li></country><region><li>Région de Kantō</li></region><settlement><li>Tokyo</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Thaïlande"><noRegion><name sortKey="Moolphate, Saiyud" sort="Moolphate, Saiyud" uniqKey="Moolphate S" first="Saiyud" last="Moolphate">Saiyud Moolphate</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Aung, Myo Nyein" sort="Aung, Myo Nyein" uniqKey="Aung M" first="Myo Nyein" last="Aung">Myo Nyein Aung</name><name sortKey="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" sort="Hansudewechakul, Chamnarn" uniqKey="Hansudewechakul C" first="Chamnarn" last="Hansudewechakul">Chamnarn Hansudewechakul</name><name sortKey="Kantipong, Pacharee" sort="Kantipong, Pacharee" uniqKey="Kantipong P" first="Pacharee" last="Kantipong">Pacharee Kantipong</name><name sortKey="Nampaisan, Oranuch" sort="Nampaisan, Oranuch" uniqKey="Nampaisan O" first="Oranuch" last="Nampaisan">Oranuch Nampaisan</name><name sortKey="Nedsuwan, Supalert" sort="Nedsuwan, Supalert" uniqKey="Nedsuwan S" first="Supalert" last="Nedsuwan">Supalert Nedsuwan</name><name sortKey="Suriyon, Narin" sort="Suriyon, Narin" uniqKey="Suriyon N" first="Narin" last="Suriyon">Narin Suriyon</name></country><country name="Japon"><region name="Région de Kantō"><name sortKey="Moolphate, Saiyud" sort="Moolphate, Saiyud" uniqKey="Moolphate S" first="Saiyud" last="Moolphate">Saiyud Moolphate</name></region><name sortKey="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" sort="Ishikawa, Nobukatsu" uniqKey="Ishikawa N" first="Nobukatsu" last="Ishikawa">Nobukatsu Ishikawa</name><name sortKey="Yamada, Norio" sort="Yamada, Norio" uniqKey="Yamada N" first="Norio" last="Yamada">Norio Yamada</name><name sortKey="Yanai, Hideki" sort="Yanai, Hideki" uniqKey="Yanai H" first="Hideki" last="Yanai">Hideki Yanai</name></country><country name="Birmanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Aung, Myo Nyein" sort="Aung, Myo Nyein" uniqKey="Aung M" first="Myo Nyein" last="Aung">Myo Nyein Aung</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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