The Pattern of Variation between Diarrhea and Malaria Coexistence with Corresponding Risk Factors in, Chikhwawa, Malawi: A Bivariate Multilevel Analysis
Identifieur interne : 003202 ( Ncbi/Checkpoint ); précédent : 003201; suivant : 003203The Pattern of Variation between Diarrhea and Malaria Coexistence with Corresponding Risk Factors in, Chikhwawa, Malawi: A Bivariate Multilevel Analysis
Auteurs : Salule Masangwi [Malawi] ; Neil Ferguson ; Anthony Grimason [Afrique du Sud] ; Tracy Morse [Afrique du Sud] ; Lawrence KazembeSource :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [ 1661-7827 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Developing countries face a huge burden of infectious diseases, a number of which co-exist. This paper estimates the pattern and variation of malaria and diarrhea coexistence in Chikhwawa, a district in Southern Malawi using bivariate multilevel modelling with Bayesian estimation. A probit link was employed to examine hierarchically built data from a survey of individuals (n = 6,727) nested within households (n = 1,380) nested within communities (n = 33). Results show significant malaria [
Url:
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708526
PubMed: 26197332
PubMed Central: 4515734
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Pattern of Variation between Diarrhea and Malaria Coexistence with Corresponding Risk Factors in, Chikhwawa, Malawi: A Bivariate Multilevel Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Masangwi, Salule" sort="Masangwi, Salule" uniqKey="Masangwi S" first="Salule" last="Masangwi">Salule Masangwi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-08526">Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>tracythomson@africa-online.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Blantyre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Neil" sort="Ferguson, Neil" uniqKey="Ferguson N" first="Neil" last="Ferguson">Neil Ferguson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Civil Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK; E-Mail:<email>n.s.ferguson@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimason, Anthony" sort="Grimason, Anthony" uniqKey="Grimason A" first="Anthony" last="Grimason">Anthony Grimason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-12-08526">Scotland Chikhwawa Health Initiative (SCHI), P.O. Box 30376, Blantyre 3, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>a.m.grimason@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-12-08526">Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sinoville 0129</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morse, Tracy" sort="Morse, Tracy" uniqKey="Morse T" first="Tracy" last="Morse">Tracy Morse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-08526">Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>tracythomson@africa-online.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Civil Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK; E-Mail:<email>n.s.ferguson@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-12-08526">Scotland Chikhwawa Health Initiative (SCHI), P.O. Box 30376, Blantyre 3, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>a.m.grimason@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-12-08526">Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sinoville 0129</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazembe, Lawrence" sort="Kazembe, Lawrence" uniqKey="Kazembe L" first="Lawrence" last="Kazembe">Lawrence Kazembe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Statistics and Population Studies, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Pionerspark, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; E-Mail:<email>lkazembe@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26197332</idno><idno type="pmc">4515734</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4515734</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4515734</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/ijerph120708526</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000103</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000103</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000103</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000103</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000A00</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000A00</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">003202</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">003202</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">003202</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Pattern of Variation between Diarrhea and Malaria Coexistence with Corresponding Risk Factors in, Chikhwawa, Malawi: A Bivariate Multilevel Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Masangwi, Salule" sort="Masangwi, Salule" uniqKey="Masangwi S" first="Salule" last="Masangwi">Salule Masangwi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-08526">Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>tracythomson@africa-online.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Blantyre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, Neil" sort="Ferguson, Neil" uniqKey="Ferguson N" first="Neil" last="Ferguson">Neil Ferguson</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Civil Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK; E-Mail:<email>n.s.ferguson@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grimason, Anthony" sort="Grimason, Anthony" uniqKey="Grimason A" first="Anthony" last="Grimason">Anthony Grimason</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-12-08526">Scotland Chikhwawa Health Initiative (SCHI), P.O. Box 30376, Blantyre 3, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>a.m.grimason@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-12-08526">Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sinoville 0129</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morse, Tracy" sort="Morse, Tracy" uniqKey="Morse T" first="Tracy" last="Morse">Tracy Morse</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-ijerph-12-08526">Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), University of Malawi, The Polytechnic, P/B 303, Blantyre, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>tracythomson@africa-online.net</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Civil Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, UK; E-Mail:<email>n.s.ferguson@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-ijerph-12-08526">Scotland Chikhwawa Health Initiative (SCHI), P.O. Box 30376, Blantyre 3, Malawi; E-Mail:<email>a.m.grimason@strath.ac.uk</email></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-ijerph-12-08526">Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Africa Academy for Environmental Health, P.O. Box 15574, Sinoville 0129</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sinoville 0129</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kazembe, Lawrence" sort="Kazembe, Lawrence" uniqKey="Kazembe L" first="Lawrence" last="Kazembe">Lawrence Kazembe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-ijerph-12-08526">Department of Statistics and Population Studies, 340 Mandume Ndemufayo Avenue, Pionerspark, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; E-Mail:<email>lkazembe@yahoo.com</email></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1661-7827</idno><idno type="eISSN">1660-4601</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Developing countries face a huge burden of infectious diseases, a number of which co-exist. This paper estimates the pattern and variation of malaria and diarrhea coexistence in Chikhwawa, a district in Southern Malawi using bivariate multilevel modelling with Bayesian estimation. A probit link was employed to examine hierarchically built data from a survey of individuals (n = 6,727) nested within households (n = 1,380) nested within communities (n = 33). Results show significant malaria [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm1"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.901</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm2"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.746</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.056</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] and diarrhea [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm3"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>u</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.009</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula><inline-formula><mml:math id="mm4"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.860</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.158</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] variations with a strong correlation between them [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm5"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>r</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>u</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.565</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] at household level. There are significant malaria [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm6"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.053</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.018</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.088</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] and diarrhea [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm7"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.099</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>95</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>:</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.030</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.168</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] variations at community level but with a small correlation [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm8"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mi>v</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.124</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>] between them. There is also significant correlation between malaria and diarrhea at individual level [<inline-formula><mml:math id="mm9"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>r</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>e</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>0.241]. These results suggest a close association between reported malaria-like illness and diarrheal illness especially at household and individual levels in Southern Malawi.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tulloch, J" uniqKey="Tulloch J">J. Tulloch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Victora, C G" uniqKey="Victora C">C.G. Victora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adam, T" uniqKey="Adam T">T. 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Nosten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raimond, D" uniqKey="Raimond D">D. Raimond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bathet, S" uniqKey="Bathet S">S. Bathet</name></author><author><name sortKey="White, N J" uniqKey="White N">N.J. White</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Connolly, M A" uniqKey="Connolly M">M.A. Connolly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gayer, M" uniqKey="Gayer M">M. Gayer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryan, M J" uniqKey="Ryan M">M.J. Ryan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Salama, P" uniqKey="Salama P">P. Salama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spiegel, P" uniqKey="Spiegel P">P. Spiegel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heymann, D L" uniqKey="Heymann D">D.L. Heymann</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Filmer, D" uniqKey="Filmer D">D. Filmer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Malawi</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Ferguson, Neil" sort="Ferguson, Neil" uniqKey="Ferguson N" first="Neil" last="Ferguson">Neil Ferguson</name><name sortKey="Kazembe, Lawrence" sort="Kazembe, Lawrence" uniqKey="Kazembe L" first="Lawrence" last="Kazembe">Lawrence Kazembe</name></noCountry><country name="Malawi"><noRegion><name sortKey="Masangwi, Salule" sort="Masangwi, Salule" uniqKey="Masangwi S" first="Salule" last="Masangwi">Salule Masangwi</name></noRegion></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Grimason, Anthony" sort="Grimason, Anthony" uniqKey="Grimason A" first="Anthony" last="Grimason">Anthony Grimason</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Morse, Tracy" sort="Morse, Tracy" uniqKey="Morse T" first="Tracy" last="Morse">Tracy Morse</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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