Masculine attitudes of superiority deter men from accessing antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Identifieur interne : 002590 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 002589; suivant : 002591Masculine attitudes of superiority deter men from accessing antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Auteurs : Tumaini M. Nyamhanga [Tanzanie] ; Eustace P. Y. Muhondwa [Tanzanie] ; Rose Shayo [Tanzanie]Source :
- Global Health Action [ 1654-9716 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
This article presents part of the findings from a larger study that sought to assess the role that gender relations play in influencing equity regarding access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Review of the literature has indicated that, in Southern and Eastern Africa, fewer men than women have been accessing ART, and the former start using ART late, after HIV has already been allowed to advance. The main causes for this gender gap have not yet been fully explained.
To explore how masculinity norms limit men's access to ART in Dar es Salaam.
This article is based on a qualitative study that involved the use of focus group discussions (FGDs). The study employed a stratified purposive sampling technique to recruit respondents. The study also employed a thematic analysis approach.
Overall, the study's findings revealed that men's hesitation to visit the care and treatment clinics signifies the superiority norm of masculinity that requires men to avoid displaying weakness. Since men are the heads of families and have higher social status, they reported feeling embarrassed at having to visit the care and treatment clinics. Specifically, male respondents indicated that going to a care and treatment clinic may raise suspicion about their status of living with HIV, which in turn may compromise their leadership position and cause family instability. Because of this tendency towards ‘hiding’, the few men who register at the public care and treatment clinics do so late, when HIV-related signs and symptoms are already far advanced.
This study suggests that the superiority norm of masculinity affects men's access to ART. Societal expectations of a ‘real man’ to be fearless, resilient, and emotionally stable are in direct conflict with expectations of the treatment programme that one has to demonstrate health-promoting behaviour, such as promptness in attending the care and treatment clinic, agreeing to take HIV tests, and disclosing one's status of living with HIV to at least one's spouse or partner. Hence, there is a need for HIV control agencies to design community-based programmes that will stimulate dialogue on the deconstruction of masculinity notions.
Url:
DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.21812
PubMed: 24152373
PubMed Central: 3807014
Affiliations:
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Muhondwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AF0002">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shayo, Rose" sort="Shayo, Rose" uniqKey="Shayo R" first="Rose" last="Shayo">Rose Shayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AF0003">Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24152373</idno><idno type="pmc">3807014</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3807014</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3807014</idno><idno type="doi">10.3402/gha.v6i0.21812</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">002383</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">002383</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">002382</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">002382</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001841</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001841</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">002430</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">002430</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">002430</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1654-9716:2013:Nyamhanga T:masculine:attitudes:of</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">002597</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">002590</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">002590</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Masculine attitudes of superiority deter men from accessing antiretroviral therapy in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</title><author><name sortKey="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" sort="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" uniqKey="Nyamhanga T" first="Tumaini M." last="Nyamhanga">Tumaini M. Nyamhanga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AF0001">Department of Development Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Development Studies, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Muhondwa, Eustace P Y" sort="Muhondwa, Eustace P Y" uniqKey="Muhondwa E" first="Eustace P. Y." last="Muhondwa">Eustace P. Y. Muhondwa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AF0002">Department of Behavioral Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Behavioral Sciences, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shayo, Rose" sort="Shayo, Rose" uniqKey="Shayo R" first="Rose" last="Shayo">Rose Shayo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="AF0003">Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tanzanie</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dar es Salaam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Global Health Action</title><idno type="ISSN">1654-9716</idno><idno type="eISSN">1654-9880</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background</title><p>This article presents part of the findings from a larger study that sought to assess the role that gender relations play in influencing equity regarding access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Review of the literature has indicated that, in Southern and Eastern Africa, fewer men than women have been accessing ART, and the former start using ART late, after HIV has already been allowed to advance. The main causes for this gender gap have not yet been fully explained.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Objective</title><p>To explore how masculinity norms limit men's access to ART in Dar es Salaam.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Design</title><p>This article is based on a qualitative study that involved the use of focus group discussions (FGDs). The study employed a stratified purposive sampling technique to recruit respondents. The study also employed a thematic analysis approach.</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Results</title><p>Overall, the study's findings revealed that men's hesitation to visit the care and treatment clinics signifies the superiority norm of masculinity that requires men to avoid displaying weakness. Since men are the heads of families and have higher social status, they reported feeling embarrassed at having to visit the care and treatment clinics. Specifically, male respondents indicated that going to a care and treatment clinic may raise suspicion about their status of living with HIV, which in turn may compromise their leadership position and cause family instability. Because of this tendency towards ‘hiding’, the few men who register at the public care and treatment clinics do so late, when HIV-related signs and symptoms are already far advanced.</p></sec><sec id="st5"><title>Conclusion</title><p>This study suggests that the superiority norm of masculinity affects men's access to ART. Societal expectations of a ‘real man’ to be fearless, resilient, and emotionally stable are in direct conflict with expectations of the treatment programme that one has to demonstrate health-promoting behaviour, such as promptness in attending the care and treatment clinic, agreeing to take HIV tests, and disclosing one's status of living with HIV to at least one's spouse or partner. Hence, there is a need for HIV control agencies to design community-based programmes that will stimulate dialogue on the deconstruction of masculinity notions.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Makoae, Ln" uniqKey="Makoae L">LN Makoae</name></author><author><name sortKey="Portillo, Cj" uniqKey="Portillo C">CJ Portillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uys, Lr" uniqKey="Uys L">LR Uys</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dlamini, Ps" uniqKey="Dlamini P">PS Dlamini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Greeff, M" uniqKey="Greeff M">M Greeff</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chirwa, M" uniqKey="Chirwa M">M Chirwa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ayenigbara, Go" uniqKey="Ayenigbara G">GO Ayenigbara</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Muula, As" uniqKey="Muula 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Aveika</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chritian, B" uniqKey="Chritian B">B Chritian</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mascolini, M" uniqKey="Mascolini M">M Mascolini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanters, S" uniqKey="Kanters S">S Kanters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nansubuga, M" uniqKey="Nansubuga M">M Nansubuga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwehire, D" uniqKey="Mwehire D">D Mwehire</name></author><author><name sortKey="Odiit, M" uniqKey="Odiit M">M Odiit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kasirye, M" uniqKey="Kasirye M">M Kasirye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Musoke, W" uniqKey="Musoke W">W Musoke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Druyts, E" uniqKey="Druyts E">E Druyts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dybul, M" uniqKey="Dybul M">M Dybul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kanters, S" uniqKey="Kanters S">S Kanters</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nachega, J" uniqKey="Nachega J">J Nachega</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birungi, J" uniqKey="Birungi J">J Birungi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, N" uniqKey="Ford N">N Ford</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ezekiel, Mj" uniqKey="Ezekiel M">MJ Ezekiel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Talle, A" uniqKey="Talle A">A Talle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Juma, Jm" uniqKey="Juma J">JM Juma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klepp, K" uniqKey="Klepp K">K Klepp</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Tanzanie</li></country></list><tree><country name="Tanzanie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" sort="Nyamhanga, Tumaini M" uniqKey="Nyamhanga T" first="Tumaini M." last="Nyamhanga">Tumaini M. Nyamhanga</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Muhondwa, Eustace P Y" sort="Muhondwa, Eustace P Y" uniqKey="Muhondwa E" first="Eustace P. Y." last="Muhondwa">Eustace P. Y. Muhondwa</name><name sortKey="Shayo, Rose" sort="Shayo, Rose" uniqKey="Shayo R" first="Rose" last="Shayo">Rose Shayo</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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}}
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HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:24152373" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaSubSaharaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.32. |  |