Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009-2014.
Identifieur interne : 000599 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000598; suivant : 000600Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009-2014.
Auteurs : Adam L. Cohen [États-Unis] ; Philip K. Sahr ; Florette Treurnicht ; Sibongile Walaza ; Michelle J. Groome ; Kathleen Kahn [Ghana] ; Halima Dawood ; Ebrahim Variava ; Stefano Tempia ; Marthi Pretorius ; Jocelyn Moyes ; Steven A S. Olorunju [Afrique du Sud] ; Babatyi Malope-Kgokong ; Lazarus Kuonza ; Nicole Wolter [Afrique du Sud] ; Anne Von Gottberg [Afrique du Sud] ; Shabir A. Madhi ; Marietjie Venter ; Cheryl CohenSource :
- Open forum infectious diseases [ 2328-8957 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Background. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high. Methods. We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3. Results. Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1-77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36-39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children <1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864-989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5-10.3). Conclusions. Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.
DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv139
PubMed: 26566534
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Philip K. Sahr<affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg ; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex ; University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Durban</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine ; Department of Internal Medicine , Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria ; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Tshwane Academic Division</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009-2014.</title><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L" last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; US Public Health Service, Rockville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahr, Philip K" sort="Sahr, Philip K" uniqKey="Sahr P" first="Philip K" last="Sahr">Philip K. Sahr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg ; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Treurnicht, Florette" sort="Treurnicht, Florette" uniqKey="Treurnicht F" first="Florette" last="Treurnicht">Florette Treurnicht</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walaza, Sibongile" sort="Walaza, Sibongile" uniqKey="Walaza S" first="Sibongile" last="Walaza">Sibongile Walaza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groome, Michelle J" sort="Groome, Michelle J" uniqKey="Groome M" first="Michelle J" last="Groome">Michelle J. Groome</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health ; Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Sweden ; INDEPTH Network, Accra , Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health ; Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Sweden ; INDEPTH Network, Accra </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Halima" sort="Dawood, Halima" uniqKey="Dawood H" first="Halima" last="Dawood">Halima Dawood</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex ; University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Durban</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine ; Department of Internal Medicine , Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pretorius, Marthi" sort="Pretorius, Marthi" uniqKey="Pretorius M" first="Marthi" last="Pretorius">Marthi Pretorius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria ; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Tshwane Academic Division</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moyes, Jocelyn" sort="Moyes, Jocelyn" uniqKey="Moyes J" first="Jocelyn" last="Moyes">Jocelyn Moyes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olorunju, Steven A S" sort="Olorunju, Steven A S" uniqKey="Olorunju S" first="Steven A S" last="Olorunju">Steven A S. Olorunju</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council , Pretoria </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malope Kgokong, Babatyi" sort="Malope Kgokong, Babatyi" uniqKey="Malope Kgokong B" first="Babatyi" last="Malope-Kgokong">Babatyi Malope-Kgokong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuonza, Lazarus" sort="Kuonza, Lazarus" uniqKey="Kuonza L" first="Lazarus" last="Kuonza">Lazarus Kuonza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolter, Nicole" sort="Wolter, Nicole" uniqKey="Wolter N" first="Nicole" last="Wolter">Nicole Wolter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Gottberg, Anne" sort="Von Gottberg, Anne" uniqKey="Von Gottberg A" first="Anne" last="Von Gottberg">Anne Von Gottberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madhi, Shabir A" sort="Madhi, Shabir A" uniqKey="Madhi S" first="Shabir A" last="Madhi">Shabir A. Madhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venter, Marietjie" sort="Venter, Marietjie" uniqKey="Venter M" first="Marietjie" last="Venter">Marietjie Venter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:26566534</idno><idno type="pmid">26566534</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/ofid/ofv139</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000599</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000599</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009-2014.</title><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L" last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; US Public Health Service, Rockville</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sahr, Philip K" sort="Sahr, Philip K" uniqKey="Sahr P" first="Philip K" last="Sahr">Philip K. Sahr</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg ; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Treurnicht, Florette" sort="Treurnicht, Florette" uniqKey="Treurnicht F" first="Florette" last="Treurnicht">Florette Treurnicht</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walaza, Sibongile" sort="Walaza, Sibongile" uniqKey="Walaza S" first="Sibongile" last="Walaza">Sibongile Walaza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Groome, Michelle J" sort="Groome, Michelle J" uniqKey="Groome M" first="Michelle J" last="Groome">Michelle J. Groome</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kahn, Kathleen" sort="Kahn, Kathleen" uniqKey="Kahn K" first="Kathleen" last="Kahn">Kathleen Kahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health ; Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Sweden ; INDEPTH Network, Accra , Ghana.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health ; Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Sweden ; INDEPTH Network, Accra </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Halima" sort="Dawood, Halima" uniqKey="Dawood H" first="Halima" last="Dawood">Halima Dawood</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex ; University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Durban</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine ; Department of Internal Medicine , Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pretorius, Marthi" sort="Pretorius, Marthi" uniqKey="Pretorius M" first="Marthi" last="Pretorius">Marthi Pretorius</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria ; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Tshwane Academic Division</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moyes, Jocelyn" sort="Moyes, Jocelyn" uniqKey="Moyes J" first="Jocelyn" last="Moyes">Jocelyn Moyes</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Olorunju, Steven A S" sort="Olorunju, Steven A S" uniqKey="Olorunju S" first="Steven A S" last="Olorunju">Steven A S. Olorunju</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Medical Research Council , Pretoria </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malope Kgokong, Babatyi" sort="Malope Kgokong, Babatyi" uniqKey="Malope Kgokong B" first="Babatyi" last="Malope-Kgokong">Babatyi Malope-Kgokong</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuonza, Lazarus" sort="Kuonza, Lazarus" uniqKey="Kuonza L" first="Lazarus" last="Kuonza">Lazarus Kuonza</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolter, Nicole" sort="Wolter, Nicole" uniqKey="Wolter N" first="Nicole" last="Wolter">Nicole Wolter</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Gottberg, Anne" sort="Von Gottberg, Anne" uniqKey="Von Gottberg A" first="Anne" last="Von Gottberg">Anne Von Gottberg</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg </wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Madhi, Shabir A" sort="Madhi, Shabir A" uniqKey="Madhi S" first="Shabir A" last="Madhi">Shabir A. Madhi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Venter, Marietjie" sort="Venter, Marietjie" uniqKey="Venter M" first="Marietjie" last="Venter">Marietjie Venter</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">University of Pretoria</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</nlm:affiliation><wicri:noCountry code="subField">Johannesburg ; School of Public Health</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Open forum infectious diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">2328-8957</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high. Methods. We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3. Results. Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1-77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36-39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children <1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864-989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5-10.3). Conclusions. Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="PubMed-not-MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26566534</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>20</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">2328-8957</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>2</Volume><Issue>4</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Dec</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Open forum infectious diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Open Forum Infect Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Parainfluenza Virus Infection Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Children and Adults Hospitalized for Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa, 2009-2014.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>ofv139</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1093/ofid/ofv139</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Background. Parainfluenza virus (PIV) is a common cause of acute respiratory tract infections, but little is known about PIV infection in children and adults in Africa, especially in settings where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence is high. Methods. We conducted active, prospective sentinel surveillance for children and adults hospitalized with severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) from 2009 to 2014 in South Africa. We enrolled controls (outpatients without febrile or respiratory illness) to calculate the attributable fraction for PIV infection. Respiratory specimens were tested by multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3. Results. Of 18 282 SARI cases enrolled, 1188 (6.5%) tested positive for any PIV type: 230 (19.4%) were type 1; 168 (14.1%) were type 2; 762 (64.1%) were type 3; and 28 (2.4%) had coinfection with 2 PIV types. After adjusting for age, HIV serostatus, and respiratory viral coinfection, the attributable fraction for PIV was 65.6% (95% CI [confidence interval], 47.1-77.7); PIV contributed to SARI among HIV-infected and -uninfected children <5 years of age and among individuals infected with PIV types 1 and 3. The observed overall incidence of PIV-associated SARI was 38 (95% CI, 36-39) cases per 100 000 population and was highest in children <1 year of age (925 [95% CI, 864-989] cases per 100 000 population). Compared with persons without HIV, persons with HIV had an increased relative risk of PIV hospitalization (9.4; 95% CI, 8.5-10.3). Conclusions. Parainfluenza virus causes substantial severe respiratory disease in South Africa among children <5 years of age, especially those that are infected with HIV.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cohen</LastName><ForeName>Adam L</ForeName><Initials>AL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sahr</LastName><ForeName>Philip K</ForeName><Initials>PK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg ; School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Pretoria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Treurnicht</LastName><ForeName>Florette</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Walaza</LastName><ForeName>Sibongile</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Groome</LastName><ForeName>Michelle J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kahn</LastName><ForeName>Kathleen</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health ; Centre for Global Health Research , Umeå University , Sweden ; INDEPTH Network, Accra , Ghana.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Dawood</LastName><ForeName>Halima</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Hospital Complex ; University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Variava</LastName><ForeName>Ebrahim</ForeName><Initials>E</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Internal Medicine ; Department of Internal Medicine , Klerksdorp-Tshepong Hospital Complex.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Tempia</LastName><ForeName>Stefano</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia ; Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pretorius</LastName><ForeName>Marthi</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria ; National Health Laboratory Service, Tshwane Academic Division.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Moyes</LastName><ForeName>Jocelyn</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Olorunju</LastName><ForeName>Steven A S</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Medical Research Council , Pretoria , South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Malope-Kgokong</LastName><ForeName>Babatyi</ForeName><Initials>B</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kuonza</LastName><ForeName>Lazarus</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>South African Field Epidemiology Training Program, Johannesburg.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Wolter</LastName><ForeName>Nicole</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>von Gottberg</LastName><ForeName>Anne</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Madhi</LastName><ForeName>Shabir A</ForeName><Initials>SA</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; Medical Research Council, Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences ; Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Venter</LastName><ForeName>Marietjie</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Pretoria , South Africa ; Department of Medical Virology, Zoonoses Research Unit , University of Pretoria.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cohen</LastName><ForeName>Cheryl</ForeName><Initials>C</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Center for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis , National Institute for Communicable Diseases , Johannesburg ; School of Public Health.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>U51 IP000155</GrantID><Acronym>IP</Acronym><Agency>NCIRD CDC HHS</Agency><Country>United States</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal 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Version="1">22403235</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4630450</OtherID><KeywordList Owner="NOTNLM"><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">HIV</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">South Africa</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">parainfluenza virus</Keyword><Keyword MajorTopicYN="N">severe acute respiratory illness</Keyword></KeywordList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2015</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>12</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>14</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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